feat(web): 多语言界面（中/英/日）与用户语言偏好字段

- 新增 internal/i18n 包：以原始中文字符串为 key 的翻译目录（zh 恒等，
  en 兜底，ja 缺译回退 en），t/tf 模板函数与 Accept-Language 解析
  （按 q 值排序，兜底英语）
- User 模型新增 language 字段（auto|en|zh|ja，默认 auto），
  AutoMigrate 自动加列；UserStore 新增 UpdateLanguage
- 语言解析：登录用户按偏好（auto 时取浏览器 Accept-Language），
  登录/封禁页按浏览器语言；所有 c.HTML 渲染注入 Lang 模板数据
- 全部页面模板（用户页 + 管理后台 12 页）接入翻译：导航、文件夹、
  邮件列表/阅读/写信、设置、登录、封禁页、表单、表格、JS 确认框等；
  html lang 属性随语言切换；日期函数（shortDate/time12/time12m）
  与 folderLabel 改为语言感知（上午/下午 vs AM/PM vs 午前/午後）
- 设置页新增「界面语言」选择（自动/English/中文/日本語），
  /settings 表单支持单独提交语言偏好；管理后台用户表单可预设语言
- 封禁原因等入库中文文案在展示时经 t 翻译（未知 key 原样回退）
- 测试：i18n 单测（解析/回退/译文）、render 测试补 Lang 数据、
  时间格式化测试适配新签名；全量 go test 通过

.gitignore

@@ -13,6 +13,12 @@
 # Go 工具缓存
 vendor/
 
+# 例外：Web 端本地化的第三方前端库（Quill，CSP 要求同源加载）
+!internal/web/static/vendor/
+!internal/web/static/vendor/quill/
+!internal/web/static/vendor/quill/quill.min.js
+!internal/web/static/vendor/quill/quill.snow.css
+
 # 日志文件
 *.log
 
@@ -40,3 +46,7 @@ win/srv/
 
 # 临时测试文件
 login_test.html
+migrate
+
+# 本地构建产物
+bin/

README.md

@@ -1,174 +1,186 @@
 # MailGo
 
-Go 语言编写的轻量级邮件系统，集成 SMTP / IMAP / POP3 协议服务和 Web 管理界面。
-Web 前端采用 QQ 邮箱风格的布局：顶部导航 + 左侧文件夹栏 + 邮件列表三栏设计。
+> English | [中文](README_cn.md)
 
-## 功能特性
+A lightweight mail system written in Go, integrating SMTP / IMAP / POP3 protocol servers and a web admin interface.
+Web frontend layout: top navigation + left folder sidebar + mail list (three-column design).
 
-- **邮件协议**：SMTP（发送）、IMAP（同步）、POP3（收取），均支持 TLS 加密
-- **外部投递**：认证用户可向外部邮箱（QQ/Gmail/Outlook 等）发送邮件，内置外发队列、**并发 worker 池投递**（默认 4 线程 + 每收件域并发上限 2）、MX 直投、STARTTLS、指数退避重试、退信通知与 DKIM 签名
-- **Web 邮箱**：QQ 邮箱风格界面，支持收件箱 / 已发送 / 草稿箱、未读角标与搜索过滤、全选 / 批量删除、发件人头像、富文本编辑（Quill.js）、附件上传/下载
-- **管理后台**：域名管理、用户管理、DKIM 密钥自动生成、DNS 配置提示、全量邮件查看、外发队列管理、IP 封禁管理、仪表盘统计
-- **协议调用日志**：SMTP / IMAP / POP3 每次连接自动记录来源 IP、用户名、成功/失败、失败原因与操作摘要，可按协议/状态/IP/用户名/时间筛选，用于分析密码爆破、中继滥用等攻击行为（默认保留 30 天，自动清理）
-- **IMAP 新邮件推送**：本地投递（SMTP/Web 写信）成功后实时推送，挂起 IDLE 的客户端即时收到新邮件通知（无需轮询）；其他客户端造成的已读/星标/删除变化也实时同步（IMAP STORE/EXPUNGE、POP3 删除、Web 标已读/删除）
-- **当前连接监控**：管理后台实时查看 SMTP/IMAP/POP3 活动连接（来源 IP、用户名、TLS、时长），每 5 秒自动刷新；支持「断开并封禁」一键封禁该 IP 全部在线连接（封禁 180 天，可随时解封）
-- **外部认证**：OAuth2（Google / GitHub）、LDAP（可选，默认关闭）
-- **安全机制**：BCrypt 密码哈希、登录失败自动封禁 IP（**阶段性封禁**：前 3 次达到失败阈值只计数，第 4 次起封禁并按档位递增 30分钟 → 3小时 → 3个月 → 半年，成功登录清零）、外发频率限制（防滥用）、非认证禁止中继（防开放中继）、管理员可解封
-- **多数据库**：默认 SQLite，可切换 MySQL
-- **跨平台**：Linux 生产部署 + Windows 本地调试
+## Features
 
-## 界面预览
+- **Mail protocols**: SMTP (send), IMAP (sync), POP3 (receive), all with TLS support
+- **External delivery**: authenticated users can send mail to external addresses (Gmail/Outlook, etc.), with a built-in outbound queue, **concurrent worker pool delivery** (default 4 workers + max 2 concurrent connections per recipient domain), direct MX delivery, STARTTLS, exponential backoff retry, bounce notifications and DKIM signing
+- **Multi-language UI (i18n)**: Chinese / English / Japanese, selectable in user settings (or auto-follow the browser language via Accept-Language; English is the fallback), covering all user and admin pages, 12-hour time formats (AM/PM) and error messages
+- **Web mail**: folder data-driven (Web and IMAP share the same MailboxService — whatever IMAP LIST returns is what the UI shows), system folders (Inbox / Sent / Drafts / Trash) plus custom folder management, delete moves to Trash (with restore / permanent delete / empty Trash), unread badges and search filters, select-all / batch delete, sender avatars, rich text editing (Quill.js), attachment upload/download
+- **Admin console**: domain management, user management, automatic DKIM key generation, DNS configuration hints, full mail browsing, outbound queue management, IP ban management, dashboard statistics, all timestamps displayed as 12-hour format (AM/PM) in the web timezone
+- **Protocol call logs**: every SMTP/IMAP/POP3 connection automatically records source IP, username, success/failure, failure reason and operation summary; filterable by protocol/status/IP/user/time for analyzing password brute-force, relay abuse and other attacks (kept 30 days by default, auto-cleaned)
+- **IMAP new-mail push**: real-time push after local delivery (SMTP/Web compose) — clients hanging on IDLE receive new-mail notifications instantly (no polling); read/star/delete changes made by other clients are also synced in real time (IMAP STORE/EXPUNGE, POP3 delete, Web mark-read/delete)
+- **Live connection monitoring**: admin console shows active SMTP/IMAP/POP3 connections (source IP, username, TLS, duration), auto-refreshing every 5 seconds; "Disconnect and ban" one-click bans all connections of that IP (ban for 180 days, unban anytime)
+- **External auth**: OAuth2 (Google / GitHub), LDAP (optional, disabled by default)
+- **Security**: BCrypt password hashing, automatic IP ban on login failures (**tiered bans**: the first 3 times reaching the failure threshold only count without banning, from the 4th time on it bans with escalating durations 30 min → 3 h → 3 months → 6 months, cleared on successful login; **no grace for enumeration attacks**: failures with a non-existent username skip the grace period and are banned on first trigger), outbound rate limiting (anti-abuse), relay denied to unauthenticated users (anti-open-relay), admins can unban
+- **Multiple databases**: SQLite by default, switchable to MySQL
+- **Cross-platform**: Linux production deployment + Windows local debugging
 
-| 收件箱 | 邮件阅读 |
-|--------|----------|
-| ![收件箱](docs/screenshots/inbox.png) | ![邮件阅读](docs/screenshots/view.png) |
+## Screenshots
 
-| 写信 | 设置 | 登录 |
-|------|------|------|
-| ![写信](docs/screenshots/compose.png) | ![设置](docs/screenshots/settings.png) | ![登录](docs/screenshots/login.png) |
+| Inbox | Mail view |
+|-------|-----------|
+| ![Inbox](docs/screenshots/inbox.png) | ![Mail view](docs/screenshots/view.png) |
 
-> 截图使用演示数据渲染，实际界面以部署为准。
+| Compose | Settings | Login |
+|---------|----------|-------|
+| ![Compose](docs/screenshots/compose.png) | ![Settings](docs/screenshots/settings.png) | ![Login](docs/screenshots/login.png) |
 
-## 快速开始
+> Screenshots are rendered with demo data; the actual UI may differ from your deployment.
 
-### 编译
+## Quick Start
+
+### Build
 
 ```bash
 go build -o mailgo .
 ```
 
-### 启动
+### Start
 
 ```bash
 ./mailgo
 ```
 
-首次启动会自动创建配置文件和数据库，默认管理员账户：
+On first start the config file and database are created automatically, along with the default admin account:
 
-| 项目 | 值 |
+| Item | Value |
+|------|-------|
+| Email | `admin@example.com` |
+| Initial password | Randomly generated (16 chars, digits + upper/lowercase letters), printed once in the startup log; or pre-set via the `MAILGO_ADMIN_PASSWORD` environment variable |
+
+> ⚠️ This account is flagged "must change password on first login" — change it immediately on the Settings page.
+
+### Access
+
+| Page | URL |
 |------|-----|
-| 邮箱 | `admin@example.com` |
-| 密码 | `admin` |
-
-> ⚠️ 请在生产环境中立即修改默认密码。
-
-### 访问
-
-| 页面 | 地址 |
-|------|------|
-| 用户邮箱 | `http://localhost:8080/` |
-| 管理后台 | `http://localhost:8080/admin` |
+| User mailbox | `http://localhost:8080/` |
+| Admin console | `http://localhost:8080/admin` |
 
 ---
 
-## 配置文件
+## Configuration File
 
-配置文件路径（TOML 格式）：
+Config file path (TOML format):
 
-| 系统 | 路径 |
-|------|------|
+| System | Path |
+|--------|------|
 | Linux | `/etc/mail_go/mail_go.toml` |
 | Windows | `./win/etc/mail_go/mail_go.toml` |
 
-首次启动自动生成，缺失字段自动补全。修改后需重启服务生效。
+Auto-generated on first start; missing fields are auto-filled. A restart is required for changes to take effect.
 
-### 完整配置参考
+### Full Configuration Reference
 
 ```toml
 [database]
 driver = "sqlite"                          # sqlite | mysql
-dsn = "/srv/mail_go/mail.db"               # SQLite: 文件路径; MySQL: DSN 连接串
+dsn = "/srv/mail_go/mail.db"               # SQLite: file path; MySQL: DSN string
 
 [storage]
-base_dir = "/srv/mail_go"                  # 数据根目录
-attach_dir = "/srv/mail_go/attachments"     # 附件存储目录
+base_dir = "/srv/mail_go"                  # data root directory
+attach_dir = "/srv/mail_go/attachments"    # attachment storage directory
 
 [web]
-addr = ":8080"                             # 监听地址，支持 TCP 端口或 Unix socket
-secret_key = ""                             # Web 会话签名密钥；留空时首次启动自动生成
-                                           # 随机密钥并写入本文件（请妥善备份，泄露/丢失
-                                           # 分别意味着会话可被伪造/所有登录态失效）
-cookie_secure = true                        # 会话 cookie 仅通过 HTTPS 传输（Secure 标志）；
-                                           # 仅本地 HTTP 调试时才改为 false
-protocol_log_keep_days = 30                # SMTP/IMAP/POP3 协议调用日志保留天数，
-                                           # 超出后由后台任务自动清理；0 表示不清理
+addr = ":8080"                             # listen address; TCP port or Unix socket
+secret_key = ""                            # web session signing key; if empty, a random
+                                           # key is generated on first start and written
+                                           # to this file (back it up: leaking it allows
+                                           # forging sessions, losing it invalidates all)
+cookie_secure = true                       # session cookie sent over HTTPS only (Secure
+                                           # flag); set to false only for local HTTP debug
+protocol_log_keep_days = 30                # retention days for SMTP/IMAP/POP3 protocol
+                                           # call logs; expired entries are cleaned up by a
+                                           # background task; 0 disables cleanup
 
 [smtp]
-addr = ":25"                               # SMTP 明文端口
-tls_addr = ":465"                          # SMTPS 端口（需配置 TLS 证书）
-domain = "example.com"                     # 邮件域名
-tls_cert = ""                             # TLS 证书路径（留空则不启用 TLS）
-tls_key = ""                              # TLS 私钥路径
-max_message_bytes = 67108864              # 单封邮件最大 64MB
+addr = ":25"                               # SMTP plaintext port
+tls_addr = ":465"                          # SMTPS port (requires TLS certs)
+domain = "example.com"                     # mail domain
+tls_cert = ""                              # TLS certificate path (empty = TLS disabled)
+tls_key = ""                               # TLS private key path
+max_message_bytes = 67108864               # max 64MB per message
 
 [imap]
-addr = ":143"                              # IMAP 明文端口
-tls_addr = ":993"                          # IMAPS 端口
+addr = ":143"                              # IMAP plaintext port
+tls_addr = ":993"                          # IMAPS port
 tls_cert = ""
 tls_key = ""
 
 [pop3]
-addr = ":110"                              # POP3 明文端口
-tls_addr = ":995"                          # POP3S 端口
+addr = ":110"                              # POP3 plaintext port
+tls_addr = ":995"                          # POP3S port
 tls_cert = ""
 tls_key = ""
 
 [auth]
-oauth2_enabled = false                     # 是否启用 OAuth2 登录
+oauth2_enabled = false                     # enable OAuth2 login
 oauth2_provider = ""                       # google | github
 oauth2_client_id = ""
 oauth2_client_secret = ""
 oauth2_redirect_url = ""
-ldap_enabled = false                      # 是否启用 LDAP 登录
-ldap_server = ""                          # 例: ldap://localhost:389
-ldap_bind_dn = ""                         # 例: cn=admin,dc=example,dc=com
+ldap_enabled = false                       # enable LDAP login
+ldap_server = ""                           # e.g. ldap://localhost:389
+ldap_bind_dn = ""                          # e.g. cn=admin,dc=example,dc=com
 ldap_bind_password = ""
-ldap_search_base = ""                     # 例: ou=users,dc=example,dc=com
-ldap_search_filter = ""                   # 例: (uid=%s)
+ldap_search_base = ""                      # e.g. ou=users,dc=example,dc=com
+ldap_search_filter = ""                    # e.g. (uid=%s)
 ldap_use_tls = false
 
 [ban]
-max_fail_attempts = 5                    # 登录失败次数阈值
-ban_duration_min = 30                     # 第 1 次封禁时长（分钟）；之后按档位递增：
-                                           # 第 2 次 3 小时 → 第 3 次 3 个月 → 第 4 次起半年（上限）
-                                           # 前 3 次达到阈值只计数不封禁，成功登录后清零
+max_fail_attempts = 5                      # login failure threshold
+ban_duration_min = 30                      # 1st ban duration (minutes); then escalates:
+                                           # 2nd 3h → 3rd 3 months → 4th+ 6 months (cap)
+                                           # first 3 threshold hits only count, no ban;
+                                           # cleared on successful login
 
 [caddy]
-data_dir = ""                             # Caddy 数据目录（含 certificates/ 的那个），
-                                          # 供后台一键导入证书；留空自动探测
-                                          # /var/lib/caddy/.local/share/caddy 等常见位置
+data_dir = ""                              # Caddy data directory (the one containing
+                                           # certificates/), used for one-click cert import
+                                           # in the admin console; auto-detected when empty
+                                           # (e.g. /var/lib/caddy/.local/share/caddy)
 
 [outbound]
-hostname = ""                            # EHLO 主机名，留空使用 [smtp] domain
-poll_interval = 15                       # 外发队列扫描间隔（秒）
-workers = 4                              # 并发投递 worker 数（多线程并行发送，
-                                         # 大量邮件时吞吐提升；0/1 为串行）
-batch_size = 50                          # 每次扫描最多取出的待投递邮件数
-max_concurrent_per_domain = 2            # 同一收件域（或中继）的最大并发连接数，
-                                         # 防被判定为滥发；0 表示不限制
-max_attempts = 12                        # 单封邮件最大投递尝试次数
-retry_base_min = 5                       # 重试退避基数（分钟），指数增长：5/10/20/40...
-max_recipients = 50                      # 单封邮件最大外部收件人数
-max_per_min = 30                         # 每用户每分钟最大外发数
-max_per_day = 500                        # 每用户每日最大外发数，0 表示禁用外部投递
-connect_timeout = 30                     # 连接远程 MX 超时（秒）
-relay_host = ""                          # 智能主机（smarthost），留空则直投 MX
-relay_port = 587                         # 465 = 隐式 TLS，其他端口按需 STARTTLS
-relay_user = ""                          # 中继认证用户名（AUTH PLAIN）
-relay_password = ""                      # 中继认证密码
-relay_starttls = true                    # 非 465 端口是否使用 STARTTLS
-relay_tls_insecure = false                # 是否跳过中继服务器 TLS 证书验证；
-                                          # 默认验证证书（保护中继凭据），仅自签证书
-                                          # 内网中继且明确知晓风险时才改为 true
-ip_family = "ipv4"                       # 出站地址族：ipv4（默认）| ipv6 | auto
-source_ip = ""                           # 出站源地址绑定（如静态 IPv6 地址），留空由内核选择
+hostname = ""                              # EHLO hostname; defaults to [smtp] domain
+poll_interval = 15                         # outbound queue scan interval (seconds)
+workers = 4                                # concurrent delivery workers (parallel sends,
+                                           # improves throughput for bulk mail; 0/1 serial)
+batch_size = 50                            # max messages picked per scan
+max_concurrent_per_domain = 2              # max concurrent connections to one recipient
+                                           # domain (or relay), prevents spam-lookalike
+                                           # bursts; 0 = unlimited
+max_attempts = 12                          # max delivery attempts per message
+retry_base_min = 5                         # retry backoff base (minutes), exponential:
+                                           # 5/10/20/40...
+max_recipients = 50                        # max external recipients per message
+max_per_min = 30                           # max outgoing messages per user per minute
+max_per_day = 500                          # max outgoing messages per user per day;
+                                           # 0 disables external delivery
+connect_timeout = 30                       # remote MX connect timeout (seconds)
+relay_host = ""                            # smarthost; empty = direct MX delivery
+relay_port = 587                           # 465 = implicit TLS, other ports use STARTTLS
+relay_user = ""                            # relay auth username (AUTH PLAIN)
+relay_password = ""                        # relay auth password
+relay_starttls = true                      # use STARTTLS on non-465 ports
+relay_tls_insecure = false                 # skip relay TLS certificate verification; certs
+                                           # are verified by default (protects relay
+                                           # credentials); only set to true for self-signed
+                                           # intranet relays when you accept the risk
+ip_family = "ipv4"                         # outbound address family: ipv4 (default) | ipv6 | auto
+source_ip = ""                             # outbound source IP binding (e.g. static IPv6);
+                                           # empty = kernel picks
 ```
 
 ---
 
-## 常见配置场景
+## Common Configuration Scenarios
 
-### 1. 切换到 MySQL
+### 1. Switching to MySQL
 
 ```toml
 [database]
@@ -176,9 +188,9 @@ driver = "mysql"
 dsn = "mailgo:YourPassword@tcp(127.0.0.1:3306)/mailgo?charset=utf8mb4&parseTime=True&loc=Local"
 ```
 
-MySQL DSN 格式：`用户名:密码@tcp(主机:端口)/数据库名?参数`
+MySQL DSN format: `user:password@tcp(host:port)/dbname?params`
 
-> 数据库和用户需提前在 MySQL 中创建：
+> The database and user must be created in MySQL first:
 > ```sql
 > CREATE DATABASE mailgo CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_unicode_ci;
 > CREATE USER 'mailgo'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'YourPassword';
@@ -186,26 +198,26 @@ MySQL DSN 格式：`用户名:密码@tcp(主机:端口)/数据库名?参数`
 > FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
 > ```
 
-### 2. Web 使用 Unix Socket
+### 2. Web over Unix Socket
 
 ```toml
 [web]
 addr = "/run/mail_go/web.sock"
 ```
 
-当 `addr` 以 `/` 开头时，Gin 自动以 Unix socket 方式监听。
+When `addr` starts with `/`, Gin listens on a Unix socket automatically.
 
-### 3. 指定会话密钥（容器/多实例部署）
+### 3. Setting the Session Key (Container / Multi-Instance)
 
-会话签名密钥可通过环境变量 `MAILGO_SECRET_KEY` 覆盖（优先于配置文件，且不会写入磁盘）：
+The session signing key can be overridden via the `MAILGO_SECRET_KEY` environment variable (takes precedence over the config file and is never written to disk):
 
 ```bash
 MAILGO_SECRET_KEY="$(openssl rand -hex 32)" mail_go
 ```
 
-要求：长度至少 16 字节；留空时由配置文件提供（首次启动自动生成）。更换密钥后所有已登录会话立即失效，用户需重新登录。
+Requirement: at least 16 bytes; when empty, the value from the config file is used (auto-generated on first start). After changing the key, all logged-in sessions are invalidated immediately and users must log in again.
 
-Nginx 反向代理配置：
+Nginx reverse proxy configuration:
 
 ```nginx
 server {
@@ -222,15 +234,15 @@ server {
 }
 ```
 
-> 确保 socket 目录存在并有写权限：
+> Make sure the socket directory exists and is writable:
 > ```bash
 > mkdir -p /run/mail_go
 > chown mailgo:mailgo /run/mail_go
 > ```
 
-### 3. 启用 TLS 加密
+### 4. Enabling TLS Encryption
 
-为 SMTP/IMAP/POP3 启用 TLS（三个协议共享同一证书，或分别配置）：
+Enable TLS for SMTP/IMAP/POP3 (all three protocols can share one certificate, or be configured separately):
 
 ```toml
 [smtp]
@@ -246,42 +258,42 @@ tls_cert = "/etc/mail_go/certs/server.crt"
 tls_key = "/etc/mail_go/certs/server.key"
 ```
 
-配置 TLS 后，系统会自动启动对应的加密端口（465/993/995）。管理后台添加域名时勾选 TLS 会自动切换端口号。
+Once TLS is configured, the corresponding encrypted ports (465/993/995) start automatically. Checking the TLS box when adding a domain in the admin console switches the ports automatically.
 
-> 可用 Let's Encrypt 获取免费证书：
+> You can get free certificates from Let's Encrypt:
 > ```bash
 > certbot certonly --standalone -d mail.example.com
-> # 证书路径: /etc/letsencrypt/live/mail.example.com/fullchain.pem
-> # 私钥路径: /etc/letsencrypt/live/mail.example.com/privkey.pem
+> # Certificate: /etc/letsencrypt/live/mail.example.com/fullchain.pem
+> # Private key: /etc/letsencrypt/live/mail.example.com/privkey.pem
 > ```
 
-#### 从 Caddy 一键导入证书
+#### One-Click Certificate Import from Caddy
 
-如果本机已用 [Caddy](https://caddyserver.com/) 托管该域名 HTTPS（Caddy 会自动签发并续期证书），
-可在管理后台 **域名管理 → 编辑域名** 页面点击 **“从 Caddy 获取证书”** 按钮，
-一键把 Caddy 存储中的证书与私钥导入邮件服务（自动启用该域名的 TLS），无需手动复制 PEM 文件。
-支持通配符证书（如 `*.example.com` 可匹配 `mail.example.com`）。
-证书支持**热加载**：导入（或手动上传）后立即生效，无需重启服务——SMTP/IMAP/POP3
-每次 TLS 握手会自动检查并重载变化的证书文件。
+If this machine already serves HTTPS for the domain via [Caddy](https://caddyserver.com/) (Caddy issues and renews certificates automatically),
+you can click **"Fetch certificate from Caddy"** on the **Domain Management → Edit Domain** page in the admin console
+to import the certificate and private key from Caddy's storage into the mail server (automatically enabling TLS for that domain), without manually copying PEM files.
+Wildcard certificates are supported (e.g. `*.example.com` matches `mail.example.com`).
+Certificates support **hot reload**: they take effect immediately after import (or manual upload) without restarting the service — SMTP/IMAP/POP3
+re-check and reload changed certificate files on every TLS handshake.
 
-由于 Caddy 的证书目录仅 `caddy` 用户可读，install.sh 会安装一个 root 权限的证书同步任务
-（`mailgo-caddy-sync.{path,timer}`），把 Caddy 证书树镜像到 `/srv/mail_go/tls/caddy`，
-证书续期后自动同步，mail_go 始终可读；另外还会授予 ACL 权限作为直接读取的兜底。
-安装时自动配置，也可手动执行：
+Because Caddy's certificate directory is only readable by the `caddy` user, install.sh installs a root-privileged certificate sync job
+(`mailgo-caddy-sync.{path,timer}`) that mirrors Caddy's certificate tree to `/srv/mail_go/tls/caddy`,
+so mail_go can always read it after renewals; an ACL grant is also applied as a fallback for direct reads.
+This is configured automatically during installation, or can be run manually:
 
 ```bash
-sudo ./install.sh setup-caddy-cert          # 自动探测 Caddy 数据目录并配置同步 + ACL
-sudo ./install.sh setup-caddy-cert /path/to/caddy/data   # 或手动指定数据目录
+sudo ./install.sh setup-caddy-cert          # auto-detect Caddy data dir, configure sync + ACL
+sudo ./install.sh setup-caddy-cert /path/to/caddy/data   # or specify the data dir manually
 ```
 
-若 Caddy 数据目录不在常见位置，可在配置文件中显式指定：
+If Caddy's data directory is not in a common location, specify it explicitly in the config file:
 
 ```toml
 [caddy]
 data_dir = "/var/lib/caddy/.local/share/caddy"
 ```
 
-### 4. 启用 OAuth2 登录（Google 示例）
+### 5. Enabling OAuth2 Login (Google Example)
 
 ```toml
 [auth]
@@ -292,9 +304,9 @@ oauth2_client_secret = "your-client-secret"
 oauth2_redirect_url = "https://mail.example.com/auth/oauth2/callback"
 ```
 
-> 需要在 [Google Cloud Console](https://console.cloud.google.com/) 创建 OAuth 2.0 客户端，授权回调地址填 `https://你的域名/auth/oauth2/callback`。
+> You need to create an OAuth 2.0 client in the [Google Cloud Console](https://console.cloud.google.com/) and set the authorized redirect URI to `https://your-domain/auth/oauth2/callback`.
 
-### 5. 启用 LDAP 认证
+### 6. Enabling LDAP Authentication
 
 ```toml
 [auth]
@@ -307,149 +319,164 @@ ldap_search_filter = "(uid=%s)"
 ldap_use_tls = true
 ```
 
-### 6. 对外发送邮件（外部投递）
+### 7. Sending Mail to External Recipients (External Delivery)
 
-认证用户（Web 邮箱 / SMTP 提交）可以向外部邮箱地址发送邮件。系统通过
-收件人域名的 MX 记录直投，自动处理 STARTTLS、指数退避重试，并为外发
-邮件添加 DKIM 签名（使用后台域名管理中生成的密钥）。
+Authenticated users (Web mail / SMTP submission) can send mail to external addresses. The system
+delivers directly via the recipient domain's MX records, handling STARTTLS and exponential backoff
+retries automatically, and DKIM-signs outgoing mail (using the key generated in the admin domain management).
 
 ```toml
 [smtp]
-domain = "example.com"        # 必须设置为真实的邮件域名（EHLO/退信地址）
+domain = "example.com"        # must be the real mail domain (EHLO/bounce address)
 
 [outbound]
-hostname = "mail.example.com" # 建议与邮件主机名一致
+hostname = "mail.example.com" # recommended to match the mail hostname
 poll_interval = 15
 max_attempts = 12
-max_per_day = 500             # 设为 0 可完全禁用外部投递
+max_per_day = 500             # set to 0 to disable external delivery entirely
 ```
 
-需要满足的 DNS / 服务器条件（详见 `todo.md` 与后台 DNS 提示页）：
+Required DNS / server prerequisites (see `todo.md` and the admin DNS hints page for details):
 
-| 项目 | 说明 |
-|------|------|
+| Item | Description |
+|------|-------------|
 | MX | `example.com MX 10 mail.example.com` |
 | SPF | `example.com TXT "v=spf1 mx -all"` |
-| DKIM | `default._domainkey.example.com TXT "v=DKIM1; k=rsa; p=<公钥>"`（后台自动生成） |
+| DKIM | `default._domainkey.example.com TXT "v=DKIM1; k=rsa; p=<public key>"` (auto-generated in the admin console) |
 | DMARC | `_dmarc.example.com TXT "v=DMARC1; p=none; rua=mailto:postmaster@example.com"` |
-| PTR | 服务器 IP 反向解析指向邮件主机名（需向机房申请） |
-| 网络 | 服务器 25 端口出站未被云厂商封锁 |
+| PTR | Server IP reverse-resolves to the mail hostname (request from your hosting provider) |
+| Network | Port 25 outbound is not blocked by the cloud provider |
 
-安全策略：外部收件人仅接受已认证用户；`MAIL FROM` 必须与登录用户一致；
-每用户每分钟/每日外发数受限；失败邮件会退信到发件人收件箱；
-管理员可在后台「外发队列」查看投递状态、手动重试或取消。
+Security policy: external recipients are only accepted from authenticated users; `MAIL FROM` must match
+the logged-in user; per-user per-minute/day outbound limits apply; failed mail bounces back to the
+sender's inbox; admins can view delivery status in the **Outbound Queue** and manually retry or cancel.
 
-> **IPv4/IPv6**：默认仅使用 IPv4 出站（`ip_family = "ipv4"`），因为很多收件方
-> （如 Gmail）会拒收没有 PTR 的 IPv6 地址，而 IPv4 通常具备正反向一致的 PTR。
-> 如需走 IPv6：请运营商为静态地址配置 PTR（指向 `mail.example.com`），
-> 然后设置 `ip_family = "ipv6"` 并把 `source_ip` 绑定到该静态地址
-> （避免内核使用轮换的临时隐私地址）。
+> **IPv4/IPv6**: Only IPv4 outbound is used by default (`ip_family = "ipv4"`), because many recipients
+> (e.g. Gmail) reject IPv6 addresses without PTR, while IPv4 usually has matching forward/reverse PTR.
+> To use IPv6: ask your provider to configure PTR for the static address (pointing to `mail.example.com`),
+> then set `ip_family = "ipv6"` and bind `source_ip` to that static address
+> (to avoid the kernel picking rotating temporary privacy addresses).
 
-### 7. 通过智能主机（smarthost）中继外发
+### 8. Relaying Outbound Mail Through a Smarthost
 
-服务器 IP 属于家庭宽带/动态 IP 段时，常被 Spamhaus PBL 等策略列表收录，
-Microsoft（Outlook/Hotmail）等收件方会直接拒收。此时建议把外发邮件交给
-第三方 SMTP 中继（Mailgun / SendGrid / Amazon SES / 阿里云邮件推送等），
-在 `[outbound]` 中配置即可，所有外部投递自动改走中继：
+When the server IP is on a residential/dynamic IP range, it is often listed in policy lists such as Spamhaus PBL,
+and recipients like Microsoft (Outlook/Hotmail) reject the mail outright. In that case, it is recommended to hand
+outbound mail to a third-party SMTP relay (Mailgun / SendGrid / Amazon SES / Aliyun Direct Mail, etc.),
+configured in `[outbound]` — all external delivery automatically routes through the relay:
 
 ```toml
 [outbound]
 relay_host = "smtp.example-relay.com"
-relay_port = 587          # 465 为隐式 TLS
+relay_port = 587          # 465 = implicit TLS
 relay_user = "your-api-user"
 relay_password = "your-api-key"
 relay_starttls = true
 ```
 
-中继使用 AUTH PLAIN 认证；本地收件人仍走本地投递，不受影响。
+The relay uses AUTH PLAIN authentication; local recipients still use local delivery, unaffected.
+
+### 9. Setting the Initial Admin Password
+
+When the admin account is created on first start, the initial password is randomly generated by default
+and printed once in the startup log; to pre-set it (e.g. for deployment scripts), use the `MAILGO_ADMIN_PASSWORD`
+environment variable:
+
+```bash
+MAILGO_ADMIN_PASSWORD="$(openssl rand -base64 12)" ./mailgo
+```
+
+This variable only takes effect when the admin account is first created (ignored if the account already exists);
+either way, the password must be changed on first login.
 
 ---
 
-## 端口速查
+## Port Quick Reference
 
-| 协议 | 明文端口 | TLS 端口 | 说明 |
-|------|---------|---------|------|
-| SMTP | 25 | 465 | 邮件发送 |
-| IMAP | 143 | 993 | 邮箱同步 |
-| POP3 | 110 | 995 | 邮件收取 |
-| Web | 8080 | — | Web 界面（可配 Unix socket） |
+| Protocol | Plaintext port | TLS port | Description |
+|----------|----------------|----------|-------------|
+| SMTP | 25 | 465 | Mail sending |
+| IMAP | 143 | 993 | Mailbox sync |
+| POP3 | 110 | 995 | Mail retrieval |
+| Web | 8080 | — | Web UI (Unix socket supported) |
 
 ---
 
-## 目录结构
+## Directory Structure
 
 ```
 mailgo/
-├── main.go                          # 程序入口
+├── main.go                          # program entry
 ├── config/
-│   ├── config.go                    # 配置加载与合并
-│   └── defaults.go                  # 默认常量
+│   ├── config.go                    # config loading and merging
+│   └── defaults.go                  # default constants
 ├── internal/
 │   ├── db/
-│   │   ├── db.go                    # 数据库初始化（SQLite/MySQL）
-│   │   └── models.go               # GORM 模型定义
+│   │   ├── db.go                    # database initialization (SQLite/MySQL)
+│   │   └── models.go                # GORM model definitions
 │   ├── store/
-│   │   ├── stores.go                # Store 聚合器
-│   │   ├── user_store.go            # 用户数据操作
-│   │   ├── mail_store.go            # 邮件数据操作
-│   │   ├── domain_store.go          # 域名数据操作
-│   │   ├── attachment_store.go      # 附件数据操作
-│   │   ├── outbound_store.go        # 外发队列数据操作
-│   │   ├── ban_store.go             # 封禁数据操作
-│   │   └── protocol_log_store.go    # 协议调用日志数据操作
-│   ├── smtp_server/server.go        # SMTP 服务
+│   │   ├── stores.go                # Store aggregator
+│   │   ├── user_store.go            # user data operations
+│   │   ├── mail_store.go            # mail data operations
+│   │   ├── mailbox_store.go         # folder (IMAP mailbox) data operations
+│   │   ├── domain_store.go          # domain data operations
+│   │   ├── attachment_store.go      # attachment data operations
+│   │   ├── outbound_store.go        # outbound queue data operations
+│   │   ├── ban_store.go             # ban data operations
+│   │   └── protocol_log_store.go    # protocol call log data operations
+│   ├── smtp_server/server.go        # SMTP server
 │   ├── outbound/
-│   │   ├── mailer.go               # MX 查询与 SMTP 出站客户端
-│   │   ├── manager.go              # 外发队列、重试、限速、退信
-│   │   └── sign.go                 # DKIM 签名
+│   │   ├── mailer.go                # MX lookup and SMTP outbound client
+│   │   ├── manager.go               # outbound queue, retry, rate limiting, bounces
+│   │   └── sign.go                  # DKIM signing
 │   ├── imap_server/
-│   │   ├── server.go                # IMAP 服务
-│   │   └── backend.go               # IMAP 后端
-│   ├── pop3_server/server.go         # POP3 服务
-│   ├── connhub/hub.go                # 协议连接注册中心（当前连接监控）
-│   ├── storage/attachment.go         # 附件文件存储
-│   ├── dkim/keys.go                  # DKIM 密钥生成
+│   │   ├── server.go                # IMAP server (listener/capabilities/cross-session push)
+│   │   ├── service.go               # MailboxService (shared by IMAP sessions and Web)
+│   │   └── session.go               # IMAP Session implementation (SELECT/FETCH/STORE/EXPUNGE)
+│   ├── pop3_server/server.go        # POP3 server
+│   ├── connhub/hub.go               # protocol connection registry (live connection monitoring)
+│   ├── storage/attachment.go        # attachment file storage
+│   ├── dkim/keys.go                 # DKIM key generation
 │   ├── auth/
-│   │   ├── provider.go              # 认证接口
-│   │   ├── oauth2.go                # OAuth2 认证
-│   │   └── ldap.go                  # LDAP 认证
+│   │   ├── provider.go              # auth interface
+│   │   ├── oauth2.go                # OAuth2 authentication
+│   │   └── ldap.go                  # LDAP authentication
 │   └── web/
-│       ├── server.go                 # Web 路由与模板加载
+│       ├── server.go                # web routing and template loading
 │       ├── handlers/
-│       │   ├── auth.go              # 登录/登出/OAuth2/LDAP
-│       │   ├── mail.go              # 邮箱操作
-│       │   └── admin.go             # 管理后台
+│       │   ├── auth.go              # login/logout/OAuth2/LDAP
+│       │   ├── mail.go              # mailbox operations
+│       │   └── admin.go             # admin console
 │       ├── middleware/
-│       │   ├── auth.go              # 会话认证
-│       │   ├── admin.go             # 管理员权限
-│       │   └── ban.go               # IP 封禁检查
-│       └── templates/               # HTML 模板
-│           ├── *.html               # 用户页面
-│           └── admin/*.html          # 管理页面
+│       │   ├── auth.go              # session authentication
+│       │   ├── admin.go             # admin authorization
+│       │   └── ban.go               # IP ban check
+│       └── templates/               # HTML templates
+│           ├── *.html               # user pages
+│           └── admin/*.html         # admin pages
 └── .gitignore
 ```
 
-### 运行时数据目录（Linux）
+### Runtime Data Directories (Linux)
 
-| 路径 | 说明 |
-|------|------|
-| `/etc/mail_go/` | 配置文件 |
-| `/srv/mail_go/` | 数据库 + 附件存储 |
+| Path | Description |
+|------|-------------|
+| `/etc/mail_go/` | config file |
+| `/srv/mail_go/` | database + attachment storage |
 
-### 运行时数据目录（Windows 调试）
+### Runtime Data Directories (Windows Debug)
 
-| 路径 | 说明 |
-|------|------|
-| `./win/etc/mail_go/` | 配置文件 |
-| `./win/srv/mail_go/` | 数据库 + 附件存储 |
+| Path | Description |
+|------|-------------|
+| `./win/etc/mail_go/` | config file |
+| `./win/srv/mail_go/` | database + attachment storage |
 
 ---
 
-## Linux 服务部署
+## Linux Service Deployment
 
-### systemd 服务文件
+### systemd Unit File
 
-创建 `/etc/systemd/system/mailgo.service`：
+Create `/etc/systemd/system/mailgo.service`:
 
 ```ini
 [Unit]
@@ -466,7 +493,7 @@ Restart=on-failure
 RestartSec=5
 LimitNOFILE=65536
 
-# 安全加固
+# Security hardening
 NoNewPrivileges=true
 ProtectSystem=strict
 ProtectHome=true
@@ -476,68 +503,68 @@ ReadWritePaths=/srv/mail_go /run/mail_go /etc/mail_go
 WantedBy=multi-user.target
 ```
 
-### 启动服务
+### Starting the Service
 
 ```bash
-# 创建系统用户
+# Create the system user
 sudo useradd -r -s /sbin/nologin -d /srv/mail_go mailgo
 
-# 设置目录权限
+# Set directory ownership
 sudo chown -R mailgo:mailgo /srv/mail_go /etc/mail_go
 
-# 启用并启动
+# Enable and start
 sudo systemctl daemon-reload
 sudo systemctl enable mailgo
 sudo systemctl start mailgo
 
-# 查看日志
+# View logs
 sudo journalctl -u mailgo -f
 ```
 
 ---
 
-## DNS 配置
+## DNS Configuration
 
-邮件服务需要以下 DNS 记录（管理后台 → DNS 提示 页面可查看完整配置）：
+The mail service requires the following DNS records (the admin console → DNS hints page shows the full configuration):
 
-| 记录类型 | 名称 | 值 | 说明 |
-|---------|------|-----|------|
-| A | mail | 服务器 IP | 邮件服务器地址 |
-| MX | @ | mail.example.com | 邮件路由 |
-| TXT | @ | `v=spf1 mx ~all` | SPF 反垃圾 |
-| TXT | default._domainkey | DKIM 公钥（后台自动生成） | DKIM 签名验证 |
-| TXT | _dmarc | `v=DMARC1; p=none; rua=mailto:admin@example.com` | DMARC 策略 |
+| Type | Name | Value | Description |
+|------|------|-------|-------------|
+| A | mail | server IP | mail server address |
+| MX | @ | mail.example.com | mail routing |
+| TXT | @ | `v=spf1 mx ~all` | SPF anti-spam |
+| TXT | default._domainkey | DKIM public key (auto-generated in the admin console) | DKIM signature verification |
+| TXT | _dmarc | `v=DMARC1; p=none; rua=mailto:admin@example.com` | DMARC policy |
 
 ---
 
-## 技术栈
+## Tech Stack
 
-| 组件 | 技术 |
-|------|------|
-| 语言 | Go 1.25+ |
-| Web 框架 | Gin |
-| 模板引擎 | html/template |
+| Component | Technology |
+|-----------|------------|
+| Language | Go 1.25+ |
+| Web framework | Gin |
+| Template engine | html/template |
 | ORM | GORM |
-| 数据库 | SQLite（默认）/ MySQL |
-| 配置格式 | TOML |
+| Database | SQLite (default) / MySQL |
+| Config format | TOML |
 | SMTP | github.com/emersion/go-smtp |
-| IMAP | github.com/emersion/go-imap v1 |
-| POP3 | 手工实现 TCP 协议 |
-| 密码哈希 | golang.org/x/crypto/bcrypt |
-| 富文本 | Quill.js (CDN) |
+| IMAP | github.com/emersion/go-imap/v2 |
+| POP3 | hand-implemented TCP protocol |
+| Password hashing | golang.org/x/crypto/bcrypt |
+| Rich text | Quill.js (embedded via go:embed, works offline) |
 | OAuth2 | golang.org/x/oauth2 |
 | LDAP | github.com/go-ldap/ldap/v3 |
-| DKIM | RSA 2048 自动生成 |
+| DKIM | RSA 2048 auto-generated |
 
 ---
 
-## 默认账户
+## Default Account
 
-| 角色 | 邮箱 | 密码 | 默认配额 |
-|------|------|------|---------|
-| 管理员 | admin@example.com | admin | 5 GB |
+| Role | Email | Initial password | Default quota |
+|------|-------|------------------|---------------|
+| Admin | admin@example.com | Randomly generated (printed once in the startup log) or set via `MAILGO_ADMIN_PASSWORD` | 5 GB |
 
-> ⚠️ 部署到生产环境后请立即修改管理员密码。
+> ⚠️ Password change is mandatory on first login (also triggered when an admin resets the password); change it immediately after production deployment.
 
 ## License
 

README_cn.md

@@ -0,0 +1,561 @@
+# MailGo
+
+> [English](README.md) | 中文
+
+Go 语言编写的轻量级邮件系统，集成 SMTP / IMAP / POP3 协议服务和 Web 管理界面。
+Web 前端的布局：顶部导航 + 左侧文件夹栏 + 邮件列表三栏设计。
+
+## 功能特性
+
+- **邮件协议**：SMTP（发送）、IMAP（同步）、POP3（收取），均支持 TLS 加密
+- **外部投递**：认证用户可向外部邮箱（Gmail/Outlook 等）发送邮件，内置外发队列、**并发 worker 池投递**（默认 4 线程 + 每收件域并发上限 2）、MX 直投、STARTTLS、指数退避重试、退信通知与 DKIM 签名
+- **多语言界面（i18n）**：中文 / 英文 / 日文，在「设置」页可选择界面语言（或自动跟随浏览器 Accept-Language，英语兜底），覆盖全部用户页与管理后台、12 小时制时间与错误提示
+- **Web 邮箱**：文件夹数据驱动（Web 与 IMAP 共享 MailboxService，IMAP LIST 返回什么界面就显示什么），系统文件夹（收件箱 / 已发送 / 草稿箱 / 垃圾箱）与自定义文件夹管理、删除邮件移入垃圾箱（支持恢复 / 彻底删除 / 清空）、未读角标与搜索过滤、全选 / 批量删除、发件人头像、富文本编辑（Quill.js）、附件上传/下载
+- **管理后台**：域名管理、用户管理、DKIM 密钥自动生成、DNS 配置提示、全量邮件查看、外发队列管理、IP 封禁管理、仪表盘统计、时间统一按 Web 时区显示 12 小时制（上午/下午）
+- **协议调用日志**：SMTP / IMAP / POP3 每次连接自动记录来源 IP、用户名、成功/失败、失败原因与操作摘要，可按协议/状态/IP/用户名/时间筛选，用于分析密码爆破、中继滥用等攻击行为（默认保留 30 天，自动清理）
+- **IMAP 新邮件推送**：本地投递（SMTP/Web 写信）成功后实时推送，挂起 IDLE 的客户端即时收到新邮件通知（无需轮询）；其他客户端造成的已读/星标/删除变化也实时同步（IMAP STORE/EXPUNGE、POP3 删除、Web 标已读/删除）
+- **当前连接监控**：管理后台实时查看 SMTP/IMAP/POP3 活动连接（来源 IP、用户名、TLS、时长），每 5 秒自动刷新；支持「断开并封禁」一键封禁该 IP 全部在线连接（封禁 180 天，可随时解封）
+- **外部认证**：OAuth2（Google / GitHub）、LDAP（可选，默认关闭）
+- **安全机制**：BCrypt 密码哈希、登录失败自动封禁 IP（**阶段性封禁**：前 3 次达到失败阈值只计数，第 4 次起封禁并按档位递增 30分钟 → 3小时 → 3个月 → 半年，成功登录清零；**枚举爆破无宽限**：用户名不存在的失败跳过宽限、首次触发即封禁）、外发频率限制（防滥用）、非认证禁止中继（防开放中继）、管理员可解封
+- **多数据库**：默认 SQLite，可切换 MySQL
+- **跨平台**：Linux 生产部署 + Windows 本地调试
+
+## 界面预览
+
+| 收件箱 | 邮件阅读 |
+|--------|----------|
+| ![收件箱](docs/screenshots/inbox.png) | ![邮件阅读](docs/screenshots/view.png) |
+
+| 写信 | 设置 | 登录 |
+|------|------|------|
+| ![写信](docs/screenshots/compose.png) | ![设置](docs/screenshots/settings.png) | ![登录](docs/screenshots/login.png) |
+
+> 截图使用演示数据渲染，实际界面以部署为准。
+
+## 快速开始
+
+### 编译
+
+```bash
+go build -o mailgo .
+```
+
+### 启动
+
+```bash
+./mailgo
+```
+
+首次启动会自动创建配置文件和数据库，默认管理员账户：
+
+| 项目 | 值 |
+|------|-----|
+| 邮箱 | `admin@example.com` |
+| 初始密码 | 随机生成（16 位，数字+大小写字母），仅在启动日志中打印一次；也可用环境变量 `MAILGO_ADMIN_PASSWORD` 预先指定 |
+
+> ⚠️ 该账户已标记「首次登录必须修改密码」，登录后请在 设置 页面立即改密。
+
+### 访问
+
+| 页面 | 地址 |
+|------|------|
+| 用户邮箱 | `http://localhost:8080/` |
+| 管理后台 | `http://localhost:8080/admin` |
+
+---
+
+## 配置文件
+
+配置文件路径（TOML 格式）：
+
+| 系统 | 路径 |
+|------|------|
+| Linux | `/etc/mail_go/mail_go.toml` |
+| Windows | `./win/etc/mail_go/mail_go.toml` |
+
+首次启动自动生成，缺失字段自动补全。修改后需重启服务生效。
+
+### 完整配置参考
+
+```toml
+[database]
+driver = "sqlite"                          # sqlite | mysql
+dsn = "/srv/mail_go/mail.db"               # SQLite: 文件路径; MySQL: DSN 连接串
+
+[storage]
+base_dir = "/srv/mail_go"                  # 数据根目录
+attach_dir = "/srv/mail_go/attachments"     # 附件存储目录
+
+[web]
+addr = ":8080"                             # 监听地址，支持 TCP 端口或 Unix socket
+secret_key = ""                             # Web 会话签名密钥；留空时首次启动自动生成
+                                           # 随机密钥并写入本文件（请妥善备份，泄露/丢失
+                                           # 分别意味着会话可被伪造/所有登录态失效）
+cookie_secure = true                        # 会话 cookie 仅通过 HTTPS 传输（Secure 标志）；
+                                           # 仅本地 HTTP 调试时才改为 false
+protocol_log_keep_days = 30                # SMTP/IMAP/POP3 协议调用日志保留天数，
+                                           # 超出后由后台任务自动清理；0 表示不清理
+
+[smtp]
+addr = ":25"                               # SMTP 明文端口
+tls_addr = ":465"                          # SMTPS 端口（需配置 TLS 证书）
+domain = "example.com"                     # 邮件域名
+tls_cert = ""                             # TLS 证书路径（留空则不启用 TLS）
+tls_key = ""                              # TLS 私钥路径
+max_message_bytes = 67108864              # 单封邮件最大 64MB
+
+[imap]
+addr = ":143"                              # IMAP 明文端口
+tls_addr = ":993"                          # IMAPS 端口
+tls_cert = ""
+tls_key = ""
+
+[pop3]
+addr = ":110"                              # POP3 明文端口
+tls_addr = ":995"                          # POP3S 端口
+tls_cert = ""
+tls_key = ""
+
+[auth]
+oauth2_enabled = false                     # 是否启用 OAuth2 登录
+oauth2_provider = ""                       # google | github
+oauth2_client_id = ""
+oauth2_client_secret = ""
+oauth2_redirect_url = ""
+ldap_enabled = false                      # 是否启用 LDAP 登录
+ldap_server = ""                          # 例: ldap://localhost:389
+ldap_bind_dn = ""                         # 例: cn=admin,dc=example,dc=com
+ldap_bind_password = ""
+ldap_search_base = ""                     # 例: ou=users,dc=example,dc=com
+ldap_search_filter = ""                   # 例: (uid=%s)
+ldap_use_tls = false
+
+[ban]
+max_fail_attempts = 5                    # 登录失败次数阈值
+ban_duration_min = 30                     # 第 1 次封禁时长（分钟）；之后按档位递增：
+                                           # 第 2 次 3 小时 → 第 3 次 3 个月 → 第 4 次起半年（上限）
+                                           # 前 3 次达到阈值只计数不封禁，成功登录后清零
+
+[caddy]
+data_dir = ""                             # Caddy 数据目录（含 certificates/ 的那个），
+                                          # 供后台一键导入证书；留空自动探测
+                                          # /var/lib/caddy/.local/share/caddy 等常见位置
+
+[outbound]
+hostname = ""                            # EHLO 主机名，留空使用 [smtp] domain
+poll_interval = 15                       # 外发队列扫描间隔（秒）
+workers = 4                              # 并发投递 worker 数（多线程并行发送，
+                                         # 大量邮件时吞吐提升；0/1 为串行）
+batch_size = 50                          # 每次扫描最多取出的待投递邮件数
+max_concurrent_per_domain = 2            # 同一收件域（或中继）的最大并发连接数，
+                                         # 防被判定为滥发；0 表示不限制
+max_attempts = 12                        # 单封邮件最大投递尝试次数
+retry_base_min = 5                       # 重试退避基数（分钟），指数增长：5/10/20/40...
+max_recipients = 50                      # 单封邮件最大外部收件人数
+max_per_min = 30                         # 每用户每分钟最大外发数
+max_per_day = 500                        # 每用户每日最大外发数，0 表示禁用外部投递
+connect_timeout = 30                     # 连接远程 MX 超时（秒）
+relay_host = ""                          # 智能主机（smarthost），留空则直投 MX
+relay_port = 587                         # 465 = 隐式 TLS，其他端口按需 STARTTLS
+relay_user = ""                          # 中继认证用户名（AUTH PLAIN）
+relay_password = ""                      # 中继认证密码
+relay_starttls = true                    # 非 465 端口是否使用 STARTTLS
+relay_tls_insecure = false                # 是否跳过中继服务器 TLS 证书验证；
+                                          # 默认验证证书（保护中继凭据），仅自签证书
+                                          # 内网中继且明确知晓风险时才改为 true
+ip_family = "ipv4"                       # 出站地址族：ipv4（默认）| ipv6 | auto
+source_ip = ""                           # 出站源地址绑定（如静态 IPv6 地址），留空由内核选择
+```
+
+---
+
+## 常见配置场景
+
+### 1. 切换到 MySQL
+
+```toml
+[database]
+driver = "mysql"
+dsn = "mailgo:YourPassword@tcp(127.0.0.1:3306)/mailgo?charset=utf8mb4&parseTime=True&loc=Local"
+```
+
+MySQL DSN 格式：`用户名:密码@tcp(主机:端口)/数据库名?参数`
+
+> 数据库和用户需提前在 MySQL 中创建：
+> ```sql
+> CREATE DATABASE mailgo CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_unicode_ci;
+> CREATE USER 'mailgo'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'YourPassword';
+> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON mailgo.* TO 'mailgo'@'localhost';
+> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
+> ```
+
+### 2. Web 使用 Unix Socket
+
+```toml
+[web]
+addr = "/run/mail_go/web.sock"
+```
+
+当 `addr` 以 `/` 开头时，Gin 自动以 Unix socket 方式监听。
+
+### 3. 指定会话密钥（容器/多实例部署）
+
+会话签名密钥可通过环境变量 `MAILGO_SECRET_KEY` 覆盖（优先于配置文件，且不会写入磁盘）：
+
+```bash
+MAILGO_SECRET_KEY="$(openssl rand -hex 32)" mail_go
+```
+
+要求：长度至少 16 字节；留空时由配置文件提供（首次启动自动生成）。更换密钥后所有已登录会话立即失效，用户需重新登录。
+
+Nginx 反向代理配置：
+
+```nginx
+server {
+    listen 80;
+    server_name mail.example.com;
+
+    location / {
+        proxy_pass http://unix:/run/mail_go/web.sock;
+        proxy_set_header Host $host;
+        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
+        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
+        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+> 确保 socket 目录存在并有写权限：
+> ```bash
+> mkdir -p /run/mail_go
+> chown mailgo:mailgo /run/mail_go
+> ```
+
+### 3. 启用 TLS 加密
+
+为 SMTP/IMAP/POP3 启用 TLS（三个协议共享同一证书，或分别配置）：
+
+```toml
+[smtp]
+tls_cert = "/etc/mail_go/certs/server.crt"
+tls_key = "/etc/mail_go/certs/server.key"
+
+[imap]
+tls_cert = "/etc/mail_go/certs/server.crt"
+tls_key = "/etc/mail_go/certs/server.key"
+
+[pop3]
+tls_cert = "/etc/mail_go/certs/server.crt"
+tls_key = "/etc/mail_go/certs/server.key"
+```
+
+配置 TLS 后，系统会自动启动对应的加密端口（465/993/995）。管理后台添加域名时勾选 TLS 会自动切换端口号。
+
+> 可用 Let's Encrypt 获取免费证书：
+> ```bash
+> certbot certonly --standalone -d mail.example.com
+> # 证书路径: /etc/letsencrypt/live/mail.example.com/fullchain.pem
+> # 私钥路径: /etc/letsencrypt/live/mail.example.com/privkey.pem
+> ```
+
+#### 从 Caddy 一键导入证书
+
+如果本机已用 [Caddy](https://caddyserver.com/) 托管该域名 HTTPS（Caddy 会自动签发并续期证书），
+可在管理后台 **域名管理 → 编辑域名** 页面点击 **“从 Caddy 获取证书”** 按钮，
+一键把 Caddy 存储中的证书与私钥导入邮件服务（自动启用该域名的 TLS），无需手动复制 PEM 文件。
+支持通配符证书（如 `*.example.com` 可匹配 `mail.example.com`）。
+证书支持**热加载**：导入（或手动上传）后立即生效，无需重启服务——SMTP/IMAP/POP3
+每次 TLS 握手会自动检查并重载变化的证书文件。
+
+由于 Caddy 的证书目录仅 `caddy` 用户可读，install.sh 会安装一个 root 权限的证书同步任务
+（`mailgo-caddy-sync.{path,timer}`），把 Caddy 证书树镜像到 `/srv/mail_go/tls/caddy`，
+证书续期后自动同步，mail_go 始终可读；另外还会授予 ACL 权限作为直接读取的兜底。
+安装时自动配置，也可手动执行：
+
+```bash
+sudo ./install.sh setup-caddy-cert          # 自动探测 Caddy 数据目录并配置同步 + ACL
+sudo ./install.sh setup-caddy-cert /path/to/caddy/data   # 或手动指定数据目录
+```
+
+若 Caddy 数据目录不在常见位置，可在配置文件中显式指定：
+
+```toml
+[caddy]
+data_dir = "/var/lib/caddy/.local/share/caddy"
+```
+
+### 4. 启用 OAuth2 登录（Google 示例）
+
+```toml
+[auth]
+oauth2_enabled = true
+oauth2_provider = "google"
+oauth2_client_id = "your-client-id.apps.googleusercontent.com"
+oauth2_client_secret = "your-client-secret"
+oauth2_redirect_url = "https://mail.example.com/auth/oauth2/callback"
+```
+
+> 需要在 [Google Cloud Console](https://console.cloud.google.com/) 创建 OAuth 2.0 客户端，授权回调地址填 `https://你的域名/auth/oauth2/callback`。
+
+### 5. 启用 LDAP 认证
+
+```toml
+[auth]
+ldap_enabled = true
+ldap_server = "ldap://ldap.example.com:389"
+ldap_bind_dn = "cn=admin,dc=example,dc=com"
+ldap_bind_password = "ldap_admin_password"
+ldap_search_base = "ou=users,dc=example,dc=com"
+ldap_search_filter = "(uid=%s)"
+ldap_use_tls = true
+```
+
+### 6. 对外发送邮件（外部投递）
+
+认证用户（Web 邮箱 / SMTP 提交）可以向外部邮箱地址发送邮件。系统通过
+收件人域名的 MX 记录直投，自动处理 STARTTLS、指数退避重试，并为外发
+邮件添加 DKIM 签名（使用后台域名管理中生成的密钥）。
+
+```toml
+[smtp]
+domain = "example.com"        # 必须设置为真实的邮件域名（EHLO/退信地址）
+
+[outbound]
+hostname = "mail.example.com" # 建议与邮件主机名一致
+poll_interval = 15
+max_attempts = 12
+max_per_day = 500             # 设为 0 可完全禁用外部投递
+```
+
+需要满足的 DNS / 服务器条件（详见 `todo.md` 与后台 DNS 提示页）：
+
+| 项目 | 说明 |
+|------|------|
+| MX | `example.com MX 10 mail.example.com` |
+| SPF | `example.com TXT "v=spf1 mx -all"` |
+| DKIM | `default._domainkey.example.com TXT "v=DKIM1; k=rsa; p=<公钥>"`（后台自动生成） |
+| DMARC | `_dmarc.example.com TXT "v=DMARC1; p=none; rua=mailto:postmaster@example.com"` |
+| PTR | 服务器 IP 反向解析指向邮件主机名（需向机房申请） |
+| 网络 | 服务器 25 端口出站未被云厂商封锁 |
+
+安全策略：外部收件人仅接受已认证用户；`MAIL FROM` 必须与登录用户一致；
+每用户每分钟/每日外发数受限；失败邮件会退信到发件人收件箱；
+管理员可在后台「外发队列」查看投递状态、手动重试或取消。
+
+> **IPv4/IPv6**：默认仅使用 IPv4 出站（`ip_family = "ipv4"`），因为很多收件方
+> （如 Gmail）会拒收没有 PTR 的 IPv6 地址，而 IPv4 通常具备正反向一致的 PTR。
+> 如需走 IPv6：请运营商为静态地址配置 PTR（指向 `mail.example.com`），
+> 然后设置 `ip_family = "ipv6"` 并把 `source_ip` 绑定到该静态地址
+> （避免内核使用轮换的临时隐私地址）。
+
+### 7. 通过智能主机（smarthost）中继外发
+
+服务器 IP 属于家庭宽带/动态 IP 段时，常被 Spamhaus PBL 等策略列表收录，
+Microsoft（Outlook/Hotmail）等收件方会直接拒收。此时建议把外发邮件交给
+第三方 SMTP 中继（Mailgun / SendGrid / Amazon SES / 阿里云邮件推送等），
+在 `[outbound]` 中配置即可，所有外部投递自动改走中继：
+
+```toml
+[outbound]
+relay_host = "smtp.example-relay.com"
+relay_port = 587          # 465 为隐式 TLS
+relay_user = "your-api-user"
+relay_password = "your-api-key"
+relay_starttls = true
+```
+
+中继使用 AUTH PLAIN 认证；本地收件人仍走本地投递，不受影响。
+
+### 8. 指定初始管理员密码
+
+首次启动创建管理员账户时，初始密码默认随机生成并仅在启动日志中打印一次；
+如需预先指定（例如部署脚本），可设置环境变量 `MAILGO_ADMIN_PASSWORD`：
+
+```bash
+MAILGO_ADMIN_PASSWORD="$(openssl rand -base64 12)" ./mailgo
+```
+
+该变量仅在首次创建管理员账户时生效（账户已存在则忽略）；无论哪种方式，
+首次登录都会强制修改密码。
+
+---
+
+## 端口速查
+
+| 协议 | 明文端口 | TLS 端口 | 说明 |
+|------|---------|---------|------|
+| SMTP | 25 | 465 | 邮件发送 |
+| IMAP | 143 | 993 | 邮箱同步 |
+| POP3 | 110 | 995 | 邮件收取 |
+| Web | 8080 | — | Web 界面（可配 Unix socket） |
+
+---
+
+## 目录结构
+
+```
+mailgo/
+├── main.go                          # 程序入口
+├── config/
+│   ├── config.go                    # 配置加载与合并
+│   └── defaults.go                  # 默认常量
+├── internal/
+│   ├── db/
+│   │   ├── db.go                    # 数据库初始化（SQLite/MySQL）
+│   │   └── models.go               # GORM 模型定义
+│   ├── store/
+│   │   ├── stores.go                # Store 聚合器
+│   │   ├── user_store.go            # 用户数据操作
+│   │   ├── mail_store.go            # 邮件数据操作
+│   │   ├── mailbox_store.go         # 文件夹（IMAP mailbox）数据操作
+│   │   ├── domain_store.go          # 域名数据操作
+│   │   ├── attachment_store.go      # 附件数据操作
+│   │   ├── outbound_store.go        # 外发队列数据操作
+│   │   ├── ban_store.go             # 封禁数据操作
+│   │   └── protocol_log_store.go    # 协议调用日志数据操作
+│   ├── smtp_server/server.go        # SMTP 服务
+│   ├── outbound/
+│   │   ├── mailer.go               # MX 查询与 SMTP 出站客户端
+│   │   ├── manager.go              # 外发队列、重试、限速、退信
+│   │   └── sign.go                 # DKIM 签名
+│   ├── imap_server/
+│   │   ├── server.go                # IMAP 服务（监听器/能力/跨会话推送）
+│   │   ├── service.go               # MailboxService（IMAP 会话与 Web 共享）
+│   │   └── session.go               # IMAP Session 实现（SELECT/FETCH/STORE/EXPUNGE）
+│   ├── pop3_server/server.go         # POP3 服务
+│   ├── connhub/hub.go                # 协议连接注册中心（当前连接监控）
+│   ├── storage/attachment.go         # 附件文件存储
+│   ├── dkim/keys.go                  # DKIM 密钥生成
+│   ├── auth/
+│   │   ├── provider.go              # 认证接口
+│   │   ├── oauth2.go                # OAuth2 认证
+│   │   └── ldap.go                  # LDAP 认证
+│   └── web/
+│       ├── server.go                 # Web 路由与模板加载
+│       ├── handlers/
+│       │   ├── auth.go              # 登录/登出/OAuth2/LDAP
+│       │   ├── mail.go              # 邮箱操作
+│       │   └── admin.go             # 管理后台
+│       ├── middleware/
+│       │   ├── auth.go              # 会话认证
+│       │   ├── admin.go             # 管理员权限
+│       │   └── ban.go               # IP 封禁检查
+│       └── templates/               # HTML 模板
+│           ├── *.html               # 用户页面
+│           └── admin/*.html          # 管理页面
+└── .gitignore
+```
+
+### 运行时数据目录（Linux）
+
+| 路径 | 说明 |
+|------|------|
+| `/etc/mail_go/` | 配置文件 |
+| `/srv/mail_go/` | 数据库 + 附件存储 |
+
+### 运行时数据目录（Windows 调试）
+
+| 路径 | 说明 |
+|------|------|
+| `./win/etc/mail_go/` | 配置文件 |
+| `./win/srv/mail_go/` | 数据库 + 附件存储 |
+
+---
+
+## Linux 服务部署
+
+### systemd 服务文件
+
+创建 `/etc/systemd/system/mailgo.service`：
+
+```ini
+[Unit]
+Description=MailGo Mail Server
+After=network.target mysql.service
+
+[Service]
+Type=simple
+User=mailgo
+Group=mailgo
+WorkingDirectory=/opt/mailgo
+ExecStart=/opt/mailgo/mailgo
+Restart=on-failure
+RestartSec=5
+LimitNOFILE=65536
+
+# 安全加固
+NoNewPrivileges=true
+ProtectSystem=strict
+ProtectHome=true
+ReadWritePaths=/srv/mail_go /run/mail_go /etc/mail_go
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=multi-user.target
+```
+
+### 启动服务
+
+```bash
+# 创建系统用户
+sudo useradd -r -s /sbin/nologin -d /srv/mail_go mailgo
+
+# 设置目录权限
+sudo chown -R mailgo:mailgo /srv/mail_go /etc/mail_go
+
+# 启用并启动
+sudo systemctl daemon-reload
+sudo systemctl enable mailgo
+sudo systemctl start mailgo
+
+# 查看日志
+sudo journalctl -u mailgo -f
+```
+
+---
+
+## DNS 配置
+
+邮件服务需要以下 DNS 记录（管理后台 → DNS 提示 页面可查看完整配置）：
+
+| 记录类型 | 名称 | 值 | 说明 |
+|---------|------|-----|------|
+| A | mail | 服务器 IP | 邮件服务器地址 |
+| MX | @ | mail.example.com | 邮件路由 |
+| TXT | @ | `v=spf1 mx ~all` | SPF 反垃圾 |
+| TXT | default._domainkey | DKIM 公钥（后台自动生成） | DKIM 签名验证 |
+| TXT | _dmarc | `v=DMARC1; p=none; rua=mailto:admin@example.com` | DMARC 策略 |
+
+---
+
+## 技术栈
+
+| 组件 | 技术 |
+|------|------|
+| 语言 | Go 1.25+ |
+| Web 框架 | Gin |
+| 模板引擎 | html/template |
+| ORM | GORM |
+| 数据库 | SQLite（默认）/ MySQL |
+| 配置格式 | TOML |
+| SMTP | github.com/emersion/go-smtp |
+| IMAP | github.com/emersion/go-imap/v2 |
+| POP3 | 手工实现 TCP 协议 |
+| 密码哈希 | golang.org/x/crypto/bcrypt |
+| 富文本 | Quill.js（go:embed 内嵌，离线可用） |
+| OAuth2 | golang.org/x/oauth2 |
+| LDAP | github.com/go-ldap/ldap/v3 |
+| DKIM | RSA 2048 自动生成 |
+
+---
+
+## 默认账户
+
+| 角色 | 邮箱 | 初始密码 | 默认配额 |
+|------|------|---------|---------|
+| 管理员 | admin@example.com | 随机生成（启动日志打印一次）或 `MAILGO_ADMIN_PASSWORD` 指定 | 5 GB |
+
+> ⚠️ 首次登录强制修改密码（管理员重置密码同样触发）；部署到生产环境后请立即完成改密。
+
+## License
+
+MIT

cmd/migrate/main.go

@@ -0,0 +1,260 @@
+// migrate 一次性工具：把 SQLite 数据迁移到 MySQL（mailgo 库）。
+// 用法：go run ./cmd/migrate -from /srv/mail_go/mail.db -dsn "mailgo:密码@tcp(127.0.0.1:3306)/mailgo?charset=utf8mb4&parseTime=True&loc=UTC"
+package main
+
+import (
+	"flag"
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
+	"time"
+
+	"mail_go/config"
+	"mail_go/internal/db"
+
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+	"gorm.io/gorm/logger"
+)
+
+var (
+	fromDSN = flag.String("from", "/srv/mail_go/mail.db", "SQLite 数据库路径")
+	mysqlDSN = flag.String("dsn", "", "MySQL DSN（目标库，需已创建 mailgo 库与用户）")
+)
+
+func main() {
+	flag.Parse()
+	if *mysqlDSN == "" {
+		log.Fatal("缺少 -dsn")
+	}
+
+	// 目标：MySQL（InitDB 内含 AutoMigrate，按当前模型建表）
+	mdb, err := db.InitDB(config.DatabaseConfig{Driver: "mysql", DSN: *mysqlDSN}, config.StorageConfig{BaseDir: "/srv/mail_go/"})
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("连接 MySQL 失败: %v", err)
+	}
+	log.Println("MySQL 建表完成（AutoMigrate）")
+
+	// 源：SQLite（只读）
+	sdb, err := db.InitDB(config.DatabaseConfig{Driver: "sqlite", DSN: *fromDSN}, config.StorageConfig{BaseDir: "/srv/mail_go/"})
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("连接 SQLite 失败: %v", err)
+	}
+	sdb.Logger = logger.Default.LogMode(logger.Silent)
+
+	// 关闭 GORM 自动时间戳（保留原始 CreatedAt/UpdatedAt）
+	mw := mdb.Session(&gorm.Session{SkipHooks: true})
+
+	stateWant := int64(-1) // mailbox_states 期望行数；-1 = 源库无此表不校验
+
+	// 按外键依赖顺序复制：domains → users → messages → attachments → 其余
+	// 所有时间统一 UTC（MySQL DATETIME 无时区）。
+	utc := func(t time.Time) time.Time {
+		if t.IsZero() {
+			// MySQL DATETIME 最小年份 1000；零值由调用方转 NULL
+			return t
+		}
+		return t.UTC()
+	}
+	_ = utc
+
+	// ---- domains ----
+	var domains []db.Domain
+	if err := sdb.Order("id").Find(&domains).Error; err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("读 domains: %v", err)
+	}
+	for i := range domains {
+		domains[i].CreatedAt = domains[i].CreatedAt.UTC()
+		domains[i].UpdatedAt = domains[i].UpdatedAt.UTC()
+	}
+	if err := mw.Create(&domains).Error; err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("写 domains: %v", err)
+	}
+	log.Printf("domains: %d", len(domains))
+
+	// ---- users ----
+	var users []db.User
+	if err := sdb.Order("id").Find(&users).Error; err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("读 users: %v", err)
+	}
+	for i := range users {
+		users[i].CreatedAt = users[i].CreatedAt.UTC()
+		users[i].UpdatedAt = users[i].UpdatedAt.UTC()
+	}
+	if err := mw.Create(&users).Error; err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("写 users: %v", err)
+	}
+	log.Printf("users: %d", len(users))
+
+	// ---- messages ----
+	var msgs []db.Message
+	if err := sdb.Order("id").Find(&msgs).Error; err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("读 messages: %v", err)
+	}
+	for i := range msgs {
+		msgs[i].Date = msgs[i].Date.UTC()
+		msgs[i].CreatedAt = msgs[i].CreatedAt.UTC()
+	}
+	if err := mw.Create(&msgs).Error; err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("写 messages: %v", err)
+	}
+	log.Printf("messages: %d", len(msgs))
+
+	// ---- attachments ----
+	var atts []db.Attachment
+	if err := sdb.Order("id").Find(&atts).Error; err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("读 attachments: %v", err)
+	}
+	for i := range atts {
+		atts[i].CreatedAt = atts[i].CreatedAt.UTC()
+	}
+	if err := mw.Create(&atts).Error; err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("写 attachments: %v", err)
+	}
+	log.Printf("attachments: %d", len(atts))
+
+	// ---- outbound_messages（原样，含时间转 UTC）----
+	var outs []db.OutboundMessage
+	if err := sdb.Order("id").Find(&outs).Error; err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("读 outbound_messages: %v", err)
+	}
+	for i := range outs {
+		outs[i].NextAttemptAt = outs[i].NextAttemptAt.UTC()
+		if outs[i].CompletedAt != nil && !outs[i].CompletedAt.IsZero() {
+			u := outs[i].CompletedAt.UTC()
+			outs[i].CompletedAt = &u
+		}
+		outs[i].CreatedAt = outs[i].CreatedAt.UTC()
+		outs[i].UpdatedAt = outs[i].UpdatedAt.UTC()
+	}
+	if err := mw.Create(&outs).Error; err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("写 outbound_messages: %v", err)
+	}
+	log.Printf("outbound_messages: %d", len(outs))
+
+	// ---- ban_entries（expires_at 零值 → NULL）----
+	rows, err := sdb.Raw("SELECT id, ip_address, reason, fail_count, ban_count, expires_at, created_at, updated_at FROM ban_entries ORDER BY id").Rows()
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("读 ban_entries: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+	bans := 0
+	for rows.Next() {
+		var (
+			id        uint
+			ip        string
+			reason    *string
+			failCount int
+			banCount  int
+			expires   *time.Time
+			created   *time.Time
+			updated   *time.Time
+		)
+		if err := rows.Scan(&id, &ip, &reason, &failCount, &banCount, &expires, &created, &updated); err != nil {
+			log.Fatalf("扫 ban_entries: %v", err)
+		}
+		norm := func(t *time.Time) *time.Time {
+			if t == nil || t.IsZero() {
+				return nil
+			}
+			u := t.UTC()
+			return &u
+		}
+		if err := mdb.Exec("INSERT INTO ban_entries (id, ip_address, reason, fail_count, ban_count, expires_at, created_at, updated_at) VALUES (?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?)",
+			id, ip, reason, failCount, banCount, norm(expires), norm(created), norm(updated)).Error; err != nil {
+			log.Fatalf("写 ban_entries id=%d: %v", id, err)
+		}
+		bans++
+	}
+	log.Printf("ban_entries: %d", bans)
+
+	// ---- protocol_logs ----
+	var logs []db.ProtocolLog
+	if err := sdb.Order("id").Find(&logs).Error; err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("读 protocol_logs: %v", err)
+	}
+	for i := range logs {
+		logs[i].CreatedAt = logs[i].CreatedAt.UTC()
+	}
+	if err := mw.Create(&logs).Error; err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("写 protocol_logs: %v", err)
+	}
+	log.Printf("protocol_logs: %d", len(logs))
+
+	// ---- mailbox_states（原生 SQL：该表随 UIDVALIDITY 特性存在，旧版本源库可能没有）----
+	var stateCount int64
+	sdb.Raw("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='table' AND name='mailbox_states'").Scan(&stateCount)
+	if stateCount > 0 {
+		// 目标库若没有该表（上游模型未含 MailboxState 时 AutoMigrate 不会建），先建表
+		var tcnt int64
+		mdb.Raw("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_schema = DATABASE() AND table_name = 'mailbox_states'").Scan(&tcnt)
+		if tcnt == 0 {
+			if err := mdb.Exec(`CREATE TABLE mailbox_states (
+				user_id bigint unsigned NOT NULL,
+				folder varchar(64) NOT NULL,
+				uid_validity bigint unsigned NOT NULL,
+				created_at datetime(3) NULL,
+				updated_at datetime(3) NULL,
+				PRIMARY KEY (user_id, folder))`).Error; err != nil {
+				log.Fatalf("建 mailbox_states 表: %v", err)
+			}
+			log.Println("mailbox_states: 目标库已建表")
+		}
+		srows, err := sdb.Raw("SELECT user_id, folder, uid_validity, created_at, updated_at FROM mailbox_states ORDER BY user_id, folder").Rows()
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Fatalf("读 mailbox_states: %v", err)
+		}
+		defer srows.Close()
+		states := 0
+		for srows.Next() {
+			var (
+				userID   uint
+				folder   string
+				validity uint32
+				created  *time.Time
+				updated  *time.Time
+			)
+			if err := srows.Scan(&userID, &folder, &validity, &created, &updated); err != nil {
+				log.Fatalf("扫 mailbox_states: %v", err)
+			}
+			norm := func(t *time.Time) *time.Time {
+				if t == nil || t.IsZero() {
+					return nil
+				}
+				u := t.UTC()
+				return &u
+			}
+			if err := mdb.Exec("INSERT INTO mailbox_states (user_id, folder, uid_validity, created_at, updated_at) VALUES (?,?,?,?,?)",
+				userID, folder, validity, norm(created), norm(updated)).Error; err != nil {
+				log.Fatalf("写 mailbox_states: %v", err)
+			}
+			states++
+		}
+		log.Printf("mailbox_states: %d", states)
+		stateWant = int64(states)
+	} else {
+		log.Println("mailbox_states: 源库无此表，跳过")
+	}
+
+	// ---- 校验 ----
+	check := func(table string, want int64) {
+		var got int64
+		if err := mdb.Table(table).Count(&got).Error; err != nil {
+			log.Fatalf("校验 %s: %v", table, err)
+		}
+		if got != want {
+			log.Fatalf("校验 %s 失败: got %d want %d", table, got, want)
+		}
+		fmt.Printf("校验 %s: %d/%d ✓\n", table, got, want)
+	}
+	check("domains", int64(len(domains)))
+	check("users", int64(len(users)))
+	check("messages", int64(len(msgs)))
+	check("attachments", int64(len(atts)))
+	check("outbound_messages", int64(len(outs)))
+	check("ban_entries", int64(bans))
+	check("protocol_logs", int64(len(logs)))
+	if stateWant >= 0 {
+		check("mailbox_states", stateWant)
+	}
+
+	log.Println("迁移完成 ✅")
+}

docs/architecture.md

@@ -83,8 +83,8 @@ mail_go/
 │   ├── smtp_server/
 │   │   └── server.go                 # SMTP 服务端（go-smtp Backend 实现）
 │   ├── imap_server/
-│   │   ├── server.go                 # IMAP 服务端启动
-│   │   └── backend.go               # go-imap Backend/User/Mailbox/Message 实现
+│   │   ├── server.go                 # IMAP 服务端启动（监听器/能力/跨会话推送）
+│   │   └── session.go                # go-imap/v2 imapserver.Session 实现
 │   ├── pop3_server/
 │   │   └── server.go                 # POP3 服务端（TCP 监听 + 文本协议）
 │   ├── web/
@@ -373,11 +373,11 @@ func (s *smtpSession) Logout() error
 #### IMAP Backend 接口（go-imap/v2 要求）
 
 ```go
-// internal/imap_server/backend.go
+// internal/imap_server/session.go
 
-// 实现 go-imap/v2 的 backend.Backend 接口
-type imapBackend struct {
-    userStore  store.UserStore
+// 实现 go-imap/v2 的 imapserver.Session 接口
+type imapSession struct {
+    stores  *store.Stores
     mailStore  store.MailStore
     domainStore store.DomainStore
     attStore   store.AttachmentStore
@@ -413,14 +413,16 @@ type imapMailbox struct {
 | GET | /login | auth.ShowLogin | — | 登录页 |
 | POST | /login | auth.DoLogin | — | 登录提交 |
 | POST | /logout | auth.DoLogout | Auth | 登出 |
-| GET | / | mail.Inbox | Auth | 收件箱（重定向到 /inbox） |
-| GET | /inbox | mail.Inbox | Auth | 收件箱列表 |
-| GET | /inbox/:id | mail.View | Auth | 查看邮件 |
+| GET | / | — | Auth | 收件箱（重定向到 /inbox） |
+| GET | /folder/:name | mail.Folder | Auth | 通用文件夹页（目录与 IMAP LIST 同源） |
+| GET | /folder/:name/:id | mail.View | Auth | 查看文件夹内邮件 |
+| POST | /folder/:name/empty | mail.EmptyFolder | Auth | 清空文件夹 |
+| GET | /inbox /sent /drafts（及 /:id） | — | Auth | 旧路径兼容重定向到 /folder/<name> |
 | GET | /compose | mail.Compose | Auth | 撰写页面 |
 | POST | /compose | mail.DoSend | Auth | 发送邮件 |
-| GET | /sent | mail.Sent | Auth | 发件箱 |
-| GET | /sent/:id | mail.View | Auth | 查看已发送邮件 |
-| POST | /mail/delete/:id | mail.Delete | Auth | 删除邮件 |
+| POST | /mail/delete/:id | mail.Delete | Auth | 删除邮件（移入 Trash；Trash 内为彻底删除） |
+| POST | /mail/restore/:id | mail.Restore | Auth | 恢复邮件到收件箱 |
+| POST | /mail/purge/:id | mail.Purge | Auth | 彻底删除邮件 |
 | POST | /mail/read/:id | mail.MarkRead | Auth | 标记已读 |
 | GET | /attachment/:id | mail.DownloadAttachment | Auth | 下载附件 |
 | GET | /admin | admin.Dashboard | Auth + Admin | 管理后台首页 |
@@ -557,7 +559,7 @@ sequenceDiagram
 | Task ID | 任务名称 | 依赖 | 涉及文件 | 优先级 |
 |---------|---------|------|---------|--------|
 | T01 | 项目基础设施：go.mod + 入口 + 配置系统 + 数据库层 | — | go.mod, main.go, config/config.go, config/defaults.go, internal/db/db.go, internal/db/models.go, internal/store/*.go | P0 |
-| T02 | 邮件协议服务端（SMTP + IMAP + POP3） | T01 | internal/smtp_server/server.go, internal/imap_server/server.go, internal/imap_server/backend.go, internal/pop3_server/server.go | P0 |
+| T02 | 邮件协议服务端（SMTP + IMAP + POP3） | T01 | internal/smtp_server/server.go, internal/imap_server/server.go, internal/imap_server/session.go, internal/pop3_server/server.go | P0 |
 | T03 | Web 服务核心：路由 + 中间件 + 认证 + 邮件页面 | T01 | internal/web/server.go, internal/web/middleware/auth.go, internal/web/middleware/admin.go, internal/web/handlers/auth.go, internal/web/handlers/mail.go | P0 |
 | T04 | 管理后台 + 附件存储 + 模板 | T01, T03 | internal/web/handlers/admin.go, internal/storage/attachment.go, internal/web/templates/*.html | P0 |
 | T05 | 集成调试 + 安装脚本 | T02, T03, T04 | main.go（更新）, scripts/install.sh | P1 |
@@ -594,7 +596,7 @@ sequenceDiagram
 
 - 管理后台 handler：域名 CRUD、用户 CRUD、DNS 提示
 - AttachmentStorage：附件文件写入/读取/删除磁盘操作
-- 所有 HTML 模板：base 布局 + login/inbox/compose/sent/view/admin 系列页面
+- 所有 HTML 模板：base 布局 + login/folder/compose/view/admin 系列页面
 - 附件上传（compose 页面多文件上传）+ 下载 handler
 
 **T05: 集成调试 + 安装脚本**
@@ -614,7 +616,7 @@ go 1.22
 
 require (
     github.com/emersion/go-smtp v0.21.0
-    github.com/emersion/go-imap/v2 v2.0.0-beta.5
+    github.com/emersion/go-imap/v2 v2.0.0-beta.8
     github.com/emersion/go-message v0.18.0
     github.com/gin-gonic/gin v1.10.0
     github.com/gin-contrib/sessions v0.0.5

go.mod

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ go 1.25.0
 
 require (
 	github.com/BurntSushi/toml v1.4.0
-	github.com/emersion/go-imap v1.2.1
+	github.com/emersion/go-imap/v2 v2.0.0-beta.8
 	github.com/emersion/go-message v0.18.2
 	github.com/emersion/go-msgauth v0.7.0
 	github.com/emersion/go-sasl v0.0.0-20241020182733-b788ff22d5a6

go.sum

@@ -17,19 +17,16 @@ github.com/cloudwego/base64x v0.1.6/go.mod h1:OFcloc187FXDaYHvrNIjxSe8ncn0OOM8gE
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.0/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 h1:vj9j/u1bqnvCEfJOwUhtlOARqs3+rkHYY13jYWTU97c=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
-github.com/emersion/go-imap v1.2.1 h1:+s9ZjMEjOB8NzZMVTM3cCenz2JrQIGGo5j1df19WjTA=
-github.com/emersion/go-imap v1.2.1/go.mod h1:Qlx1FSx2FTxjnjWpIlVNEuX+ylerZQNFE5NsmKFSejY=
-github.com/emersion/go-message v0.15.0/go.mod h1:wQUEfE+38+7EW8p8aZ96ptg6bAb1iwdgej19uXASlE4=
+github.com/emersion/go-imap/v2 v2.0.0-beta.8 h1:5IXZK1E33DyeP526320J3RS7eFlCYGFgtbrfapqDPug=
+github.com/emersion/go-imap/v2 v2.0.0-beta.8/go.mod h1:dhoFe2Q0PwLrMD7oZw8ODuaD0vLYPe5uj2wcOMnvh48=
 github.com/emersion/go-message v0.18.2 h1:rl55SQdjd9oJcIoQNhubD2Acs1E6IzlZISRTK7x/Lpg=
 github.com/emersion/go-message v0.18.2/go.mod h1:XpJyL70LwRvq2a8rVbHXikPgKj8+aI0kGdHlg16ibYA=
 github.com/emersion/go-msgauth v0.7.0 h1:vj2hMn6KhFtW41kshIBTXvp6KgYSqpA/ZN9Pv4g1INc=
 github.com/emersion/go-msgauth v0.7.0/go.mod h1:mmS9I6HkSovrNgq0HNXTeu8l3sRAAuQ9RMvbM4KU7Ck=
-github.com/emersion/go-sasl v0.0.0-20200509203442-7bfe0ed36a21/go.mod h1:iL2twTeMvZnrg54ZoPDNfJaJaqy0xIQFuBdrLsmspwQ=
 github.com/emersion/go-sasl v0.0.0-20241020182733-b788ff22d5a6 h1:oP4q0fw+fOSWn3DfFi4EXdT+B+gTtzx8GC9xsc26Znk=
 github.com/emersion/go-sasl v0.0.0-20241020182733-b788ff22d5a6/go.mod h1:iL2twTeMvZnrg54ZoPDNfJaJaqy0xIQFuBdrLsmspwQ=
 github.com/emersion/go-smtp v0.24.0 h1:g6AfoF140mvW0vLNPD/LuCBLEAdlxOjIXqbIkJIS6Wk=
 github.com/emersion/go-smtp v0.24.0/go.mod h1:ZtRRkbTyp2XTHCA+BmyTFTrj8xY4I+b4McvHxCU2gsQ=
-github.com/emersion/go-textwrapper v0.0.0-20200911093747-65d896831594/go.mod h1:aqO8z8wPrjkscevZJFVE1wXJrLpC5LtJG7fqLOsPb2U=
 github.com/gabriel-vasile/mimetype v1.4.12 h1:e9hWvmLYvtp846tLHam2o++qitpguFiYCKbn0w9jyqw=
 github.com/gabriel-vasile/mimetype v1.4.12/go.mod h1:d+9Oxyo1wTzWdyVUPMmXFvp4F9tea18J8ufA774AB3s=
 github.com/gin-contrib/sessions v1.1.0 h1:00mhHfNEGF5sP2fwxa98aRqj1FOJdL6IkR86n2hOiBo=
@@ -163,7 +160,6 @@ golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20210927222741-03fcf44c2211/go.mod h1:jbD1KX2456YbFQfuX
 golang.org/x/term v0.5.0/go.mod h1:jMB1sMXY+tzblOD4FWmEbocvup2/aLOaQEp7JmGp78k=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.0/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.3/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
-golang.org/x/text v0.3.6/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.7/go.mod h1:u+2+/6zg+i71rQMx5EYifcz6MCKuco9NR6JIITiCfzQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.7.0/go.mod h1:mrYo+phRRbMaCq/xk9113O4dZlRixOauAjOtrjsXDZ8=
 golang.org/x/text v0.14.0/go.mod h1:18ZOQIKpY8NJVqYksKHtTdi31H5itFRjB5/qKTNYzSU=

internal/db/db.go

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package db
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"log"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
@@ -55,10 +56,71 @@ func InitDB(cfg config.DatabaseConfig, storageCfg config.StorageConfig) (*gorm.D
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("连接数据库失败: %w", err)
 	}
 
+	// AutoMigrate 前清理 ban_entries 的历史重复行（保留每 IP 最大 id）：
+	// ip_address 将升级为唯一索引，重复行会使索引创建失败。
+	// 首次安装表不存在时忽略错误（AutoMigrate 会建新表）。
+	dedupeBanEntries(db)
+	// 再清理旧模型遗留的同名非唯一索引（见 dropLegacyBanIndex）。
+	dropLegacyBanIndex(db)
+
 	// Auto-migrate all models
-	if err := db.AutoMigrate(&User{}, &Domain{}, &Message{}, &Attachment{}, &BanEntry{}, &OutboundMessage{}, &ProtocolLog{}, &MailboxState{}); err != nil {
+	if err := db.AutoMigrate(&User{}, &Domain{}, &Message{}, &Attachment{}, &BanEntry{}, &OutboundMessage{}, &ProtocolLog{}, &MailboxState{}, &Mailbox{}); err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("数据库迁移失败: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	return db, nil
 }
+
+// dedupeBanEntries 删除 ban_entries 中同一 ip_address 的重复行（保留
+// 每组 id 最大的一条），为 ip_address 唯一索引的 AutoMigrate 扫清障碍。
+// 表不存在（首次安装）时静默跳过；清理失败仅告警，不阻断启动
+// （索引创建失败会在 AutoMigrate 中显式报错）。
+func dedupeBanEntries(db *gorm.DB) {
+	// SQLite 与 MySQL 均支持；MySQL 不允许 DELETE 子查询直接引用同表
+	// （1093），因此用派生表包一层。
+	sql := "DELETE FROM ban_entries WHERE id NOT IN (" +
+		"SELECT mid FROM (SELECT MAX(id) AS mid FROM ban_entries GROUP BY ip_address) AS t)"
+	if err := db.Exec(sql).Error; err != nil {
+		// 表不存在（首次安装）为预期情况
+		msg := err.Error()
+		if strings.Contains(msg, "no such table") || strings.Contains(msg, "doesn't exist") {
+			return
+		}
+		log.Printf("清理 ban_entries 重复行失败（唯一索引可能无法创建）: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// dropLegacyBanIndex 删除 ban_entries 上历史遗留的同名非唯一索引
+// （旧模型 IPAddress 为普通 `index` 时由 AutoMigrate 创建）。
+// IPAddress 升级为 uniqueIndex 后，MySQL 的 MigrateColumnUnique 会对
+// 非唯一列无条件执行 CREATE UNIQUE INDEX（该路径不检查 HasIndex），
+// 与同名旧索引冲突时报 Error 1061 Duplicate key name，导致启动即失败
+// （AutoMigrate 末尾按名查 HasIndex 的保护根本执行不到）。
+// 仅 MySQL 存在此问题；SQLite 迁移路径不受影响。
+// 表不存在（首次安装）时静默跳过；失败仅告警，不阻断启动
+// （索引创建失败会在 AutoMigrate 中显式报错）。
+func dropLegacyBanIndex(db *gorm.DB) {
+	if db.Dialector.Name() != "mysql" {
+		return
+	}
+	var cnt int64
+	err := db.Raw(
+		"SELECT COUNT(*) FROM information_schema.statistics WHERE table_schema = DATABASE() AND table_name = 'ban_entries' AND index_name = 'idx_ban_entries_ip_address' AND non_unique = 1",
+	).Scan(&cnt).Error
+	if err != nil {
+		// 表不存在（首次安装）为预期情况
+		if strings.Contains(err.Error(), "doesn't exist") {
+			return
+		}
+		log.Printf("检查 ban_entries 遗留索引失败（唯一索引可能无法创建）: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+	if cnt == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	if err := db.Exec("ALTER TABLE `ban_entries` DROP INDEX `idx_ban_entries_ip_address`").Error; err != nil {
+		log.Printf("删除 ban_entries 遗留非唯一索引失败（唯一索引可能无法创建）: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+	log.Printf("已删除 ban_entries 遗留非唯一索引 idx_ban_entries_ip_address（AutoMigrate 将重建为唯一索引）")
+}

internal/db/dedupe_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+package db
+
+// P4 #17 回归：dedupeBanEntries 在 AutoMigrate 前清理历史重复行，
+// 为 ip_address 唯一索引扫清障碍；表不存在时静默跳过。
+
+import (
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+
+	"gorm.io/driver/sqlite"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+)
+
+// createLegacyBanTable 按旧版结构建表（ip_address 无唯一索引）。
+func createLegacyBanTable(t *testing.T) *gorm.DB {
+	t.Helper()
+	gdb, err := gorm.Open(sqlite.Open(filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "test.db")), &gorm.Config{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("open sqlite: %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := gdb.Exec(`CREATE TABLE ban_entries (
+		id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
+		ip_address TEXT NOT NULL,
+		reason TEXT,
+		fail_count INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
+		ban_count INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
+		expires_at DATETIME,
+		created_at DATETIME,
+		updated_at DATETIME
+	)`).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("create legacy table: %v", err)
+	}
+	return gdb
+}
+
+func TestDedupeBanEntriesRemovesDuplicates(t *testing.T) {
+	gdb := createLegacyBanTable(t)
+
+	// 同一 IP 三条旧记录（id 1,2,3），另一 IP 一条
+	for _, rec := range []struct {
+		ip  string
+		fc  int
+	}{
+		{"1.2.3.4", 1},
+		{"1.2.3.4", 2},
+		{"1.2.3.4", 3},
+		{"5.6.7.8", 4},
+	} {
+		if err := gdb.Exec(
+			"INSERT INTO ban_entries (ip_address, fail_count) VALUES (?, ?)", rec.ip, rec.fc,
+		).Error; err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("insert: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	dedupeBanEntries(gdb)
+
+	// 每 IP 仅剩 id 最大的一条
+	var rows []struct {
+		IP string `gorm:"column:ip_address"`
+		FC int    `gorm:"column:fail_count"`
+	}
+	if err := gdb.Raw("SELECT ip_address, fail_count FROM ban_entries ORDER BY ip_address").Scan(&rows).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("query: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(rows) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("rows after dedupe = %d, want 2", len(rows))
+	}
+	if rows[0].IP != "1.2.3.4" || rows[0].FC != 3 {
+		t.Fatalf("1.2.3.4 row = %+v, want the max-id row (fail_count=3)", rows[0])
+	}
+	if rows[1].IP != "5.6.7.8" || rows[1].FC != 4 {
+		t.Fatalf("5.6.7.8 row = %+v, want fail_count=4", rows[1])
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDedupeBanEntriesMissingTableSilent(t *testing.T) {
+	gdb, err := gorm.Open(sqlite.Open(filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "test.db")), &gorm.Config{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("open sqlite: %v", err)
+	}
+	// 表不存在时不应 panic/报错（首次安装场景）
+	dedupeBanEntries(gdb)
+}

internal/db/models.go

@@ -18,6 +18,9 @@ type User struct {
 	// MustChangePassword 为 true 时该用户（通常是初始管理员或被重置密码的
 	// 用户）在首次登录后必须修改密码。
 	MustChangePassword bool `gorm:"default:false" json:"-"`
+	// Language 界面语言偏好：auto（跟随浏览器 Accept-Language）| en | zh | ja。
+	// 默认 auto，浏览器语言无法识别时回退英语。
+	Language  string    `gorm:"size:8;default:auto" json:"language"`
 	CreatedAt time.Time `json:"created_at"`
 	UpdatedAt time.Time `json:"updated_at"`
 }
@@ -60,11 +63,16 @@ type Message struct {
 	ToAddr    string `gorm:"size:2048;not null" json:"to_addr"`
 	CcAddr    string `gorm:"size:2048" json:"cc_addr"`
 	Subject   string `gorm:"size:1024" json:"subject"`
-	TextBody  string    `gorm:"type:text" json:"text_body"`
-	HtmlBody  string    `gorm:"type:text" json:"html_body"`
+	TextBody  string `gorm:"type:mediumtext" json:"text_body"`
+	HtmlBody  string `gorm:"type:mediumtext" json:"html_body"`
 	RawData   string `gorm:"type:mediumtext" json:"raw_data"`
 	IsRead    bool   `gorm:"default:false" json:"is_read"`
 	IsFlagged bool   `gorm:"default:false" json:"is_flagged"`
+	// IsDeleted 持久化 IMAP \Deleted 标记（STORE +FLAGS \Deleted 写入，
+	// EXPUNGE/UID EXPUNGE 时按此删除）。此前该标记只存于内存会话
+	// （imapMailbox.deleted map），重选文件夹/重连即丢失，导致客户端
+	// COPY→Trash 后 EXPUNGE 删不掉原邮件（垃圾桶只有副本）。
+	IsDeleted bool      `gorm:"default:false;index" json:"is_deleted"`
 	Date      time.Time `json:"date"`
 	CreatedAt time.Time `json:"created_at"`
 }
@@ -111,7 +119,9 @@ func (OutboundMessage) TableName() string {
 // BanEntry represents an IP address that has been banned due to excessive login failures.
 type BanEntry struct {
 	ID uint `gorm:"primaryKey" json:"id"`
-	IPAddress string    `gorm:"size:45;index;not null" json:"ip_address"`
+	// IPAddress 唯一索引：每 IP 恰好一条记录（观察计数与封禁状态共用），
+	// 防止并发写入产生重复行导致计数与档位读写错位。
+	IPAddress string `gorm:"size:45;uniqueIndex;not null" json:"ip_address"`
 	Reason    string `gorm:"size:255" json:"reason"`
 	FailCount int    `gorm:"default:0" json:"fail_count"`
 	// BanCount 是该 IP 累计达到失败阈值的次数（含未封禁的前几次）。
@@ -155,10 +165,11 @@ func (ProtocolLog) TableName() string {
 }
 
 // Attachment represents a file attached to an email message.
+// 注意：不声明 Message 关联（避免 GORM 外键名 MessageID 与
+// Message.MessageID 字符串字段冲突，导致 AutoMigrate 生成错误外键）。
 type Attachment struct {
 	ID          uint      `gorm:"primaryKey" json:"id"`
 	MessageID   uint      `gorm:"index;not null" json:"message_id"`
-	Message     Message   `gorm:"foreignKey:MessageID" json:"message"`
 	FileName    string    `gorm:"size:255;not null" json:"file_name"`
 	FilePath    string    `gorm:"size:512;not null" json:"file_path"`
 	ContentType string    `gorm:"size:128" json:"content_type"`
@@ -171,6 +182,39 @@ func (Attachment) TableName() string {
 	return "attachments"
 }
 
+// SystemMailbox 定义一个系统预置文件夹（RFC 6154 SPECIAL-USE 角色）。
+type SystemMailbox struct {
+	Name       string // 规范名（INBOX 大小写不敏感）
+	SpecialUse string // Sent / Drafts / Trash；INBOX 为 ""
+}
+
+// SystemMailboxes 是系统预置文件夹清单：IMAP LIST 与 Web 侧边栏
+// 共用此定义，保证「IMAP 返回什么，Web 就显示什么」。
+var SystemMailboxes = []SystemMailbox{
+	{Name: "INBOX", SpecialUse: ""},
+	{Name: "Sent", SpecialUse: "Sent"},
+	{Name: "Drafts", SpecialUse: "Drafts"},
+	{Name: "Trash", SpecialUse: "Trash"},
+}
+
+// Mailbox 表示一个用户文件夹（IMAP mailbox / Web 侧边栏条目）。
+// 系统文件夹在首次访问时由 MailboxStore.EnsureSystem 幂等创建；
+// 自定义文件夹经 IMAP CREATE 创建。
+type Mailbox struct {
+	ID           uint      `gorm:"primaryKey" json:"id"`
+	UserID       uint      `gorm:"uniqueIndex:idx_mailbox_user_name;not null" json:"user_id"`
+	Name         string    `gorm:"size:64;uniqueIndex:idx_mailbox_user_name;not null" json:"name"`
+	SpecialUse   string    `gorm:"size:16" json:"special_use"` // 自定义文件夹为空
+	IsSubscribed bool      `gorm:"default:true" json:"is_subscribed"`
+	CreatedAt    time.Time `json:"created_at"`
+	UpdatedAt    time.Time `json:"updated_at"`
+}
+
+// TableName specifies the table name for Mailbox.
+func (Mailbox) TableName() string {
+	return "mailboxes"
+}
+
 // MailboxState 记录每个邮箱（用户+文件夹）的持久化 IMAP 状态。
 // UidValidity 在首次访问时随机生成并持久化：数据库重建（消息 ID 空间
 // 变化）后该值随之改变，客户端（Thunderbird 等）会据此丢弃本地缓存

internal/i18n/catalog.go

@@ -0,0 +1,736 @@
+package i18n
+
+// en 英文目录：key 为界面中的原始中文字符串。
+// 英语是兜底语言：ja 缺译时回退这里，未知语言也回退这里。
+var en = map[string]string{
+	// ---------- 12 小时制时段（日期函数） ----------
+	"上午": "AM",
+	"下午": "PM",
+
+	// ---------- 系统文件夹名（folderLabel） ----------
+	"收件箱": "Inbox",
+	"已发送": "Sent",
+	"草稿箱": "Drafts",
+	"已删除": "Trash",
+
+	// ---------- 顶栏 / 侧栏（base.html） ----------
+	"邮箱":             "Mail",
+	"搜索邮件（发件人 / 主题）": "Search mail (sender / subject)",
+	"管理后台":           "Admin",
+	"设置":             "Settings",
+	"退出登录":           "Log out",
+	"写信":             "Compose",
+
+	// ---------- 邮件列表（folder.html） ----------
+	"全选/取消全选": "Select all / deselect all",
+	"全选":      "Select all",
+	"刷新":      "Refresh",
+	"删除":      "Delete",
+	"彻底删除":    "Delete permanently",
+	"确定要清空「已删除」文件夹吗？此操作不可恢复。": "Empty the Trash folder? This cannot be undone.",
+	"清空文件夹":       "Empty folder",
+	"共 %d 封":      "%d messages",
+	"暂无邮件":        "No messages",
+	"收件人：%s":      "To: %s",
+	"致：":          "To: ",
+	"(无主题)":       "(no subject)",
+	"[HTML 邮件]":   "[HTML email]",
+	"确定要恢复这封邮件吗？": "Restore this message?",
+	"恢复到收件箱":      "Restore to inbox",
+	"确定要删除这封邮件吗？": "Delete this message?",
+	"第 %d / %d 页": "Page %d of %d",
+	"上一页":         "Previous",
+	"下一页":         "Next",
+	"确定要删除选中的 %s 封邮件吗？": "Delete the %s selected message(s)?",
+
+	// ---------- 邮件阅读（view.html） ----------
+	"查看邮件": "View message",
+	"返回":   "Back",
+	"回复":   "Reply",
+	"恢复":   "Restore",
+	"确定要彻底删除这封邮件吗？此操作不可恢复。": "Permanently delete this message? This cannot be undone.",
+	"删除邮件": "Delete message",
+	"抄送：":  "Cc: ",
+
+	// ---------- 写信（compose.html） ----------
+	"发送":        "Send",
+	"附件":        "Attach",
+	"取消":        "Cancel",
+	"撰写新邮件":     "New message",
+	"收件人":       "To",
+	"输入收件人邮箱地址": "Recipient email address",
+	"抄送":        "Cc",
+	"多个地址用逗号分隔（可选）": "Separate multiple addresses with commas (optional)",
+	"主题":         "Subject",
+	"输入邮件主题":     "Email subject",
+	"请输入邮件内容...": "Enter your message...",
+	"附件配额":       "Attachment quota",
+	"移除":         "Remove",
+
+	// ---------- 设置（settings.html） ----------
+	"⚠️ 首次登录/密码已被重置，请立即修改密码后再继续使用邮箱功能。": "⚠️ First login / password has been reset. Please change your password before using the mailbox.",
+	"账号信息":          "Account info",
+	"已用 %s / 配额 %s": "Used %s / Quota %s",
+	"管理员":           "Admin",
+	"修改密码":          "Change password",
+	"当前密码":          "Current password",
+	"请输入当前密码":       "Enter current password",
+	"新密码":           "New password",
+	"请输入新密码":        "Enter new password",
+	"确认新密码":         "Confirm new password",
+	"请再次输入新密码":      "Re-enter new password",
+	"界面语言":          "Interface language",
+	"自动（跟随浏览器）":     "Auto (browser)",
+	"保存":            "Save",
+	"语言偏好已保存":       "Language preference saved",
+	"语言偏好保存失败":      "Failed to save language preference",
+	"帮助":            "Help",
+	"客户端收发信（IMAP / SMTP）配置：":        "IMAP / SMTP client settings:",
+	"IMAP 服务器：%s 端口 %d / SSL %d":    "IMAP server: %s port %d / SSL %d",
+	"SMTP 服务器：%s 端口 %d（提交）/ SSL %d": "SMTP server: %s port %d (submission) / SSL %d",
+
+	// ---------- 登录（login.html） ----------
+	"登录":       "Log in",
+	"登录您的邮箱账户": "Log in to your mailbox",
+	"邮箱地址":     "Email address",
+	"密码":       "Password",
+	"请输入密码":    "Enter password",
+	"登 录":      "Log in",
+	"或":        "or",
+	"LDAP 用户名": "LDAP username",
+	"LDAP 密码":  "LDAP password",
+	"LDAP 登录":  "LDAP sign in",
+
+	// ---------- 封禁页（banned.html） ----------
+	"访问被禁止":          "Access denied",
+	"您的 IP 已被暂时禁止访问": "Your IP has been temporarily blocked",
+	"由于登录失败次数过多，您的 IP 地址已被暂时封禁。": "Your IP address has been temporarily banned due to too many failed login attempts.",
+	"IP 地址":    "IP address",
+	"封禁档位":     "Ban level",
+	"第 %d 次封禁": "Ban #%d",
+	"原因":       "Reason",
+	"失败次数":     "Failed attempts",
+	"%d 次":     "%d times",
+	"解封时间":     "Unban time",
+	"请在解封时间后重试，或联系管理员。": "Please retry after the unban time, or contact the administrator.",
+	"返回登录页": "Back to login",
+
+	// ---------- 管理后台侧栏（所有 admin 页面） ----------
+	"返回邮箱":  "Back to mailbox",
+	"控制面板":  "Dashboard",
+	"域名管理":  "Domains",
+	"用户管理":  "Users",
+	"所有邮件":  "All mail",
+	"外发队列":  "Outbound queue",
+	"协议日志":  "Protocol logs",
+	"当前连接":  "Connections",
+	"IP黑名单": "IP blacklist",
+
+	// ---------- 控制面板（dashboard.html） ----------
+	"域名数":    "Domains",
+	"用户数":    "Users",
+	"邮件总数":   "Total mail",
+	"被封IP":   "Banned IPs",
+	"邮件分布":   "Mail distribution",
+	"文件夹":    "Folder",
+	"邮件数":    "Messages",
+	"占用空间":   "Size",
+	"合计":     "Total",
+	"收发统计":   "Send/receive stats",
+	"时间段":    "Period",
+	"收件":     "Received",
+	"发件":     "Sent",
+	"今日":     "Today",
+	"近 7 天":  "Last 7 days",
+	"快捷操作":   "Quick actions",
+	"新增域名":   "Add domain",
+	"新增用户":   "Add user",
+	"查看所有邮件": "View all mail",
+
+	// ---------- 用户管理（users.html / user_form.html） ----------
+	"用户列表":          "Users",
+	"暂无用户":          "No users",
+	"用户名":           "Username",
+	"域名ID":          "Domain ID",
+	"配额":            "Quota",
+	"已用":            "Used",
+	"状态":            "Status",
+	"操作":            "Actions",
+	"编辑":            "Edit",
+	"确定要删除用户 %s 吗？": "Delete user %s?",
+	"编辑用户":          "Edit user",
+	"新密码（留空则不修改）":   "New password (leave blank to keep)",
+	"域名":            "Domain",
+	"请选择域名":         "Select a domain",
+	"配额 (GB)":       "Quota (GB)",
+	"启用账户":          "Active account",
+	"保存更改":          "Save changes",
+	"创建用户":          "Create user",
+
+	// ---------- 域名管理（domains.html / domain_form.html / dns_hint.html） ----------
+	"域名列表": "Domains",
+	"暂无域名": "No domains",
+	"确定要删除域名 %s 吗？删除域名将导致关联用户无法收发邮件！": "Delete domain %s? Users of this domain will no longer be able to send or receive mail!",
+	"编辑域名":    "Edit domain",
+	"SMTP 端口": "SMTP port",
+	"IMAP 端口": "IMAP port",
+	"POP3 端口": "POP3 port",
+	"启用 TLS":  "Enable TLS",
+	"勾选后端口将自动切换为 SSL/TLS 标准端口": "When checked, ports switch to standard SSL/TLS ports automatically",
+	"TLS 私钥 PEM":   "TLS private key (PEM)",
+	"TLS 公钥证书 PEM": "TLS certificate (PEM)",
+	"私钥不会回显；留空则保留现有私钥。":                 "The private key is not shown; leave blank to keep the current key.",
+	"✅ TLS 证书已配置；上传新证书后自动热加载生效。":        "✅ Certificate configured; uploading a new certificate hot-reloads automatically.",
+	"⚠️ TLS 证书未配置，启用 TLS 时必须同时填写私钥和证书。": "⚠️ No certificate configured. To enable TLS you must provide both the private key and the certificate.",
+	"从 Caddy 获取证书": "Fetch certificate from Caddy",
+	"若该域名已由本机 Caddy 托管 HTTPS（自动签发证书），可一键导入其证书与私钥，并自动启用 TLS；证书热加载，无需重启服务。": "If this domain is served by local Caddy with HTTPS (automatic certificates), import its certificate and private key with one click; TLS is enabled and hot-reloaded, no restart needed.",
+	"🔒 从 Caddy 获取证书": "🔒 Fetch certificate from Caddy",
+	"获取中…":           "Fetching...",
+	"获取失败":           "Fetch failed",
+	"请求失败":           "Request failed",
+	"重新生成 DKIM 密钥":   "Regenerate DKIM key",
+	"✅ DKIM 密钥已配置":   "✅ DKIM key configured",
+	"⚠️ DKIM 密钥未配置":  "⚠️ DKIM key not configured",
+	"创建域名":           "Create domain",
+	"DNS配置":          "DNS configuration",
+	"DNS 配置提示 — %s":  "DNS configuration hint — %s",
+	"请在您的 DNS 服务商处添加以下记录：": "Add the following records at your DNS provider:",
+	"MX 记录":         "MX record",
+	"SPF 记录 (TXT)":  "SPF record (TXT)",
+	"DKIM 记录 (TXT)": "DKIM record (TXT)",
+	"DMARC 记录":      "DMARC record",
+	"⚠️ DKIM 密钥尚未生成，请编辑域名重新生成。": "⚠️ DKIM key not generated yet. Edit the domain to regenerate it.",
+	"返回域名列表": "Back to domains",
+
+	// ---------- 所有邮件（mails.html / mail_view.html） ----------
+	"发件人":    "From",
+	"所属用户":   "Owner",
+	"日期":     "Date",
+	"全部":     "All",
+	"返回邮件列表": "Back to list",
+	"发件人:":   "From:",
+	"收件人:":   "To:",
+	"抄送:":    "Cc:",
+	"所属用户:":  "Owner:",
+	"文件夹:":   "Folder:",
+	"时间:":    "Time:",
+	"附件列表":   "Attachments",
+
+	// ---------- 外发队列（outbound.html） ----------
+	"队列为空":       "Queue is empty",
+	"待发送":        "Pending",
+	"发送中":        "Sending",
+	"已送达":        "Delivered",
+	"等待重试":       "Waiting to retry",
+	"失败":         "Failed",
+	"已取消":        "Canceled",
+	"尝试次数":       "Attempts",
+	"下次重试":       "Next retry",
+	"最后响应 / 错误":  "Last response / error",
+	"创建时间":       "Created",
+	"重试":         "Retry",
+	"确认取消该投递任务？": "Cancel this delivery task?",
+
+	// ---------- 协议日志（protocol_logs.html） ----------
+	"协议日志（SMTP / IMAP / POP3）": "Protocol logs (SMTP / IMAP / POP3)",
+	"清理旧日志":                    "Clean old logs",
+	"确认清理 %d 天前的协议日志？":         "Delete protocol logs older than %d days?",
+	"今日 SMTP 失败":               "SMTP failures today",
+	"今日 IMAP 失败":               "IMAP failures today",
+	"今日 POP3 失败":               "POP3 failures today",
+	"历史失败（全部）":                 "Historical failures (all)",
+	"全部协议":                     "All protocols",
+	"全部状态":                     "All statuses",
+	"成功":                       "Success",
+	"来源 IP（模糊）":                "Source IP (fuzzy)",
+	"用户名（模糊）":                  "Username (fuzzy)",
+	"至":                        "to",
+	"筛选":                       "Filter",
+	"重置":                       "Reset",
+	"时间":                       "Time",
+	"端口":                       "Port",
+	"失败原因":                     "Failure reason",
+	"操作摘要":                     "Summary",
+	"消息数":                      "Messages",
+	"时长":                       "Duration",
+	"暂无记录":                     "No records",
+	"第 %d / %d 页（共 %d 条）":      "Page %d of %d (%d entries)",
+
+	// ---------- 当前连接（connections.html） ----------
+	"当前连接（SMTP / IMAP / POP3）": "Active connections (SMTP / IMAP / POP3)",
+	"每 5 秒自动刷新":                "Auto-refreshes every 5 seconds",
+	"当前连接总数":                   "Total active connections",
+	"协议":                       "Protocol",
+	"来源 IP":                    "Source IP",
+	"TLS":                      "TLS",
+	"明文":                       "Plain",
+	"连接时间":                     "Connected",
+	"最后活跃":                     "Last active",
+	"断开并封禁":                    "Disconnect & ban",
+	"当前没有活动连接":                 "No active connections",
+	"确定要断开 IP %s 的所有连接并加入黑名单（180 天）吗？": "Disconnect all connections of IP %s and add to blacklist (180 days)?",
+
+	// ---------- IP 黑名单（bans.html） ----------
+	"IP 黑名单": "IP blacklist",
+	"阶段性封禁：第 4 次触发起封禁，30分钟 → 3小时 → 3个月 → 半年（上限）": "Staged bans: banning starts at the 4th trigger; 30 min → 3 h → 3 mo → 6 mo (max)",
+	"封禁次数":  "Ban count",
+	"到期时间":  "Expires",
+	"封禁中":   "Banned",
+	"已过期":   "Expired",
+	"仅计数":   "Counting only",
+	"（已过期）": " (expired)",
+	"解封":    "Unban",
+	"确定要解封 IP %s 吗？解封后该 IP 的封禁档位将清零。": "Unban IP %s? Its ban level will be reset.",
+	"暂无封禁记录": "No ban records",
+
+	// ---------- 登录/认证错误（auth.go） ----------
+	"请输入邮箱和密码":                  "Please enter your email and password",
+	"用户名或密码错误，还剩 %d 次尝试机会":      "Incorrect username or password. %d attempts remaining",
+	"会话保存失败，请重试":                "Failed to save session, please retry",
+	"请输入LDAP用户名和密码":             "Please enter your LDAP username and password",
+	"LDAP 认证失败，还剩 %d 次尝试机会":     "LDAP authentication failed. %d attempts remaining",
+	"LDAP 账号未接入本系统，请联系管理员":      "LDAP account is not linked to this system. Contact the administrator",
+	"用户已被禁用":                    "User is disabled",
+	"OAuth2 state 校验失败，请重新发起登录": "OAuth2 state validation failed, please log in again",
+	"OAuth2 授权码缺失":              "Missing OAuth2 authorization code",
+	"OAuth2 认证失败，请重试或联系管理员":     "OAuth2 authentication failed. Please retry or contact the administrator",
+	"OAuth2 账号未接入本系统，请联系管理员":    "OAuth2 account is not linked to this system. Contact the administrator",
+	"OAuth2 未启用":                "OAuth2 is not enabled",
+	"OAuth2 登录暂不可用，请稍后重试":       "OAuth2 login is temporarily unavailable, please try again later",
+	"登录失败次数过多":                  "Too many failed login attempts",
+	"LDAP 登录失败次数过多":             "Too many LDAP login failures",
+
+	// ---------- 邮件操作错误（mail.go） ----------
+	"请输入收件人":                  "Please enter a recipient",
+	"配额检查失败，请稍后重试":            "Quota check failed, please try again later",
+	"附件超出配额限制。已用 %s / 总配额 %s": "Attachments exceed the quota. Used %s / total %s",
+	"外部投递未启用":                 "Outbound delivery is not enabled",
+	"外部收件人过多：最多 %d 个":         "Too many external recipients: maximum %d",
+	"外发邮件入队失败 (%s): %v":       "Failed to enqueue outbound mail (%s): %v",
+	"投递邮件失败: %v":              "Failed to deliver mail: %v",
+	"保存邮件失败: %v":              "Failed to save mail: %v",
+	"当前密码不正确":                 "Current password is incorrect",
+	"新密码不能为空":                 "New password cannot be empty",
+	"两次输入的密码不一致":              "The two passwords do not match",
+	"密码加密失败":                  "Failed to encrypt password",
+	"密码更新失败":                  "Failed to update password",
+	"密码修改成功":                  "Password changed successfully",
+	"邮箱不存在":                   "Mailbox does not exist",
+	"加载邮件列表失败: %v":            "Failed to load messages: %v",
+	"无效的邮件ID":                 "Invalid message ID",
+	"邮件不存在":                   "Message does not exist",
+	"禁止访问":                    "Access denied",
+	"无效的附件ID":                 "Invalid attachment ID",
+	"附件不存在":                   "Attachment does not exist",
+	"读取附件失败":                  "Failed to read attachment",
+	"删除失败":                    "Delete failed",
+	"恢复失败":                    "Restore failed",
+	"清空文件夹失败: %v":             "Failed to empty folder: %v",
+
+	// ---------- 管理操作错误（admin.go） ----------
+	"无效的连接ID":       "Invalid connection ID",
+	"连接不存在或已断开":     "Connection does not exist or is disconnected",
+	"管理员手动封禁（连接断开）": "Banned manually by admin (connection disconnected)",
+	"封禁失败: %v":      "Ban failed: %v",
+	"加载域名列表失败: %v":  "Failed to load domains: %v",
+	"请输入域名":         "Please enter a domain name",
+	"创建域名失败: %v":    "Failed to create domain: %v",
+	"无效的域名ID":       "Invalid domain ID",
+	"域名不存在":         "Domain does not exist",
+	"✅ 已从 Caddy 获取证书并保存到域名 TLS 目录，同时已启用该域名的 TLS；证书已热加载，无需重启服务。": "✅ Certificate fetched from Caddy and saved to the domain TLS directory; TLS enabled and hot-reloaded, no restart needed.",
+	"启用 TLS 时必须填写 TLS 私钥和公钥证书": "TLS private key and certificate are required to enable TLS",
+	"TLS 私钥和公钥证书必须同时填写":        "TLS private key and certificate must be provided together",
+	"TLS 证书或私钥无效: %v":          "Invalid TLS certificate or private key: %v",
+	"创建 TLS 证书目录失败: %v":        "Failed to create TLS directory: %v",
+	"保存 TLS 公钥证书失败: %v":        "Failed to save TLS certificate: %v",
+	"保存 TLS 私钥失败: %v":          "Failed to save TLS private key: %v",
+	"从 Caddy 获取证书失败: %v":       "Failed to fetch certificate from Caddy: %v",
+	"更新域名记录失败: %v":             "Failed to update domain record: %v",
+	"更新域名失败: %v":               "Failed to update domain: %v",
+	"删除域名失败: %v":               "Failed to delete domain: %v",
+	"加载用户列表失败: %v":             "Failed to load users: %v",
+	"请填写所有必填字段":                "Please fill in all required fields",
+	"创建用户失败: %v":               "Failed to create user: %v",
+	"无效的用户ID":                  "Invalid user ID",
+	"不能删除自己的账户":                "You cannot delete your own account",
+	"删除用户失败: %v":               "Failed to delete user: %v",
+	"用户不存在":                    "User does not exist",
+	"更新用户失败: %v":               "Failed to update user: %v",
+	"加载黑名单失败: %v":              "Failed to load blacklist: %v",
+	"无效的记录ID":                  "Invalid record ID",
+	"解封失败: %v":                 "Unban failed: %v",
+	"加载协议日志失败: %v":             "Failed to load protocol logs: %v",
+	"加载外发队列失败: %v":             "Failed to load outbound queue: %v",
+	"外发服务不可用":                  "Outbound service is unavailable",
+	"重试失败: %v":                 "Retry failed: %v",
+	"取消失败: %v":                 "Cancel failed: %v",
+	"无效的队列ID":                  "Invalid queue ID",
+	"禁止访问：需要管理员权限":             "Access denied: administrator privileges required",
+}
+
+// ja 日文目录：key 为界面中的原始中文字符串；缺译回退英文目录。
+var ja = map[string]string{
+	// ---------- 12 小时制时段（日期函数） ----------
+	"上午": "午前",
+	"下午": "午後",
+
+	// ---------- 系统文件夹名（folderLabel） ----------
+	"收件箱": "受信トレイ",
+	"已发送": "送信済み",
+	"草稿箱": "下書き",
+	"已删除": "ゴミ箱",
+
+	// ---------- 顶栏 / 侧栏（base.html） ----------
+	"邮箱":             "メール",
+	"搜索邮件（发件人 / 主题）": "メールを検索（送信者 / 件名）",
+	"管理后台":           "管理画面",
+	"设置":             "設定",
+	"退出登录":           "ログアウト",
+	"写信":             "作成",
+
+	// ---------- 邮件列表（folder.html） ----------
+	"全选/取消全选": "すべて選択 / 選択解除",
+	"全选":      "すべて選択",
+	"刷新":      "更新",
+	"删除":      "削除",
+	"彻底删除":    "完全に削除",
+	"确定要清空「已删除」文件夹吗？此操作不可恢复。": "「ゴミ箱」フォルダを空にしますか？この操作は元に戻せません。",
+	"清空文件夹":       "フォルダを空にする",
+	"共 %d 封":      "%d 件",
+	"暂无邮件":        "メールはありません",
+	"收件人：%s":      "宛先：%s",
+	"致：":          "宛先：",
+	"(无主题)":       "（件名なし）",
+	"[HTML 邮件]":   "[HTML メール]",
+	"确定要恢复这封邮件吗？": "このメールを復元しますか？",
+	"恢复到收件箱":      "受信トレイへ復元",
+	"确定要删除这封邮件吗？": "このメールを削除しますか？",
+	"第 %d / %d 页": "%d / %d ページ",
+	"上一页":         "前へ",
+	"下一页":         "次へ",
+	"确定要删除选中的 %s 封邮件吗？": "選択した %s 件のメールを削除しますか？",
+
+	// ---------- 邮件阅读（view.html） ----------
+	"查看邮件": "メールを表示",
+	"返回":   "戻る",
+	"回复":   "返信",
+	"恢复":   "復元",
+	"确定要彻底删除这封邮件吗？此操作不可恢复。": "このメールを完全に削除しますか？この操作は元に戻せません。",
+	"删除邮件": "メールを削除",
+	"抄送：":  "Cc：",
+
+	// ---------- 写信（compose.html） ----------
+	"发送":        "送信",
+	"附件":        "添付",
+	"取消":        "キャンセル",
+	"撰写新邮件":     "新しいメールを作成",
+	"收件人":       "宛先",
+	"输入收件人邮箱地址": "宛先メールアドレスを入力",
+	"抄送":        "Cc",
+	"多个地址用逗号分隔（可选）": "複数のアドレスはカンマ区切り（任意）",
+	"主题":         "件名",
+	"输入邮件主题":     "メールの件名を入力",
+	"请输入邮件内容...": "メール本文を入力してください...",
+	"附件配额":       "添付ファイル容量",
+	"移除":         "削除",
+
+	// ---------- 设置（settings.html） ----------
+	"⚠️ 首次登录/密码已被重置，请立即修改密码后再继续使用邮箱功能。": "⚠️ 初回ログインまたはパスワードリセット後です。メール機能を利用する前にパスワードを変更してください。",
+	"账号信息":          "アカウント情報",
+	"已用 %s / 配额 %s": "使用 %s / 容量 %s",
+	"管理员":           "管理者",
+	"修改密码":          "パスワード変更",
+	"当前密码":          "現在のパスワード",
+	"请输入当前密码":       "現在のパスワードを入力",
+	"新密码":           "新しいパスワード",
+	"请输入新密码":        "新しいパスワードを入力",
+	"确认新密码":         "新しいパスワード（確認）",
+	"请再次输入新密码":      "新しいパスワードを再入力",
+	"界面语言":          "表示言語",
+	"自动（跟随浏览器）":     "自動（ブラウザに従う）",
+	"保存":            "保存",
+	"语言偏好已保存":       "言語設定を保存しました",
+	"语言偏好保存失败":      "言語設定の保存に失敗しました",
+	"帮助":            "ヘルプ",
+	"客户端收发信（IMAP / SMTP）配置：":        "クライアント設定（IMAP / SMTP）：",
+	"IMAP 服务器：%s 端口 %d / SSL %d":    "IMAP サーバー：%s ポート %d / SSL %d",
+	"SMTP 服务器：%s 端口 %d（提交）/ SSL %d": "SMTP サーバー：%s ポート %d（サブミッション）/ SSL %d",
+
+	// ---------- 登录（login.html） ----------
+	"登录":       "ログイン",
+	"登录您的邮箱账户": "メールアカウントにログイン",
+	"邮箱地址":     "メールアドレス",
+	"密码":       "パスワード",
+	"请输入密码":    "パスワードを入力",
+	"登 录":      "ログイン",
+	"或":        "または",
+	"LDAP 用户名": "LDAP ユーザー名",
+	"LDAP 密码":  "LDAP パスワード",
+	"LDAP 登录":  "LDAP ログイン",
+
+	// ---------- 封禁页（banned.html） ----------
+	"访问被禁止":          "アクセスが禁止されています",
+	"您的 IP 已被暂时禁止访问": "お使いの IP は一時的にアクセス禁止されています",
+	"由于登录失败次数过多，您的 IP 地址已被暂时封禁。": "ログイン失敗が多すぎるため、IP アドレスが一時的にブロックされています。",
+	"IP 地址":    "IP アドレス",
+	"封禁档位":     "ブロック段階",
+	"第 %d 次封禁": "%d 回目のブロック",
+	"原因":       "理由",
+	"失败次数":     "失敗回数",
+	"%d 次":     "%d 回",
+	"解封时间":     "ブロック解除時刻",
+	"请在解封时间后重试，或联系管理员。": "ブロック解除後にもう一度お試しいただくか、管理者に連絡してください。",
+	"返回登录页": "ログインページに戻る",
+
+	// ---------- 管理后台侧栏（所有 admin 页面） ----------
+	"返回邮箱":  "メールボックスに戻る",
+	"控制面板":  "ダッシュボード",
+	"域名管理":  "ドメイン管理",
+	"用户管理":  "ユーザー管理",
+	"所有邮件":  "すべてのメール",
+	"外发队列":  "送信キュー",
+	"协议日志":  "プロトコルログ",
+	"当前连接":  "現在の接続",
+	"IP黑名单": "IP ブラックリスト",
+
+	// ---------- 控制面板（dashboard.html） ----------
+	"域名数":    "ドメイン数",
+	"用户数":    "ユーザー数",
+	"邮件总数":   "メール総数",
+	"被封IP":   "ブロック済み IP",
+	"邮件分布":   "メール分布",
+	"文件夹":    "フォルダ",
+	"邮件数":    "メール数",
+	"占用空间":   "使用容量",
+	"合计":     "合計",
+	"收发统计":   "送受信統計",
+	"时间段":    "期間",
+	"收件":     "受信",
+	"发件":     "送信",
+	"今日":     "今日",
+	"近 7 天":  "過去 7 日間",
+	"快捷操作":   "クイック操作",
+	"新增域名":   "ドメインを追加",
+	"新增用户":   "ユーザーを追加",
+	"查看所有邮件": "すべてのメールを表示",
+
+	// ---------- 用户管理（users.html / user_form.html） ----------
+	"用户列表":          "ユーザー一覧",
+	"暂无用户":          "ユーザーはいません",
+	"用户名":           "ユーザー名",
+	"域名ID":          "ドメイン ID",
+	"配额":            "容量",
+	"已用":            "使用量",
+	"状态":            "状態",
+	"操作":            "操作",
+	"编辑":            "編集",
+	"确定要删除用户 %s 吗？": "ユーザー %s を削除しますか？",
+	"编辑用户":          "ユーザーを編集",
+	"新密码（留空则不修改）":   "新しいパスワード（空欄なら変更なし）",
+	"域名":            "ドメイン",
+	"请选择域名":         "ドメインを選択",
+	"配额 (GB)":       "容量 (GB)",
+	"启用账户":          "アカウントを有効にする",
+	"保存更改":          "変更を保存",
+	"创建用户":          "ユーザーを作成",
+
+	// ---------- 域名管理（domains.html / domain_form.html / dns_hint.html） ----------
+	"域名列表": "ドメイン一覧",
+	"暂无域名": "ドメインはありません",
+	"确定要删除域名 %s 吗？删除域名将导致关联用户无法收发邮件！": "ドメイン %s を削除しますか？関連ユーザーはメールの送受信ができなくなります！",
+	"编辑域名":    "ドメインを編集",
+	"SMTP 端口": "SMTP ポート",
+	"IMAP 端口": "IMAP ポート",
+	"POP3 端口": "POP3 ポート",
+	"启用 TLS":  "TLS を有効にする",
+	"勾选后端口将自动切换为 SSL/TLS 标准端口": "チェックするとポートは標準の SSL/TLS ポートに自動的に切り替わります",
+	"TLS 私钥 PEM":   "TLS 秘密鍵 (PEM)",
+	"TLS 公钥证书 PEM": "TLS 公開鍵証明書 (PEM)",
+	"私钥不会回显；留空则保留现有私钥。":                 "秘密鍵は表示されません。空欄の場合は現在の鍵を保持します。",
+	"✅ TLS 证书已配置；上传新证书后自动热加载生效。":        "✅ 証明書は設定済みです。新しい証明書をアップロードすると自動的にホットリロードされます。",
+	"⚠️ TLS 证书未配置，启用 TLS 时必须同时填写私钥和证书。": "⚠️ 証明書が未設定です。TLS を有効にするには秘密鍵と証明書の両方が必要です。",
+	"从 Caddy 获取证书": "Caddy から証明書を取得",
+	"若该域名已由本机 Caddy 托管 HTTPS（自动签发证书），可一键导入其证书与私钥，并自动启用 TLS；证书热加载，无需重启服务。": "このドメインがローカル Caddy で HTTPS 運用されている場合（自動証明書）、証明書と秘密鍵をワンクリックでインポートし、TLS を自動で有効化します。ホットリロードされるため再起動は不要です。",
+	"🔒 从 Caddy 获取证书": "🔒 Caddy から証明書を取得",
+	"获取中…":           "取得中...",
+	"获取失败":           "取得失敗",
+	"请求失败":           "リクエスト失敗",
+	"重新生成 DKIM 密钥":   "DKIM キーを再生成",
+	"✅ DKIM 密钥已配置":   "✅ DKIM キー設定済み",
+	"⚠️ DKIM 密钥未配置":  "⚠️ DKIM キー未設定",
+	"创建域名":           "ドメインを作成",
+	"DNS配置":          "DNS 設定",
+	"DNS 配置提示 — %s":  "DNS 設定ヒント — %s",
+	"请在您的 DNS 服务商处添加以下记录：": "DNS プロバイダーで次のレコードを追加してください：",
+	"MX 记录":         "MX レコード",
+	"SPF 记录 (TXT)":  "SPF レコード (TXT)",
+	"DKIM 记录 (TXT)": "DKIM レコード (TXT)",
+	"DMARC 记录":      "DMARC レコード",
+	"⚠️ DKIM 密钥尚未生成，请编辑域名重新生成。": "⚠️ DKIM キーが未生成です。ドメインを編集して再生成してください。",
+	"返回域名列表": "ドメイン一覧に戻る",
+
+	// ---------- 所有邮件（mails.html / mail_view.html） ----------
+	"发件人":    "送信者",
+	"所属用户":   "所有者",
+	"日期":     "日付",
+	"全部":     "すべて",
+	"返回邮件列表": "一覧に戻る",
+	"发件人:":   "送信者：",
+	"收件人:":   "宛先：",
+	"抄送:":    "Cc：",
+	"所属用户:":  "所有者：",
+	"文件夹:":   "フォルダ：",
+	"时间:":    "時刻：",
+	"附件列表":   "添付ファイル",
+
+	// ---------- 外发队列（outbound.html） ----------
+	"队列为空":       "キューは空です",
+	"待发送":        "待機中",
+	"发送中":        "送信中",
+	"已送达":        "送信済み",
+	"等待重试":       "再試行待ち",
+	"失败":         "失敗",
+	"已取消":        "キャンセル済み",
+	"尝试次数":       "試行回数",
+	"下次重试":       "次回再試行",
+	"最后响应 / 错误":  "最終レスポンス / エラー",
+	"创建时间":       "作成日時",
+	"重试":         "再試行",
+	"确认取消该投递任务？": "この配信タスクをキャンセルしますか？",
+
+	// ---------- 协议日志（protocol_logs.html） ----------
+	"协议日志（SMTP / IMAP / POP3）": "プロトコルログ（SMTP / IMAP / POP3）",
+	"清理旧日志":                    "古いログを削除",
+	"确认清理 %d 天前的协议日志？":         "%d 日前より前のプロトコルログを削除しますか？",
+	"今日 SMTP 失败":               "今日の SMTP 失敗",
+	"今日 IMAP 失败":               "今日の IMAP 失敗",
+	"今日 POP3 失败":               "今日の POP3 失敗",
+	"历史失败（全部）":                 "過去の失敗（すべて）",
+	"全部协议":                     "すべてのプロトコル",
+	"全部状态":                     "すべての状態",
+	"成功":                       "成功",
+	"来源 IP（模糊）":                "送信元 IP（あいまい）",
+	"用户名（模糊）":                  "ユーザー名（あいまい）",
+	"至":                        "〜",
+	"筛选":                       "フィルター",
+	"重置":                       "リセット",
+	"时间":                       "時刻",
+	"端口":                       "ポート",
+	"失败原因":                     "失敗理由",
+	"操作摘要":                     "操作概要",
+	"消息数":                      "メッセージ数",
+	"时长":                       "所要時間",
+	"暂无记录":                     "記録はありません",
+	"第 %d / %d 页（共 %d 条）":      "%d / %d ページ（全 %d 件）",
+
+	// ---------- 当前连接（connections.html） ----------
+	"当前连接（SMTP / IMAP / POP3）": "現在の接続（SMTP / IMAP / POP3）",
+	"每 5 秒自动刷新":                "5 秒ごとに自動更新",
+	"当前连接总数":                   "現在の接続数",
+	"协议":                       "プロトコル",
+	"来源 IP":                    "送信元 IP",
+	"TLS":                      "TLS",
+	"明文":                       "平文",
+	"连接时间":                     "接続時刻",
+	"最后活跃":                     "最終アクティブ",
+	"断开并封禁":                    "切断してブロック",
+	"当前没有活动连接":                 "アクティブな接続はありません",
+	"确定要断开 IP %s 的所有连接并加入黑名单（180 天）吗？": "IP %s のすべての接続を切断してブラックリストに追加しますか（180 日）？",
+
+	// ---------- IP 黑名单（bans.html） ----------
+	"IP 黑名单": "IP ブラックリスト",
+	"阶段性封禁：第 4 次触发起封禁，30分钟 → 3小时 → 3个月 → 半年（上限）": "段階的ブロック：4 回目の発動からブロック開始、30分 → 3時間 → 3か月 → 半年（上限）",
+	"封禁次数":  "ブロック回数",
+	"到期时间":  "解除時刻",
+	"封禁中":   "ブロック中",
+	"已过期":   "期限切れ",
+	"仅计数":   "カウントのみ",
+	"（已过期）": "（期限切れ）",
+	"解封":    "解除",
+	"确定要解封 IP %s 吗？解封后该 IP 的封禁档位将清零。": "IP %s のブロックを解除しますか？ブロック段階はリセットされます。",
+	"暂无封禁记录": "ブロック記録はありません",
+
+	// ---------- 登录/认证错误（auth.go） ----------
+	"请输入邮箱和密码":                  "メールアドレスとパスワードを入力してください",
+	"用户名或密码错误，还剩 %d 次尝试机会":      "ユーザー名またはパスワードが違います。あと %d 回試行できます",
+	"会话保存失败，请重试":                "セッションの保存に失敗しました。もう一度お試しください",
+	"请输入LDAP用户名和密码":             "LDAP ユーザー名とパスワードを入力してください",
+	"LDAP 认证失败，还剩 %d 次尝试机会":     "LDAP 認証に失敗しました。あと %d 回試行できます",
+	"LDAP 账号未接入本系统，请联系管理员":      "LDAP アカウントはこのシステムに接続されていません。管理者に連絡してください",
+	"用户已被禁用":                    "ユーザーは無効です",
+	"OAuth2 state 校验失败，请重新发起登录": "OAuth2 の state 検証に失敗しました。もう一度ログインしてください",
+	"OAuth2 授权码缺失":              "OAuth2 認可コードがありません",
+	"OAuth2 认证失败，请重试或联系管理员":     "OAuth2 認証に失敗しました。再試行するか管理者に連絡してください",
+	"OAuth2 账号未接入本系统，请联系管理员":    "OAuth2 アカウントはこのシステムに接続されていません。管理者に連絡してください",
+	"OAuth2 未启用":                "OAuth2 は有効ではありません",
+	"OAuth2 登录暂不可用，请稍后重试":       "OAuth2 ログインは一時的に利用できません。後でもう一度お試しください",
+	"登录失败次数过多":                  "ログイン失敗が多すぎます",
+	"LDAP 登录失败次数过多":             "LDAP ログイン失敗が多すぎます",
+
+	// ---------- 邮件操作错误（mail.go） ----------
+	"请输入收件人":                  "宛先を入力してください",
+	"配额检查失败，请稍后重试":            "容量チェックに失敗しました。後でもう一度お試しください",
+	"附件超出配额限制。已用 %s / 总配额 %s": "添付ファイルが容量を超えています。使用 %s / 合計 %s",
+	"外部投递未启用":                 "外部送信は有効ではありません",
+	"外部收件人过多：最多 %d 个":         "外部宛先が多すぎます：最大 %d 件",
+	"外发邮件入队失败 (%s): %v":       "外部メールのキュー登録に失敗しました (%s): %v",
+	"投递邮件失败: %v":              "メールの配信に失敗しました: %v",
+	"保存邮件失败: %v":              "メールの保存に失敗しました: %v",
+	"当前密码不正确":                 "現在のパスワードが正しくありません",
+	"新密码不能为空":                 "新しいパスワードは必須です",
+	"两次输入的密码不一致":              "パスワードが一致しません",
+	"密码加密失败":                  "パスワードの暗号化に失敗しました",
+	"密码更新失败":                  "パスワードの更新に失敗しました",
+	"密码修改成功":                  "パスワードを変更しました",
+	"邮箱不存在":                   "メールボックスが存在しません",
+	"加载邮件列表失败: %v":            "メール一覧の読み込みに失敗しました: %v",
+	"无效的邮件ID":                 "無効なメール ID",
+	"邮件不存在":                   "メールが存在しません",
+	"禁止访问":                    "アクセスが拒否されました",
+	"无效的附件ID":                 "無効な添付ファイル ID",
+	"附件不存在":                   "添付ファイルが存在しません",
+	"读取附件失败":                  "添付ファイルの読み込みに失敗しました",
+	"删除失败":                    "削除に失敗しました",
+	"恢复失败":                    "復元に失敗しました",
+	"清空文件夹失败: %v":             "フォルダを空にできませんでした: %v",
+
+	// ---------- 管理操作错误（admin.go） ----------
+	"无效的连接ID":       "無効な接続 ID",
+	"连接不存在或已断开":     "接続が存在しないか切断されています",
+	"管理员手动封禁（连接断开）": "管理者による手動ブロック（接続切断）",
+	"封禁失败: %v":      "ブロックに失敗しました: %v",
+	"加载域名列表失败: %v":  "ドメイン一覧の読み込みに失敗しました: %v",
+	"请输入域名":         "ドメイン名を入力してください",
+	"创建域名失败: %v":    "ドメインの作成に失敗しました: %v",
+	"无效的域名ID":       "無効なドメイン ID",
+	"域名不存在":         "ドメインが存在しません",
+	"✅ 已从 Caddy 获取证书并保存到域名 TLS 目录，同时已启用该域名的 TLS；证书已热加载，无需重启服务。": "✅ Caddy から証明書を取得し、ドメインの TLS ディレクトリに保存しました。TLS が有効になり、ホットリロード済みです。再起動は不要です。",
+	"启用 TLS 时必须填写 TLS 私钥和公钥证书": "TLS を有効にするには秘密鍵と証明書が必要です",
+	"TLS 私钥和公钥证书必须同时填写":        "秘密鍵と証明書は両方必要です",
+	"TLS 证书或私钥无效: %v":          "TLS 証明書または秘密鍵が無効です: %v",
+	"创建 TLS 证书目录失败: %v":        "TLS ディレクトリの作成に失敗しました: %v",
+	"保存 TLS 公钥证书失败: %v":        "TLS 証明書の保存に失敗しました: %v",
+	"保存 TLS 私钥失败: %v":          "TLS 秘密鍵の保存に失敗しました: %v",
+	"从 Caddy 获取证书失败: %v":       "Caddy からの証明書取得に失敗しました: %v",
+	"更新域名记录失败: %v":             "ドメイン情報の更新に失敗しました: %v",
+	"更新域名失败: %v":               "ドメインの更新に失敗しました: %v",
+	"删除域名失败: %v":               "ドメインの削除に失敗しました: %v",
+	"加载用户列表失败: %v":             "ユーザー一覧の読み込みに失敗しました: %v",
+	"请填写所有必填字段":                "必須項目をすべて入力してください",
+	"创建用户失败: %v":               "ユーザーの作成に失敗しました: %v",
+	"无效的用户ID":                  "無効なユーザー ID",
+	"不能删除自己的账户":                "自分のアカウントは削除できません",
+	"删除用户失败: %v":               "ユーザーの削除に失敗しました: %v",
+	"用户不存在":                    "ユーザーが存在しません",
+	"更新用户失败: %v":               "ユーザーの更新に失敗しました: %v",
+	"加载黑名单失败: %v":              "ブラックリストの読み込みに失敗しました: %v",
+	"无效的记录ID":                  "無効なレコード ID",
+	"解封失败: %v":                 "ブロック解除に失敗しました: %v",
+	"加载协议日志失败: %v":             "プロトコルログの読み込みに失敗しました: %v",
+	"加载外发队列失败: %v":             "送信キューの読み込みに失敗しました: %v",
+	"外发服务不可用":                  "送信サービスを利用できません",
+	"重试失败: %v":                 "再試行に失敗しました: %v",
+	"取消失败: %v":                 "キャンセルに失敗しました: %v",
+	"无效的队列ID":                  "無効なキュー ID",
+	"禁止访问：需要管理员权限":             "アクセスが拒否されました：管理者権限が必要です",
+}

internal/i18n/i18n.go

@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+// Package i18n provides lightweight UI localization for the MailGo web
+// frontend. Supported languages: zh (Chinese), en (English, fallback) and
+// ja (Japanese). Users may also pick "auto" so the effective language is
+// derived from their browser's Accept-Language header.
+//
+// Translation keys are the original Chinese UI strings themselves: the zh
+// catalog is the identity map, and the en/ja catalogs map those keys to
+// their translations. Missing translations fall back to English, then to
+// the key itself.
+package i18n
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"sort"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// Language preference values stored on the user record.
+const (
+	// LangAuto 跟随浏览器语言（Accept-Language）。
+	LangAuto = "auto"
+	// LangEn 英语：兜底语言。
+	LangEn = "en"
+	// LangZh 中文。
+	LangZh = "zh"
+	// LangJa 日文。
+	LangJa = "ja"
+)
+
+// Supported 判断 lang 是否为可显式选择的界面语言（不含 auto）。
+func Supported(lang string) bool {
+	switch lang {
+	case LangEn, LangZh, LangJa:
+		return true
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+}
+
+// Normalize 把浏览器语言标签规整为受支持的语言代码：
+// zh-CN / zh-TW / zh-Hans → zh；ja-JP → ja；en-US / en-GB → en；
+// 其余返回空串（无法识别）。
+func Normalize(tag string) string {
+	tag = strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(tag))
+	if i := strings.IndexByte(tag, '-'); i >= 0 {
+		tag = tag[:i]
+	}
+	if i := strings.IndexByte(tag, '_'); i >= 0 {
+		tag = tag[:i]
+	}
+	switch tag {
+	case LangZh, "zh-hans", "zh-hant":
+		return LangZh
+	case LangJa:
+		return LangJa
+	case LangEn:
+		return LangEn
+	default:
+		return ""
+	}
+}
+
+// FromAcceptLanguage 从 Accept-Language 请求头解析首选语言。
+// 按 q 值（缺省 1.0）降序取第一个受支持的语言；都不支持时回退英语。
+func FromAcceptLanguage(header string) string {
+	type entry struct {
+		lang string
+		q    float64
+	}
+	var entries []entry
+	for _, part := range strings.Split(header, ",") {
+		part = strings.TrimSpace(part)
+		if part == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		tag := part
+		q := 1.0
+		if i := strings.IndexByte(part, ';'); i >= 0 {
+			tag = strings.TrimSpace(part[:i])
+			for _, param := range strings.Split(part[i+1:], ";") {
+				param = strings.TrimSpace(param)
+				if strings.HasPrefix(param, "q=") {
+					if v, err := strconv.ParseFloat(param[2:], 64); err == nil {
+						q = v
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		if lang := Normalize(tag); lang != "" {
+			entries = append(entries, entry{lang: lang, q: q})
+		}
+	}
+	sort.SliceStable(entries, func(i, j int) bool { return entries[i].q > entries[j].q })
+	for _, e := range entries {
+		if e.q > 0 {
+			return e.lang
+		}
+	}
+	return LangEn
+}
+
+// Resolve 计算有效界面语言：用户偏好为显式语言时直接采用；
+// auto（或空/未知值）时按浏览器 Accept-Language 解析；最终兜底英语。
+func Resolve(pref, acceptLanguage string) string {
+	if Supported(pref) {
+		return pref
+	}
+	return FromAcceptLanguage(acceptLanguage)
+}
+
+// T 返回 key 在 lang 下的译文。zh 直接返回 key；
+// ja 优先查日文表，缺译回退英文表；其余语言（含未知）查英文表，
+// 仍缺失时原样返回 key（保证界面永不出现空文本）。
+func T(lang, key string) string {
+	switch Normalize(lang) {
+	case LangZh:
+		return key
+	case LangJa:
+		if s, ok := ja[key]; ok {
+			return s
+		}
+		if s, ok := en[key]; ok {
+			return s
+		}
+		return key
+	default:
+		if s, ok := en[key]; ok {
+			return s
+		}
+		return key
+	}
+}
+
+// TF 是 T 的格式化版本：对译文执行 fmt.Sprintf。
+// 用于带占位符的消息（如「还剩 %d 次尝试机会」）。
+func TF(lang, key string, args ...interface{}) string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf(T(lang, key), args...)
+}

internal/i18n/i18n_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+package i18n
+
+import "testing"
+
+func TestNormalize(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := map[string]string{
+		"zh":      "zh",
+		"zh-CN":   "zh",
+		"zh-TW":   "zh",
+		"zh-Hans": "zh",
+		"ja":      "ja",
+		"ja-JP":   "ja",
+		"en":      "en",
+		"en-US":   "en",
+		"en_GB":   "en",
+		"fr":      "",
+		"":        "",
+	}
+	for in, want := range cases {
+		if got := Normalize(in); got != want {
+			t.Errorf("Normalize(%q) = %q, want %q", in, got, want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFromAcceptLanguage(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		header string
+		want   string
+	}{
+		{"zh-CN,zh;q=0.9,en;q=0.8", "zh"},
+		{"ja-JP,ja;q=0.9,en;q=0.8", "ja"},
+		{"en-US,en;q=0.9", "en"},
+		{"en;q=0.5,zh;q=0.9", "zh"}, // q 值优先
+		{"fr-FR,de-DE", "en"},       // 全部不支持 → 兜底英语
+		{"", "en"},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		if got := FromAcceptLanguage(tc.header); got != tc.want {
+			t.Errorf("FromAcceptLanguage(%q) = %q, want %q", tc.header, got, tc.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestResolve(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		pref, header, want string
+	}{
+		{"auto", "ja-JP,ja;q=0.9,en;q=0.8", "ja"},
+		{"auto", "en-US,en;q=0.9", "en"},
+		{"auto", "fr-FR", "en"},
+		{"zh", "en-US,en;q=0.9", "zh"}, // 显式偏好优先于浏览器
+		{"ja", "en-US", "ja"},
+		{"en", "zh-CN,zh;q=0.9", "en"},
+		{"", "zh-CN", "zh"},
+		{"fr", "zh-CN", "zh"}, // 非法偏好按 auto 处理
+	}
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		if got := Resolve(tc.pref, tc.header); got != tc.want {
+			t.Errorf("Resolve(%q, %q) = %q, want %q", tc.pref, tc.header, got, tc.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestT(t *testing.T) {
+	key := "收件箱"
+	// zh 恒等于 key 本身
+	if got := T("zh", key); got != key {
+		t.Errorf("T(zh) = %q, want %q", got, key)
+	}
+	// en
+	if got, want := T("en", key), "Inbox"; got != want {
+		t.Errorf("T(en) = %q, want %q", got, want)
+	}
+	// ja
+	if got, want := T("ja", key), "受信トレイ"; got != want {
+		t.Errorf("T(ja) = %q, want %q", got, want)
+	}
+	// 未知语言 → 英文兜底
+	if got := T("fr", key); got != "Inbox" {
+		t.Errorf("T(fr) = %q, want Inbox", got)
+	}
+	// 无此键 → 原样返回 key
+	if got := T("en", "不存在的键"); got != "不存在的键" {
+		t.Errorf("T(missing) = %q, want key itself", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestTF(t *testing.T) {
+	key := "用户名或密码错误，还剩 %d 次尝试机会"
+	if got, want := TF("zh", key, 3), "用户名或密码错误，还剩 3 次尝试机会"; got != want {
+		t.Errorf("TF(zh) = %q, want %q", got, want)
+	}
+	if got, want := TF("en", key, 2), "Incorrect username or password. 2 attempts remaining"; got != want {
+		t.Errorf("TF(en) = %q, want %q", got, want)
+	}
+	if got, want := TF("ja", key, 1), "ユーザー名またはパスワードが違います。あと 1 回試行できます"; got != want {
+		t.Errorf("TF(ja) = %q, want %q", got, want)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCatalogCoverage 校验 en/ja 目录中不包含空译文。
+func TestCatalogCoverage(t *testing.T) {
+	for k, v := range en {
+		if v == "" {
+			t.Errorf("en 目录空译文: %q", k)
+		}
+	}
+	for k, v := range ja {
+		if v == "" {
+			t.Errorf("ja 目录空译文: %q", k)
+		}
+	}
+}

internal/imap_server/integration_test.go

@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
-//go:build !race
-
-// 集成测试：启动真实 IMAP 监听 + 脚本客户端（go-imap client）。
-// 注意：仅在非 -race 构建下运行——go-imap v1.2.1 存在库内数据竞争
-// （cmd_selected.go STORE 写 *conn.silent() vs listenUpdates 读），
-// 启用 backend 推送（Updates != nil）时必然触发，-race 下会误报。
-// 推送逻辑的竞态覆盖由单元测试（notify_test.go）承担。
+// 集成测试：启动真实 IMAP 监听 + 脚本客户端（go-imap v2 imapclient）。
+// v2 库为 race-clean（此前 v1.2.1 库内数据竞争导致本文件必须带
+// !race 构建标签，升级后已移除）。推送逻辑的单元覆盖由 notify_test.go 承担。
 package imap_server
 
 import (
@@ -18,8 +14,8 @@ import (
 	"mail_go/internal/db"
 	"mail_go/internal/store"
 
-	"github.com/emersion/go-imap"
-	"github.com/emersion/go-imap/client"
+	"github.com/emersion/go-imap/v2"
+	"github.com/emersion/go-imap/v2/imapclient"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/bcrypt"
 	"gorm.io/driver/sqlite"
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
@@ -32,7 +28,7 @@ func startIntegrationServer(t *testing.T) (*store.Stores, string) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("open sqlite: %v", err)
 	}
-	if err := gdb.AutoMigrate(&db.User{}, &db.Domain{}, &db.Message{}, &db.ProtocolLog{}, &db.BanEntry{}); err != nil {
+	if err := gdb.AutoMigrate(&db.User{}, &db.Domain{}, &db.Message{}, &db.ProtocolLog{}, &db.BanEntry{}, &db.MailboxState{}, &db.Mailbox{}); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("migrate: %v", err)
 	}
 	stores := store.NewStores(gdb)
@@ -83,23 +79,22 @@ func seedMailbox(t *testing.T, stores *store.Stores, userID uint, n int) []uint
 	return ids
 }
 
-func loginAndSelect(t *testing.T, addr string) *client.Client {
+func loginAndSelect(t *testing.T, addr string) *imapclient.Client {
 	t.Helper()
-	c, err := client.Dial(addr)
+	c, err := imapclient.DialInsecure(addr, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("dial: %v", err)
 	}
-	t.Cleanup(func() { c.Logout() })
-	if err := c.Login("alice@example.com", "secret123"); err != nil {
+	t.Cleanup(func() { c.Logout().Wait() })
+	if err := c.Login("alice@example.com", "secret123").Wait(); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("login: %v", err)
 	}
-	if _, err := c.Select("INBOX", false); err != nil {
+	if _, err := c.Select("INBOX", nil).Wait(); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("select: %v", err)
 	}
 	return c
 }
 
-// uidOf returns the message id of the newest message by date.
 func assertReadState(t *testing.T, stores *store.Stores, msgID uint, want bool) {
 	t.Helper()
 	msg, err := stores.Mails.GetByID(msgID)
@@ -117,13 +112,13 @@ func TestUidStorePersists(t *testing.T) {
 	ids := seedMailbox(t, stores, 1, 3)
 
 	c := loginAndSelect(t, addr)
-	seqset := new(imap.SeqSet)
-	seqset.AddNum(uint32(ids[1])) // UID = 第二条消息
-	ch := make(chan *imap.Message, 1)
-	if err := c.UidStore(seqset, imap.AddFlags, []interface{}{imap.SeenFlag}, ch); err != nil {
+	cmd := c.Store(imap.UIDSetNum(imap.UID(ids[1])), &imap.StoreFlags{
+		Op:    imap.StoreFlagsAdd,
+		Flags: []imap.Flag{imap.FlagSeen},
+	}, nil)
+	if _, err := cmd.Collect(); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("uid store: %v", err)
 	}
-	<-ch
 
 	assertReadState(t, stores, ids[1], true)
 	assertReadState(t, stores, ids[0], false)
@@ -139,15 +134,13 @@ func TestSeqStoreServerIssued(t *testing.T) {
 	c := loginAndSelect(t, addr)
 
 	// 拉取全部消息，找到 ids[2]（最新一封）的服务器序号
-	seqsetAll := new(imap.SeqSet)
-	seqsetAll.AddRange(1, 3)
-	messages := make(chan *imap.Message, 3)
-	if err := c.Fetch(seqsetAll, []imap.FetchItem{imap.FetchFlags, imap.FetchUid}, messages); err != nil {
+	msgs, err := c.Fetch(imap.SeqSetNum(1, 2, 3), &imap.FetchOptions{UID: true}).Collect()
+	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("fetch: %v", err)
 	}
 	var targetSeq uint32
-	for m := range messages {
-		if m.Uid == uint32(ids[2]) {
+	for _, m := range msgs {
+		if m.UID == imap.UID(ids[2]) {
 			targetSeq = m.SeqNum
 		}
 	}
@@ -155,13 +148,13 @@ func TestSeqStoreServerIssued(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal("target message not found in fetch")
 	}
 
-	seqset := new(imap.SeqSet)
-	seqset.AddNum(targetSeq)
-	ch := make(chan *imap.Message, 1)
-	if err := c.Store(seqset, imap.AddFlags, []interface{}{imap.SeenFlag}, ch); err != nil {
+	cmd := c.Store(imap.SeqSetNum(targetSeq), &imap.StoreFlags{
+		Op:    imap.StoreFlagsAdd,
+		Flags: []imap.Flag{imap.FlagSeen},
+	}, nil)
+	if _, err := cmd.Collect(); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("store: %v", err)
 	}
-	<-ch
 
 	assertReadState(t, stores, ids[2], true)
 }
@@ -177,13 +170,13 @@ func TestSeqStoreClientSelfNumbered(t *testing.T) {
 	c := loginAndSelect(t, addr)
 
 	// 客户端按日期倒序视图：最新一封 = seq 1
-	seqset := new(imap.SeqSet)
-	seqset.AddNum(1)
-	ch := make(chan *imap.Message, 1)
-	if err := c.Store(seqset, imap.AddFlags, []interface{}{imap.SeenFlag}, ch); err != nil {
+	cmd := c.Store(imap.SeqSetNum(1), &imap.StoreFlags{
+		Op:    imap.StoreFlagsAdd,
+		Flags: []imap.Flag{imap.FlagSeen},
+	}, nil)
+	if _, err := cmd.Collect(); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("store: %v", err)
 	}
-	<-ch
 
 	// 客户端意图是标记最新一封（ids[2]）为已读
 	assertReadState(t, stores, ids[2], true)
@@ -191,14 +184,12 @@ func TestSeqStoreClientSelfNumbered(t *testing.T) {
 
 // TestFetchBodyMalformedMIME 回归：消息包含无法解析的 MIME（base64 编码的
 // message/rfc822 附件 / 截断的 multipart）时，FETCH BODY/BODYSTRUCTURE
-// 不得因 nil BodyStructure 触发服务器 panic（否则连接中断，客户端只收到
-// 部分邮件或一直卡在同步）。修复前 go-imap send() 协程会 nil 指针崩溃。
+// 不得 panic（v2 的 ExtractBodyStructure 对畸形 MIME 返回降级结构，
+// WriteBodyStructure 要求 Extended 非 nil，两者都需满足）。
 func TestFetchBodyMalformedMIME(t *testing.T) {
 	stores, addr := startIntegrationServer(t)
 
-	// 1) base64 编码的 message/rfc822 附件（转发邮件场景）：
-	//    backendutil.FetchBodyStructure 不解码 base64，直接把编码文本
-	//    当嵌套消息头解析 → "malformed MIME header line" 错误。
+	// 1) base64 编码的 message/rfc822 附件（转发邮件场景）
 	rfc822Body := "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"
 	msgWithRFC822 := &db.Message{
 		UserID:   1,
@@ -224,7 +215,7 @@ func TestFetchBodyMalformedMIME(t *testing.T) {
 			rfc822Body + "\r\n" +
 			"--==fwd==--\r\n",
 	}
-	// 2) 截断的 multipart（缺少结束边界）：BODYSTRUCTURE(extended) 解析报错
+	// 2) 截断的 multipart（缺少结束边界）
 	msgTruncated := &db.Message{
 		UserID:   1,
 		Folder:   "INBOX",
@@ -251,32 +242,260 @@ func TestFetchBodyMalformedMIME(t *testing.T) {
 
 	c := loginAndSelect(t, addr)
 
-	seqset := new(imap.SeqSet)
-	seqset.AddRange(1, 2)
+	seqSet := imap.SeqSetNum(1, 2)
 
-	// BODY：历史上 message/rfc822 消息解析失败 → nil BodyStructure → panic
-	msgs := make(chan *imap.Message, 10)
-	if err := c.Fetch(seqset, []imap.FetchItem{imap.FetchBody}, msgs); err != nil {
+	// BODY（非扩展）
+	msgs, err := c.Fetch(seqSet, &imap.FetchOptions{BodyStructure: &imap.FetchItemBodyStructure{}}).Collect()
+	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("fetch body: %v", err)
 	}
-	got := 0
-	for range msgs {
-		got++
-	}
-	if got != 2 {
-		t.Fatalf("FETCH BODY 返回 %d/2 封", got)
+	if len(msgs) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("FETCH BODY 返回 %d/2 封", len(msgs))
 	}
 
-	// BODYSTRUCTURE：截断 multipart 在 extended 解析时报错 → nil → panic
-	msgs2 := make(chan *imap.Message, 10)
-	if err := c.Fetch(seqset, []imap.FetchItem{imap.FetchBodyStructure}, msgs2); err != nil {
+	// BODYSTRUCTURE（扩展）
+	msgs2, err := c.Fetch(seqSet, &imap.FetchOptions{BodyStructure: &imap.FetchItemBodyStructure{Extended: true}}).Collect()
+	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("fetch bodystructure: %v", err)
 	}
-	got2 := 0
-	for range msgs2 {
-		got2++
-	}
-	if got2 != 2 {
-		t.Fatalf("FETCH BODYSTRUCTURE 返回 %d/2 封", got2)
+	if len(msgs2) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("FETCH BODYSTRUCTURE 返回 %d/2 封", len(msgs2))
 	}
 }
+
+// TestUidExpungeDeleteFlow 核心回归：模拟 Apple Mail / iOS Mail 的删除流程
+// （UID COPY → Trash + UID STORE \Deleted + UID EXPUNGE）。修复前：
+// \Deleted 只存内存会话、UID EXPUNGE 不被 go-imap v1 支持 → 原邮件留在
+// INBOX，垃圾桶只有副本。修复后：原邮件被真正删除，Trash 留有一份副本。
+func TestUidExpungeDeleteFlow(t *testing.T) {
+	stores, addr := startIntegrationServer(t)
+	ids := seedMailbox(t, stores, 1, 3)
+	uid := imap.UID(ids[1])
+
+	c := loginAndSelect(t, addr)
+
+	// 1) UID COPY → Trash
+	if _, err := c.Copy(imap.UIDSetNum(uid), "Trash").Wait(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("uid copy: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// 2) UID STORE +FLAGS.SILENT (\Deleted)
+	if _, err := c.Store(imap.UIDSetNum(uid), &imap.StoreFlags{
+		Op:     imap.StoreFlagsAdd,
+		Silent: true,
+		Flags:  []imap.Flag{imap.FlagDeleted},
+	}, nil).Collect(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("uid store deleted: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// 3) UID EXPUNGE
+	seqs, err := c.UIDExpunge(imap.UIDSetNum(uid)).Collect()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("uid expunge: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(seqs) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("uid expunge seqs = %v, want 1 条", seqs)
+	}
+
+	// 原邮件必须被真正删除
+	if _, err := stores.Mails.GetByID(ids[1]); err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("原邮件仍在数据库，UID EXPUNGE 未生效")
+	}
+	// 其余邮件保留
+	assertReadState(t, stores, ids[0], false)
+	assertReadState(t, stores, ids[2], false)
+	// Trash 中有一份副本
+	trashCount, err := stores.Mails.CountByUserAndFolder(1, "Trash")
+	if err != nil || trashCount != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("Trash count = %d, want 1", trashCount)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestDeletedPersistsAcrossSessions 验证 \Deleted 落库：标记后断开重连
+// （模拟客户端切换文件夹/重连），普通 EXPUNGE 仍能删除。修复前标记只存
+// 内存会话对象，重连后 EXPUNGE 什么都不删。
+func TestDeletedPersistsAcrossSessions(t *testing.T) {
+	stores, addr := startIntegrationServer(t)
+	ids := seedMailbox(t, stores, 1, 3)
+	uid := imap.UID(ids[1])
+
+	c := loginAndSelect(t, addr)
+	if _, err := c.Store(imap.UIDSetNum(uid), &imap.StoreFlags{
+		Op:     imap.StoreFlagsAdd,
+		Silent: true,
+		Flags:  []imap.Flag{imap.FlagDeleted},
+	}, nil).Collect(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("uid store deleted: %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := c.Logout().Wait(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("logout: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// 重新连接（新的会话对象，此前标记必须仍在库中）
+	c2, err := imapclient.DialInsecure(addr, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("dial2: %v", err)
+	}
+	t.Cleanup(func() { c2.Logout().Wait() })
+	if err := c2.Login("alice@example.com", "secret123").Wait(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("login2: %v", err)
+	}
+	if _, err := c2.Select("INBOX", nil).Wait(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("select2: %v", err)
+	}
+	seqs, err := c2.Expunge().Collect()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expunge: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(seqs) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expunge seqs = %v, want 1 条", seqs)
+	}
+	if _, err := stores.Mails.GetByID(ids[1]); err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("标记 \\Deleted 的邮件在重连后未被 EXPUNGE 删除")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestUidMoveFlow 验证 UID MOVE：目标文件夹出现该邮件且源文件夹删除。
+func TestUidMoveFlow(t *testing.T) {
+	stores, addr := startIntegrationServer(t)
+	ids := seedMailbox(t, stores, 1, 2)
+	uid := imap.UID(ids[1])
+
+	c := loginAndSelect(t, addr)
+	if _, err := c.Move(imap.UIDSetNum(uid), "Trash").Wait(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("uid move: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if _, err := stores.Mails.GetByID(ids[1]); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("moved message missing: %v", err)
+	}
+	msg, err := stores.Mails.GetByID(ids[1])
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("get moved msg: %v", err)
+	}
+	if msg.Folder != "Trash" {
+		t.Fatalf("moved msg folder = %q, want Trash", msg.Folder)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestListDataDriven 验证文件夹目录由 mailboxes 表驱动：LIST 返回
+// 4 个系统文件夹 + CREATE 的自定义文件夹，且带正确的 SPECIAL-USE 属性；
+// DELETE 非空/系统文件夹被拒绝，LSUB 按订阅过滤。
+func TestListDataDriven(t *testing.T) {
+	stores, addr := startIntegrationServer(t)
+
+	c, err := imapclient.DialInsecure(addr, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("dial: %v", err)
+	}
+	t.Cleanup(func() { c.Logout().Wait() })
+	if err := c.Login("alice@example.com", "secret123").Wait(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("login: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// LIST：系统文件夹齐全且属性正确
+	datas, err := c.List("", "*", nil).Collect()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("list: %v", err)
+	}
+	byName := map[string]*imap.ListData{}
+	for _, d := range datas {
+		byName[d.Mailbox] = d
+	}
+	for _, want := range []string{"INBOX", "Sent", "Drafts", "Trash"} {
+		if _, ok := byName[want]; !ok {
+			t.Fatalf("LIST 缺少 %s", want)
+		}
+	}
+	if !containsAttr(byName["Trash"].Attrs, imap.MailboxAttrTrash) {
+		t.Fatalf("Trash attrs = %v, want \\Trash", byName["Trash"].Attrs)
+	}
+	if !containsAttr(byName["Sent"].Attrs, imap.MailboxAttrSent) {
+		t.Fatalf("Sent attrs = %v, want \\Sent", byName["Sent"].Attrs)
+	}
+
+	// CREATE 自定义文件夹 → LIST 立即可见
+	if err := c.Create("工作", nil).Wait(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("create: %v", err)
+	}
+	datas2, err := c.List("", "*", nil).Collect()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("list after create: %v", err)
+	}
+	found := false
+	for _, d := range datas2 {
+		if d.Mailbox == "工作" {
+			found = true
+		}
+	}
+	if !found {
+		t.Fatal("CREATE 后的自定义文件夹未出现在 LIST 中")
+	}
+
+	// 重名创建 → NO
+	if err := c.Create("工作", nil).Wait(); err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("重复 CREATE 应返回 NO")
+	}
+
+	// 系统文件夹不可删除
+	if err := c.Delete("Trash").Wait(); err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("删除系统文件夹应返回 NO")
+	}
+
+	// 非空自定义文件夹不可删除
+	ids := seedMailbox(t, stores, 1, 1)
+	if _, err := c.Select("INBOX", nil).Wait(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if _, err := c.Copy(imap.UIDSetNum(imap.UID(ids[0])), "工作").Wait(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("copy to custom: %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := c.Delete("工作").Wait(); err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("删除非空文件夹应返回 NO")
+	}
+
+	// RENAME 自定义文件夹
+	if err := c.Rename("工作", "归档", nil).Wait(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("rename: %v", err)
+	}
+	datas3, err := c.List("", "*", nil).Collect()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("list after rename: %v", err)
+	}
+	renamed := false
+	for _, d := range datas3 {
+		if d.Mailbox == "归档" {
+			renamed = true
+		}
+		if d.Mailbox == "工作" {
+			t.Fatal("旧文件夹名仍出现在 LIST 中")
+		}
+	}
+	if !renamed {
+		t.Fatal("重命名后的文件夹未出现在 LIST 中")
+	}
+
+	// UNSUBSCRIBE → LSUB 不再返回
+	if err := c.Unsubscribe("归档").Wait(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unsubscribe: %v", err)
+	}
+	lsub, err := c.List("", "*", &imap.ListOptions{SelectSubscribed: true}).Collect()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("lsub: %v", err)
+	}
+	for _, d := range lsub {
+		if d.Mailbox == "归档" {
+			t.Fatal("退订后的文件夹不应出现在 LSUB 中")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// containsAttr 判断属性列表是否包含目标属性。
+func containsAttr(attrs []imap.MailboxAttr, want imap.MailboxAttr) bool {
+	for _, a := range attrs {
+		if a == want {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}

internal/imap_server/notify_test.go

@@ -10,18 +10,24 @@ import (
 	"mail_go/internal/db"
 	"mail_go/internal/store"
 
-	"github.com/emersion/go-imap/backend"
+	"github.com/emersion/go-imap/v2"
 	"gorm.io/driver/sqlite"
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
 )
 
-// TestPushNewMessage 验证本地投递成功后推送的 MessageUpdate 内容正确。
-func TestPushNewMessage(t *testing.T) {
+// fakeSession 构造一个挂接在推送中心上的裸会话（无网络连接），用于
+// 验证 Pusher 的跨会话推送内容与来源排除语义。
+func fakeSession() *imapSession {
+	return &imapSession{notify: make(chan struct{}, 1)}
+}
+
+func newTestServer(t *testing.T) (*IMAPServer, *store.Stores) {
+	t.Helper()
 	gdb, err := gorm.Open(sqlite.Open(filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "test.db")), &gorm.Config{})
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("open sqlite: %v", err)
 	}
-	if err := gdb.AutoMigrate(&db.User{}, &db.Domain{}, &db.Message{}); err != nil {
+	if err := gdb.AutoMigrate(&db.User{}, &db.Domain{}, &db.Message{}, &db.MailboxState{}, &db.Mailbox{}); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("migrate: %v", err)
 	}
 	stores := store.NewStores(gdb)
@@ -34,108 +40,51 @@ func TestPushNewMessage(t *testing.T) {
 	if err := stores.Users.Create(user); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("create user: %v", err)
 	}
-	email := "alice@example.com"
 
-	// 已有一封旧邮件（日期更早）；规范排序最新在前，新邮件应为 INBOX 第 1 封
-	old := &db.Message{UserID: user.ID, Folder: "INBOX", FromAddr: "x@y", Subject: "old", Date: time.Now().Add(-time.Hour)}
+	srv := NewIMAPServer(config.IMAPConfig{}, stores, nil, config.BanConfig{}, connhub.New())
+	return srv, stores
+}
+
+// TestPushNewMessage 验证本地投递成功后推送给已选中会话的 EXISTS 更新。
+func TestPushNewMessage(t *testing.T) {
+	srv, stores := newTestServer(t)
+
+	// 已有一封旧邮件；新邮件投递后 INBOX 计数应为 2
+	old := &db.Message{UserID: 1, Folder: "INBOX", FromAddr: "x@y", Subject: "old", Date: time.Now().Add(-time.Hour)}
 	if err := stores.Mails.Create(old); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("create old message: %v", err)
 	}
 	inboxMsg := &db.Message{
-		UserID:    user.ID,
+		UserID:   1,
 		Folder:   "INBOX",
 		FromAddr: "sender@other.com",
-		ToAddr:    email,
+		ToAddr:   "alice@example.com",
 		Subject:  "新邮件",
-		RawData:   "From: sender@other.com\r\nSubject: 新邮件\r\n\r\nhello",
-		MessageID: "<new-1@other.com>",
 		Date:     time.Now(),
-		IsRead:    false,
 	}
 	if err := stores.Mails.Create(inboxMsg); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("create message: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	hub := connhub.New()
-	srv := NewIMAPServer(config.IMAPConfig{}, stores, nil, config.BanConfig{}, hub)
-	// 模拟明文 + TLS 两个监听器（生产环境由 Start/StartTLS 注册）
-	srv.newServer("127.0.0.1:143", nil)
-	srv.newServer("127.0.0.1:993", nil)
-	srv.PushNewMessage(email, inboxMsg)
+	hub := srv.hubForOrCreate("alice@example.com", "INBOX")
+	sess := fakeSession()
+	hub.add(sess)
 
-	// 两个监听器（明文/TLS）各有一个 backend 通道，都应收到同一更新
-	srv.beMu.Lock()
-	bes := append([]*imapBackend(nil), srv.bes...)
-	srv.beMu.Unlock()
-	if len(bes) == 0 {
-		t.Fatal("no backends registered")
-	}
+	srv.PushNewMessage("alice@example.com", inboxMsg)
 
-	for i, b := range bes {
-		select {
-		case upd := <-b.updates:
-			mu, ok := upd.(*backend.MessageUpdate)
-			if !ok {
-				t.Fatalf("backend %d: update type = %T, want *MessageUpdate", i, upd)
-			}
-			if mu.Username() != email {
-				t.Fatalf("backend %d: username = %q, want %q", i, mu.Username(), email)
-			}
-			if mu.Mailbox() != "INBOX" {
-				t.Fatalf("backend %d: mailbox = %q, want INBOX", i, mu.Mailbox())
-			}
-			if mu.Message.Uid != uint32(inboxMsg.ID) {
-				t.Fatalf("backend %d: uid = %d, want %d", i, mu.Message.Uid, inboxMsg.ID)
-			}
-			if mu.Message.SeqNum != 1 {
-				t.Fatalf("backend %d: seq = %d, want 1", i, mu.Message.SeqNum)
-			}
-			if mu.Message.Envelope == nil || mu.Message.Envelope.Subject != "新邮件" {
-				t.Fatalf("backend %d: envelope missing subject", i)
-			}
-		case <-time.After(time.Second):
-			t.Fatalf("backend %d: no update received", i)
+	updates := sess.takeUpdates(true)
+	if len(updates) != 1 || updates[0].exists == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("updates = %+v, want 1 条 EXISTS", updates)
 	}
+	if *updates[0].exists != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("EXISTS = %d, want 2", *updates[0].exists)
 	}
 }
 
-// TestPushNewMessageChannelFull 验证通道满时推送不阻塞（非阻塞丢弃）。
-func TestPushNewMessageChannelFull(t *testing.T) {
-	gdb, err := gorm.Open(sqlite.Open(filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "test.db")), &gorm.Config{})
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("open sqlite: %v", err)
-	}
-	if err := gdb.AutoMigrate(&db.User{}, &db.Domain{}, &db.Message{}); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("migrate: %v", err)
-	}
-	stores := store.NewStores(gdb)
-
-	hub := connhub.New()
-	srv := NewIMAPServer(config.IMAPConfig{}, stores, nil, config.BanConfig{}, hub)
-	srv.newServer("127.0.0.1:143", nil)
-	srv.newServer("127.0.0.1:993", nil)
-
-	msg := &db.Message{ID: 1, Folder: "INBOX", Date: time.Now()}
-	done := make(chan struct{})
-	go func() {
-		// 灌满所有 backend 通道（容量 256），再调用必须立即返回
-		srv.beMu.Lock()
-		bes := append([]*imapBackend(nil), srv.bes...)
-		srv.beMu.Unlock()
-		for _, b := range bes {
-			for i := 0; i < cap(b.updates); i++ {
-				b.updates <- backend.NewUpdate("a@b", "INBOX")
-			}
-		}
-		srv.PushNewMessage("a@b", msg)
-		close(done)
-	}()
-
-	select {
-	case <-done:
-	case <-time.After(time.Second):
-		t.Fatal("PushNewMessage blocked on full channel")
-	}
+// TestPushNewMessageNoSession 验证无会话选中时推送为 no-op（不 panic）。
+func TestPushNewMessageNoSession(t *testing.T) {
+	srv, _ := newTestServer(t)
+	srv.PushNewMessage("alice@example.com", &db.Message{ID: 1, UserID: 1, Folder: "INBOX", Date: time.Now()})
 }
 
 // TestPushNewMessageNilSafe 验证空参数/空指针安全。
@@ -145,155 +94,114 @@ func TestPushNewMessageNilSafe(t *testing.T) {
 	srv = NewIMAPServer(config.IMAPConfig{}, nil, nil, config.BanConfig{}, nil)
 	srv.PushNewMessage("", &db.Message{ID: 1}) // 空邮箱
 	srv.PushNewMessage("a@b", nil)             // 空消息
+	srv.PushFlagsChanged("", "", nil)
+	srv.PushExpunged("", "", nil)
 }
 
 // TestPushFlagsChanged 验证标志变化（已读/星标）推送内容正确。
 func TestPushFlagsChanged(t *testing.T) {
-	gdb, err := gorm.Open(sqlite.Open(filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "test.db")), &gorm.Config{})
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("open sqlite: %v", err)
-	}
-	if err := gdb.AutoMigrate(&db.User{}, &db.Domain{}, &db.Message{}); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("migrate: %v", err)
-	}
-	stores := store.NewStores(gdb)
+	srv, stores := newTestServer(t)
 
-	domain := &db.Domain{Name: "example.com"}
-	if err := stores.Domains.Create(domain); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("create domain: %v", err)
-	}
-	user := &db.User{Username: "alice", DomainID: domain.ID, IsActive: true}
-	if err := stores.Users.Create(user); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("create user: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	msg := &db.Message{UserID: user.ID, Folder: "INBOX", FromAddr: "x@y", Subject: "s", Date: time.Now()}
+	msg := &db.Message{UserID: 1, Folder: "INBOX", FromAddr: "x@y", Subject: "s", Date: time.Now()}
 	if err := stores.Mails.Create(msg); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("create message: %v", err)
 	}
 	msg.IsRead = true
 	msg.IsFlagged = true
 
-	hub := connhub.New()
-	srv := NewIMAPServer(config.IMAPConfig{}, stores, nil, config.BanConfig{}, hub)
-	srv.newServer("127.0.0.1:143", nil)
+	hub := srv.hubForOrCreate("alice@example.com", "INBOX")
+	sess := fakeSession()
+	hub.add(sess)
+
 	srv.PushFlagsChanged("alice@example.com", "INBOX", msg)
 
-	srv.beMu.Lock()
-	b := srv.bes[0]
-	srv.beMu.Unlock()
-
-	select {
-	case upd := <-b.updates:
-		mu, ok := upd.(*backend.MessageUpdate)
-		if !ok {
-			t.Fatalf("update type = %T, want *MessageUpdate", upd)
+	updates := sess.takeUpdates(true)
+	if len(updates) != 1 || updates[0].fetch == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("updates = %+v, want 1 条 FETCH", updates)
 	}
-		if mu.Username() != "alice@example.com" || mu.Mailbox() != "INBOX" {
-			t.Fatalf("update targeting = %s/%s", mu.Username(), mu.Mailbox())
+	f := updates[0].fetch
+	if f.uid != imap.UID(msg.ID) {
+		t.Fatalf("uid = %d, want %d", f.uid, msg.ID)
 	}
-		if mu.Message.Uid != uint32(msg.ID) {
-			t.Fatalf("uid = %d, want %d", mu.Message.Uid, msg.ID)
+	got := make(map[imap.Flag]bool)
+	for _, fl := range f.flags {
+		got[fl] = true
 	}
-		got := make(map[string]bool)
-		for _, f := range mu.Message.Flags {
-			got[f] = true
-		}
-		if !got["\\Seen"] || !got["\\Flagged"] {
-			t.Fatalf("flags = %v, want \\Seen and \\Flagged", mu.Message.Flags)
-		}
-	case <-time.After(time.Second):
-		t.Fatal("no flags update received")
+	if !got[imap.FlagSeen] || !got[imap.FlagFlagged] {
+		t.Fatalf("flags = %v, want \\Seen and \\Flagged", f.flags)
 	}
 }
 
-// TestPushExpunged 验证删除推送：每条序号一个 ExpungeUpdate。
+// TestPushExpunged 验证删除推送：每条序号一个 EXPUNGE 更新。
 func TestPushExpunged(t *testing.T) {
-	gdb, err := gorm.Open(sqlite.Open(filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "test.db")), &gorm.Config{})
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("open sqlite: %v", err)
-	}
-	if err := gdb.AutoMigrate(&db.Message{}); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("migrate: %v", err)
-	}
-	stores := store.NewStores(gdb)
+	srv, _ := newTestServer(t)
+
+	hub := srv.hubForOrCreate("alice@example.com", "INBOX")
+	sess := fakeSession()
+	hub.add(sess)
 
-	hub := connhub.New()
-	srv := NewIMAPServer(config.IMAPConfig{}, stores, nil, config.BanConfig{}, hub)
-	srv.newServer("127.0.0.1:143", nil)
 	srv.PushExpunged("alice@example.com", "INBOX", []uint32{2, 5})
 
-	srv.beMu.Lock()
-	b := srv.bes[0]
-	srv.beMu.Unlock()
-
-	var seqs []uint32
-	for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
-		select {
-		case upd := <-b.updates:
-			eu, ok := upd.(*backend.ExpungeUpdate)
-			if !ok {
-				t.Fatalf("update type = %T, want *ExpungeUpdate", upd)
-			}
-			if eu.Username() != "alice@example.com" || eu.Mailbox() != "INBOX" {
-				t.Fatalf("update targeting = %s/%s", eu.Username(), eu.Mailbox())
-			}
-			seqs = append(seqs, eu.SeqNum)
-		case <-time.After(time.Second):
-			t.Fatal("no expunge update received")
-		}
-	}
-	if seqs[0] != 2 || seqs[1] != 5 {
-		t.Fatalf("seqs = %v, want [2 5]", seqs)
-	}
-}
-
-// TestBroadcastUpdateIsolatedPerListener 回归测试：同一更新广播到多个监听器
-// 时，每个监听器必须持有独立的 Update 对象（独立 Done channel），否则
-// 多个 listenUpdates 会对同一 channel 二次 close 导致
-// panic: close of closed channel。
-func TestBroadcastUpdateIsolatedPerListener(t *testing.T) {
-	gdb, err := gorm.Open(sqlite.Open(filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "test.db")), &gorm.Config{})
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("open sqlite: %v", err)
-	}
-	if err := gdb.AutoMigrate(&db.Message{}); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("migrate: %v", err)
-	}
-	stores := store.NewStores(gdb)
-
-	hub := connhub.New()
-	srv := NewIMAPServer(config.IMAPConfig{}, stores, nil, config.BanConfig{}, hub)
-	srv.newServer("127.0.0.1:143", nil)
-	srv.newServer("127.0.0.1:993", nil)
-
-	srv.PushExpunged("alice@example.com", "INBOX", []uint32{1})
-
-	srv.beMu.Lock()
-	bes := append([]*imapBackend(nil), srv.bes...)
-	srv.beMu.Unlock()
-
-	// 每个监听器各收到一条更新
-	var updates []backend.Update
-	for i, b := range bes {
-		select {
-		case upd := <-b.updates:
-			updates = append(updates, upd)
-		case <-time.After(time.Second):
-			t.Fatalf("backend %d: no update received", i)
-		}
-	}
+	updates := sess.takeUpdates(true)
 	if len(updates) != 2 {
 		t.Fatalf("updates = %d, want 2", len(updates))
 	}
-
-	// 关键断言：两条更新必须拥有独立的 Done channel
-	if updates[0].Done() == updates[1].Done() {
-		t.Fatal("listeners share the same Done channel: double close would panic")
+	if updates[0].expunge == nil || updates[1].expunge == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("updates = %+v, want expunge updates", updates)
+	}
+	if *updates[0].expunge != 2 || *updates[1].expunge != 5 {
+		t.Fatalf("seqs = %d,%d, want 2,5", *updates[0].expunge, *updates[1].expunge)
+	}
 }
 
-	// 模拟两个 listenUpdates 各自执行 close(update.Done())：修复前必 panic
-	for _, upd := range updates {
-		close(upd.Done())
+// TestHubExcludesSource 验证来源会话不会收到自己动作的回声推送：
+// 会话 A 的 STORE/EXPUNGE 只分发给同邮箱的其他会话（本会话的响应已由
+// 命令本身写回）。回归：v2 库自带 MailboxTracker 对 EXPUNGE/EXISTS 无法
+// 排除来源，曾导致本会话在后续 Poll 时收到重复 EXPUNGE。
+func TestHubExcludesSource(t *testing.T) {
+	srv, _ := newTestServer(t)
+
+	hub := srv.hubForOrCreate("alice@example.com", "INBOX")
+	source := fakeSession()
+	other := fakeSession()
+	hub.add(source)
+	hub.add(other)
+
+	hub.enqueue(sessionUpdate{expunge: ptrU32(3)}, source)
+
+	if got := source.takeUpdates(true); len(got) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("source 收到 %d 条回声更新，want 0", len(got))
+	}
+	got := other.takeUpdates(true)
+	if len(got) != 1 || got[0].expunge == nil || *got[0].expunge != 3 {
+		t.Fatalf("other updates = %+v, want 1 条 expunge(3)", got)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestPollAllowExpunge 验证 FETCH/STORE/SEARCH 期间不下发 EXPUNGE
+// （allowExpunge=false 时遇到 EXPUNGE 停止），与 RFC 一致。
+func TestPollAllowExpunge(t *testing.T) {
+	srv, _ := newTestServer(t)
+
+	hub := srv.hubForOrCreate("alice@example.com", "INBOX")
+	sess := fakeSession()
+	hub.add(sess)
+
+	hub.enqueue(sessionUpdate{fetch: &sessionFetchUpdate{seq: 1, uid: 1, flags: []imap.Flag{imap.FlagSeen}}}, nil)
+	hub.enqueue(sessionUpdate{expunge: ptrU32(2)}, nil)
+	hub.enqueue(sessionUpdate{fetch: &sessionFetchUpdate{seq: 3, uid: 3, flags: []imap.Flag{imap.FlagSeen}}}, nil)
+
+	// allowExpunge=false：只取到第一条 FETCH，EXPUNGE 及其后的留在队列
+	updates := sess.takeUpdates(false)
+	if len(updates) != 1 || updates[0].fetch == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("updates = %+v, want 仅 1 条 FETCH", updates)
+	}
+	// allowExpunge=true：剩余全部下发
+	rest := sess.takeUpdates(true)
+	if len(rest) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("rest = %d, want 2", len(rest))
+	}
+	if rest[0].expunge == nil || *rest[0].expunge != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("rest[0] = %+v, want expunge(2)", rest[0])
 	}
 }

internal/imap_server/server.go

@@ -14,23 +14,22 @@ import (
 	"mail_go/internal/store"
 	"mail_go/internal/tlsutil"
 
-	"github.com/emersion/go-imap"
-	"github.com/emersion/go-imap/backend"
-	imapserver "github.com/emersion/go-imap/server"
+	"github.com/emersion/go-imap/v2"
+	imapserver "github.com/emersion/go-imap/v2/imapserver"
 )
 
 // Pusher 是 IMAP 实时推送接口：SMTP/POP3/Web 在邮件状态变化后调用，
-// 由 go-imap 广播给相关客户端（按用户名+邮箱过滤，IDLE 时即时送达）。
+// 更新经 mailboxHub 分发给已选中对应邮箱的其他会话（IDLE 时即时送达）。
 type Pusher interface {
 	// PushNewMessage 推送新邮件（本地投递成功）。
 	PushNewMessage(userEmail string, msg *db.Message)
-	// PushFlagsChanged 推送已读/星标等标志变化（MessageUpdate）。
+	// PushFlagsChanged 推送已读/星标等标志变化。
 	PushFlagsChanged(userEmail, mailbox string, msg *db.Message)
-	// PushExpunged 推送邮件被删除（ExpungeUpdate，seqNums 为删除前序号）。
+	// PushExpunged 推送邮件被删除（seqNums 为删除前序号）。
 	PushExpunged(userEmail, mailbox string, seqNums []uint32)
 }
 
-// IMAPServer wraps a go-imap Server and provides mailbox access capability.
+// IMAPServer 管理 IMAP/IMAPS 监听器、会话注册与跨会话推送。
 type IMAPServer struct {
 	stores    *store.Stores
 	cfg       config.IMAPConfig
@@ -38,9 +37,14 @@ type IMAPServer struct {
 	tlsLoader *tlsutil.Loader
 	hub       *connhub.Hub
 
-	beMu sync.Mutex
-	bes  []*imapBackend       // 各监听器（明文/TLS）的 backend，用于新邮件推送
-	srvs []*imapserver.Server // 各监听器实例，用于强制断开连接
+	// svc 邮箱服务层（文件夹目录/消息操作），IMAP 会话与 Web 共用。
+	svc *MailboxService
+
+	// hubs 按「用户邮箱 + 文件夹」索引的推送中心，会话 SELECT 时加入。
+	mu   sync.Mutex
+	hubs map[string]*mailboxHub
+	// sessions 全部活跃会话（DisconnectByAddr 用）。
+	sessions map[*imapSession]struct{}
 }
 
 // NewIMAPServer creates a new IMAP server instance. tlsLoader may be nil
@@ -52,158 +56,115 @@ func NewIMAPServer(cfg config.IMAPConfig, stores *store.Stores, tlsLoader *tlsut
 		banCfg:    banCfg,
 		tlsLoader: tlsLoader,
 		hub:       hub,
+		svc:       NewMailboxService(stores),
+		hubs:      make(map[string]*mailboxHub),
+		sessions:  make(map[*imapSession]struct{}),
 	}
 }
 
-// NotifyNewMessage 向所有 IMAP 监听器推送新邮件通知（go-imap 广播时按
-// 用户名+邮箱过滤，只送达已选中 INBOX 的客户端，IDLE 挂起时实时收到
-// FETCH 响应）。由 SMTP/Web 本地投递成功时调用；channel 满时非阻塞丢弃。
+// MailboxService 返回邮箱服务层（Web handler 共用）。
+func (s *IMAPServer) MailboxService() *MailboxService {
+	return s.svc
+}
+
+// hubKey 生成推送中心索引键。
+func hubKey(userEmail, mailbox string) string {
+	return userEmail + "\x00" + mailbox
+}
+
+// hubFor 返回已存在的推送中心，不存在返回 nil。
+func (s *IMAPServer) hubFor(userEmail, mailbox string) *mailboxHub {
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	defer s.mu.Unlock()
+	return s.hubs[hubKey(userEmail, mailbox)]
+}
+
+// hubForOrCreate 返回推送中心，不存在则创建。
+func (s *IMAPServer) hubForOrCreate(userEmail, mailbox string) *mailboxHub {
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	defer s.mu.Unlock()
+	key := hubKey(userEmail, mailbox)
+	h := s.hubs[key]
+	if h == nil {
+		h = newMailboxHub()
+		s.hubs[key] = h
+	}
+	return h
+}
+
+func (s *IMAPServer) unregisterSession(sess *imapSession) {
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	delete(s.sessions, sess)
+	s.mu.Unlock()
+}
+
+// NotifyNewMessage 推送新邮件到达通知：EXISTS 计数 + 标记更新。
+// 由 SMTP/Web 本地投递成功时调用；无会话选中该邮箱时为 no-op。
+// 推送目标邮箱取 msg.Folder（本地投递为 INBOX；Web 移动/恢复时
+// 用于通知目标文件夹，如 Trash）。
 func (s *IMAPServer) PushNewMessage(userEmail string, msg *db.Message) {
-	if s == nil || userEmail == "" || msg == nil {
+	if s == nil || userEmail == "" || msg == nil || msg.Folder == "" {
 		return
 	}
-	update := buildNewMessageUpdate(s.stores, userEmail, "INBOX", msg)
-	if update == nil {
+	hub := s.hubFor(userEmail, msg.Folder)
+	if hub == nil {
 		return
 	}
-	// 先发 EXISTS 通知再发 FETCH 更新：RFC 2177（IDLE）要求新邮件到达
-	// 时服务器发送 EXISTS，不少客户端（如 Apple Mail）只认 EXISTS 才会
-	// 唤醒并主动拉取，仅裸 FETCH 更新会被忽略（表现为"必须手动同步"）。
-	if count, err := s.stores.Mails.CountByUserAndFolder(msg.UserID, "INBOX"); err == nil {
-		s.pushExists(userEmail, "INBOX", uint32(count))
+	if count, err := s.stores.Mails.CountByUserAndFolder(msg.UserID, msg.Folder); err == nil {
+		hub.enqueue(sessionUpdate{exists: ptrU32(uint32(count))}, nil)
 	}
-	s.broadcastUpdate(update, userEmail, msg.ID)
 }
 
-// PushFlagsChanged 推送邮件标志（已读/星标等）变化给同用户的其他客户端。
+// PushFlagsChanged 推送邮件标志（已读/星标/删除标记）变化给同用户其他会话。
 func (s *IMAPServer) PushFlagsChanged(userEmail, mailbox string, msg *db.Message) {
 	if s == nil || userEmail == "" || mailbox == "" || msg == nil {
 		return
 	}
-	update := buildFlagsUpdate(s.stores, userEmail, mailbox, msg, false)
-	if update == nil {
+	hub := s.hubFor(userEmail, mailbox)
+	if hub == nil {
 		return
 	}
-	s.broadcastUpdate(update, userEmail, msg.ID)
+	seq := seqOf(s.stores, msg.UserID, mailbox, msg.ID)
+	if seq == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	hub.enqueue(sessionUpdate{fetch: &sessionFetchUpdate{
+		seq:   seq,
+		uid:   imap.UID(msg.ID),
+		flags: flagsOf(msg.IsRead, msg.IsFlagged, msg.IsDeleted),
+	}}, nil)
 }
 
-// PushExpunged 推送邮件被删除（每条序号一个 ExpungeUpdate）。
+// PushExpunged 推送邮件被删除（每条序号一个 EXPUNGE 更新）。
 func (s *IMAPServer) PushExpunged(userEmail, mailbox string, seqNums []uint32) {
 	if s == nil || userEmail == "" || mailbox == "" || len(seqNums) == 0 {
 		return
 	}
+	hub := s.hubFor(userEmail, mailbox)
+	if hub == nil {
+		return
+	}
 	for _, seq := range seqNums {
-		update := &backend.ExpungeUpdate{
-			Update: backend.NewUpdate(userEmail, mailbox),
-			SeqNum: seq,
+		hub.enqueue(sessionUpdate{expunge: ptrU32(seq)}, nil)
 	}
-		s.broadcastUpdate(update, userEmail, 0)
-	}
-}
-
-// broadcastUpdate 把一条更新非阻塞地投递到所有监听器的推送通道。
-// 每个监听器必须收到独立的 Update 对象（各自独立的 Done channel）：
-// 每个监听器的 listenUpdates 都会对 update.Done() 执行 close，共享
-// 同一对象会导致对同一 channel 二次 close 而 panic。
-func (s *IMAPServer) broadcastUpdate(update backend.Update, userEmail string, msgID uint) {
-	s.beMu.Lock()
-	bes := append([]*imapBackend(nil), s.bes...)
-	s.beMu.Unlock()
-
-	for _, b := range bes {
-		select {
-		case b.updates <- cloneUpdate(update):
-		default:
-			log.Printf("IMAP: 推送通道已满，丢弃 %s 的更新 (msg=%d)", userEmail, msgID)
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-// pushExists 向所有监听器中「已登录该用户且已选中该邮箱」的连接直接写入
-// 未请求的 "* N EXISTS" 响应（绕过 go-imap 更新通道——其仅支持 FETCH/
-// EXPUNGE 类更新，无法表达 EXISTS）。通道满时非阻塞丢弃，与广播一致。
-func (s *IMAPServer) pushExists(userEmail, mailbox string, exists uint32) {
-	s.beMu.Lock()
-	srvs := append([]*imapserver.Server(nil), s.srvs...)
-	s.beMu.Unlock()
-
-	for _, srv := range srvs {
-		srv.ForEachConn(func(conn imapserver.Conn) {
-			ctx := conn.Context()
-			if ctx == nil || ctx.User == nil || ctx.Mailbox == nil {
-				return
-			}
-			if ctx.User.Username() != userEmail || ctx.Mailbox.Name() != mailbox {
-				return
-			}
-			select {
-			case ctx.Responses <- existsResponse(exists):
-			default:
-				log.Printf("IMAP: EXISTS 推送通道已满，丢弃 (user=%s mailbox=%s)", userEmail, mailbox)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-// existsResponse 序列化为 "* N EXISTS\r\n"。
-type existsResponse uint32
-
-func (n existsResponse) WriteTo(w *imap.Writer) error {
-	_, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "* %d EXISTS\r\n", uint32(n))
-	return err
-}
-
-// cloneUpdate 按类型复制一条 backend.Update：载荷（消息/序号）共享，
-// 但 Username/Mailbox/Done channel 重置为独立实例。
-func cloneUpdate(u backend.Update) backend.Update {
-	switch u := u.(type) {
-	case *backend.MessageUpdate:
-		return &backend.MessageUpdate{
-			Update:  backend.NewUpdate(u.Username(), u.Mailbox()),
-			Message: u.Message,
-		}
-	case *backend.ExpungeUpdate:
-		return &backend.ExpungeUpdate{
-			Update: backend.NewUpdate(u.Username(), u.Mailbox()),
-			SeqNum: u.SeqNum,
-		}
-	default:
-		// 防御：未知类型原样传递（当前不存在此类更新）
-		return u
-	}
-}
-
-// registerBackend 记录新建的 backend（用于新邮件推送）。
-func (s *IMAPServer) registerBackend(be *imapBackend) {
-	s.beMu.Lock()
-	s.bes = append(s.bes, be)
-	s.beMu.Unlock()
-}
-
-// registerServer 记录监听器实例（用于强制断开连接）。
-func (s *IMAPServer) registerServer(srv *imapserver.Server) {
-	s.beMu.Lock()
-	s.srvs = append(s.srvs, srv)
-	s.beMu.Unlock()
 }
 
 // DisconnectByAddr 强制断开指定远端地址的连接（管理后台「断开并封禁」）。
-// 关闭连接会触发 go-imap 的收尾流程（user.Logout、协议日志回填、hub 注销）。
+// 发送 BYE 并关闭底层连接，触发库的收尾流程（session.Close、协议日志回填）。
 func (s *IMAPServer) DisconnectByAddr(remoteAddr string) {
 	if s == nil || remoteAddr == "" {
 		return
 	}
-	s.beMu.Lock()
-	srvs := append([]*imapserver.Server(nil), s.srvs...)
-	s.beMu.Unlock()
-
-	for _, srv := range srvs {
-		srv.ForEachConn(func(conn imapserver.Conn) {
-			info := conn.Info()
-			if info != nil && info.RemoteAddr != nil && info.RemoteAddr.String() == remoteAddr {
-				_ = conn.Close()
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	var targets []*imapSession
+	for sess := range s.sessions {
+		if sess.remoteAddr == remoteAddr {
+			targets = append(targets, sess)
 		}
-		})
+	}
+	s.mu.Unlock()
+	for _, sess := range targets {
+		_ = sess.conn.Bye("Connection closed by administrator")
 	}
 }
 
@@ -215,25 +176,42 @@ func (s *IMAPServer) tlsConfig() (*tls.Config, error) {
 	return &tls.Config{GetCertificate: s.tlsLoader.GetCertificate}, nil
 }
 
-// newServer creates a configured imapserver.Server with the given address.
-func (s *IMAPServer) newServer(addr string, tlsConfig *tls.Config) *imapserver.Server {
-	be := &imapBackend{
-		stores:         s.stores,
-		banCfg:         s.banCfg,
-		port:           portOf(addr),
-		hub:            s.hub,
-		updates:        make(chan backend.Update, 256),
-		disconnectAddr: s.DisconnectByAddr,
+// imapCaps 是服务器支持的能力集：UIDPLUS（RFC 4315）提供 UID EXPUNGE、
+// COPYUID/APPENDUID 支持；MOVE 由 SessionMove 实现；IDLE/UNSELECT 在
+// IMAP4rev1 认证后由库自动广告。
+var imapCaps = imap.CapSet{
+	imap.CapIMAP4rev1:   {},
+	imap.CapUIDPlus:     {},
+	imap.CapMove:        {},
+	imap.CapLiteralPlus: {},
+	imap.CapChildren:    {},
+	imap.CapSpecialUse:  {},
 }
-	s.registerBackend(be)
-	srv := imapserver.New(be)
-	srv.Addr = addr
-	srv.TLSConfig = tlsConfig
-	srv.AllowInsecureAuth = tlsConfig == nil
-	s.registerServer(srv)
+
+// newServer 创建指定监听地址的 IMAP 服务（会话工厂捕获监听端口）。
+func (s *IMAPServer) newServer(addr string, tlsConfig *tls.Config) *imapserver.Server {
+	port := portOf(addr)
+	srv := imapserver.New(&imapserver.Options{
+		Caps:         imapCaps,
+		NewSession:   s.newSessionFactory(port),
+		TLSConfig:    tlsConfig,
+		InsecureAuth: tlsConfig == nil,
+	})
 	return srv
 }
 
+// newSessionFactory 构造会话工厂：每个连接一个 imapSession，注册到
+// 会话表（DisconnectByAddr 用）。
+func (s *IMAPServer) newSessionFactory(port int) func(conn *imapserver.Conn) (imapserver.Session, *imapserver.GreetingData, error) {
+	return func(conn *imapserver.Conn) (imapserver.Session, *imapserver.GreetingData, error) {
+		sess := newImapSession(s, conn, port)
+		s.mu.Lock()
+		s.sessions[sess] = struct{}{}
+		s.mu.Unlock()
+		return sess, nil, nil
+	}
+}
+
 // portOf 从监听地址解析端口号，失败返回 0。
 func portOf(addr string) int {
 	_, portStr, err := net.SplitHostPort(addr)
@@ -247,29 +225,26 @@ func portOf(addr string) int {
 	return port
 }
 
-// Start starts the IMAP server on the plain-text port.
+// Start starts the IMAP server on the plain-text port (STARTTLS enabled
+// when a certificate is configured).
 func (s *IMAPServer) Start() error {
 	tlsConfig, err := s.tlsConfig()
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Printf("IMAP STARTTLS 未启用: %v", err)
+		tlsConfig = nil
 	}
 	srv := s.newServer(s.cfg.Addr, tlsConfig)
 	log.Printf("IMAP server listening on %s", s.cfg.Addr)
-	return srv.ListenAndServe()
+	return srv.ListenAndServe(s.cfg.Addr)
 }
 
-// StartTLS starts the IMAP server on the TLS port.
+// StartTLS starts the IMAP server on the implicit TLS port.
 func (s *IMAPServer) StartTLS() error {
 	tlsConfig, err := s.tlsConfig()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-
 	srv := s.newServer(s.cfg.TLSAddr, tlsConfig)
-
 	log.Printf("IMAPS server listening on %s", s.cfg.TLSAddr)
-	return srv.ListenAndServeTLS()
+	return srv.ListenAndServeTLS(s.cfg.TLSAddr)
 }
-
-// ensure imapBackend satisfies backend.Backend at compile time
-var _ backend.Backend = (*imapBackend)(nil)

internal/imap_server/service.go

@@ -0,0 +1,335 @@
+package imap_server
+
+// MailboxService 是邮箱（文件夹）与消息操作的服务层：
+// IMAP 会话与 Web handler 共用同一份实现，保证「IMAP LIST 返回什么，
+// Web 就显示什么」，且移动/删除等操作走同一语义（如移入 Trash）。
+
+import (
+	"log"
+	"strings"
+
+	"mail_go/internal/db"
+	"mail_go/internal/store"
+
+	"github.com/emersion/go-imap/v2"
+)
+
+// FolderInfo 是一个文件夹在列表页（IMAP LIST / Web 侧边栏）
+// 展示所需的信息。
+type FolderInfo struct {
+	Name       string
+	SpecialUse string
+	Subscribed bool
+	Total      int64
+	Unseen     int64
+}
+
+// MailboxService 提供用户级邮箱操作。
+type MailboxService struct {
+	stores *store.Stores
+}
+
+// NewMailboxService creates a MailboxService backed by stores.
+func NewMailboxService(stores *store.Stores) *MailboxService {
+	return &MailboxService{stores: stores}
+}
+
+// ListAll 返回用户全部文件夹（先确保系统文件夹存在）。
+func (s *MailboxService) ListAll(userID uint) ([]db.Mailbox, error) {
+	if err := s.stores.Mailboxes.EnsureSystem(userID); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return s.stores.Mailboxes.List(userID)
+}
+
+// List 返回用户全部文件夹及统计信息（IMAP LIST / Web 侧边栏同源）。
+func (s *MailboxService) List(userID uint) ([]FolderInfo, error) {
+	mbs, err := s.ListAll(userID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	infos := make([]FolderInfo, 0, len(mbs))
+	for _, mb := range mbs {
+		total, err := s.stores.Mails.CountByUserAndFolder(userID, mb.Name)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Printf("mailbox: 统计 %s 邮件数失败: %v", mb.Name, err)
+		}
+		unseen, err := s.stores.Mails.CountUnread(userID, mb.Name)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Printf("mailbox: 统计 %s 未读数失败: %v", mb.Name, err)
+		}
+		infos = append(infos, FolderInfo{
+			Name:       mb.Name,
+			SpecialUse: mb.SpecialUse,
+			Subscribed: mb.IsSubscribed,
+			Total:      total,
+			Unseen:     unseen,
+		})
+	}
+	return infos, nil
+}
+
+// Canonical 规范化邮箱名：INBOX 大小写不敏感，其余按 DB 实际名称
+// 精确匹配。会先确保系统文件夹存在（客户端可能不 LIST 直接 SELECT）。
+func (s *MailboxService) Canonical(userID uint, name string) (string, bool) {
+	name = strings.TrimSpace(name)
+	if name == "" {
+		return "", false
+	}
+	if err := s.stores.Mailboxes.EnsureSystem(userID); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("mailbox: EnsureSystem 失败 user=%d: %v", userID, err)
+		return "", false
+	}
+	if strings.EqualFold(name, "INBOX") {
+		return "INBOX", true
+	}
+	mb, err := s.stores.Mailboxes.GetByName(userID, name)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", false
+	}
+	return mb.Name, true
+}
+
+// Messages 分页返回用户某文件夹的邮件。
+func (s *MailboxService) Messages(userID uint, name string, page, size int) ([]db.Message, int64, error) {
+	return s.stores.Mails.ListByUserAndFolder(userID, name, page, size)
+}
+
+// Select 计算 SELECT 响应数据（会话负责 hub 绑定与选中状态）。
+func (s *MailboxService) Select(userID uint, name string) (*imap.SelectData, error) {
+	msgs, err := s.stores.Mails.ListAllByUserAndFolder(userID, name)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	maxID, err := s.stores.Mails.MaxIDByUserAndFolder(userID, name)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	uidValidity, err := s.stores.MailboxState.UidValidity(userID, name)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Printf("IMAP: 获取 UIDVALIDITY 失败 folder=%s: %v", name, err)
+		uidValidity = 1
+	}
+	flags := []imap.Flag{imap.FlagAnswered, imap.FlagFlagged, imap.FlagDeleted, imap.FlagSeen, imap.FlagDraft}
+	return &imap.SelectData{
+		Flags:          flags,
+		PermanentFlags: append(flags, imap.FlagWildcard),
+		NumMessages:    uint32(len(msgs)),
+		NumRecent:      0,
+		UIDNext:        imap.UID(maxID + 1),
+		UIDValidity:    uidValidity,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// Status 计算 STATUS 响应数据。
+func (s *MailboxService) Status(userID uint, name string, options *imap.StatusOptions) (*imap.StatusData, error) {
+	msgs, err := s.stores.Mails.ListAllByUserAndFolder(userID, name)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	data := &imap.StatusData{Mailbox: name}
+
+	if options.NumMessages || options.NumUnseen || options.NumDeleted || options.Size {
+		var unseen, deleted uint32
+		var size int64
+		for i := range msgs {
+			if !msgs[i].IsRead {
+				unseen++
+			}
+			if msgs[i].IsDeleted {
+				deleted++
+			}
+			size += int64(len(messageRawData(&msgs[i])))
+		}
+		if options.NumMessages {
+			n := uint32(len(msgs))
+			data.NumMessages = &n
+		}
+		if options.NumUnseen {
+			data.NumUnseen = &unseen
+		}
+		if options.NumDeleted {
+			data.NumDeleted = &deleted
+		}
+		if options.Size {
+			data.Size = &size
+		}
+	}
+	if options.NumRecent {
+		zero := uint32(0)
+		data.NumRecent = &zero
+	}
+	if options.UIDNext {
+		maxID, err := s.stores.Mails.MaxIDByUserAndFolder(userID, name)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		data.UIDNext = imap.UID(maxID + 1)
+	}
+	if options.UIDValidity {
+		uidValidity, err := s.stores.MailboxState.UidValidity(userID, name)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		data.UIDValidity = uidValidity
+	}
+	return data, nil
+}
+
+// validateMailboxName 校验自定义文件夹名（IMAP CREATE/RENAME 用）。
+func validateMailboxName(name string) error {
+	if name == "" || len(name) > 64 {
+		return store.ErrMailboxInvalid
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(name, "/") || name == "." || name == ".." {
+		return store.ErrMailboxInvalid
+	}
+	for _, r := range name {
+		if r < 0x20 || r == 0x7f {
+			return store.ErrMailboxInvalid
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Create 创建自定义文件夹。
+func (s *MailboxService) Create(userID uint, name string) error {
+	name = strings.TrimSpace(name)
+	if err := validateMailboxName(name); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if strings.EqualFold(name, "INBOX") {
+		return store.ErrMailboxExists
+	}
+	if err := s.stores.Mailboxes.EnsureSystem(userID); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if _, err := s.stores.Mailboxes.GetByName(userID, name); err == nil {
+		return store.ErrMailboxExists
+	}
+	return s.stores.Mailboxes.Create(&db.Mailbox{
+		UserID:       userID,
+		Name:         name,
+		IsSubscribed: true,
+	})
+}
+
+// Delete 删除空的自定义文件夹（系统文件夹拒绝）。
+func (s *MailboxService) Delete(userID uint, name string) error {
+	name, ok := s.Canonical(userID, name)
+	if !ok {
+		return store.ErrMailboxNotFound
+	}
+	if isSystemMailboxName(name) {
+		return store.ErrMailboxSystem
+	}
+	return s.stores.Mailboxes.Delete(userID, name)
+}
+
+// Rename 重命名自定义文件夹（系统文件夹拒绝）。
+func (s *MailboxService) Rename(userID uint, oldName, newName string) error {
+	oldName, ok := s.Canonical(userID, oldName)
+	if !ok {
+		return store.ErrMailboxNotFound
+	}
+	if isSystemMailboxName(oldName) {
+		return store.ErrMailboxSystem
+	}
+	newName = strings.TrimSpace(newName)
+	if err := validateMailboxName(newName); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if strings.EqualFold(newName, "INBOX") || isSystemMailboxName(newName) {
+		return store.ErrMailboxInvalid
+	}
+	if _, err := s.stores.Mailboxes.GetByName(userID, newName); err == nil {
+		return store.ErrMailboxExists
+	}
+	return s.stores.Mailboxes.Rename(userID, oldName, newName)
+}
+
+// SetSubscribed 更新文件夹订阅状态（LSUB 过滤用）。
+func (s *MailboxService) SetSubscribed(userID uint, name string, subscribed bool) error {
+	name, ok := s.Canonical(userID, name)
+	if !ok {
+		return store.ErrMailboxNotFound
+	}
+	return s.stores.Mailboxes.SetSubscribed(userID, name, subscribed)
+}
+
+// Move 把多封邮件移动到目标文件夹（web 删除=移入 Trash、恢复等共用）。
+// 不属于该用户的邮件被跳过。
+func (s *MailboxService) Move(userID uint, msgIDs []uint, dest string) error {
+	if len(msgIDs) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if _, ok := s.Canonical(userID, dest); !ok {
+		return store.ErrMailboxNotFound
+	}
+	for _, id := range msgIDs {
+		msg, err := s.stores.Mails.GetByID(id)
+		if err != nil || msg.UserID != userID {
+			continue
+		}
+		if err := s.stores.Mails.MoveToFolder(id, dest); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Purge 永久删除文件夹中的邮件；msgIDs 为空时删除全部。
+// 返回被删除前的邮件列表（调用方据此推送 EXPUNGE）。
+func (s *MailboxService) Purge(userID uint, name string, msgIDs []uint) ([]db.Message, error) {
+	var msgs []db.Message
+	var err error
+	if len(msgIDs) == 0 {
+		msgs, err = s.stores.Mails.ListAllByUserAndFolder(userID, name)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		msgIDs = make([]uint, 0, len(msgs))
+		for i := range msgs {
+			msgIDs = append(msgIDs, msgs[i].ID)
+		}
+	} else {
+		for _, id := range msgIDs {
+			msg, err := s.stores.Mails.GetByID(id)
+			if err != nil || msg.UserID != userID || msg.Folder != name {
+				continue
+			}
+			msgs = append(msgs, *msg)
+		}
+	}
+	if len(msgIDs) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	if err := s.stores.Mails.DeleteMany(msgIDs); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return msgs, nil
+}
+
+// isSystemMailboxName reports whether name is one of the system mailboxes.
+func isSystemMailboxName(name string) bool {
+	for _, def := range db.SystemMailboxes {
+		if def.Name == name {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// mailboxAttrs 把 SpecialUse 映射为 RFC 6154 的 IMAP 属性。
+func mailboxAttrs(mb db.Mailbox) []imap.MailboxAttr {
+	switch mb.SpecialUse {
+	case "Sent":
+		return []imap.MailboxAttr{imap.MailboxAttrSent}
+	case "Drafts":
+		return []imap.MailboxAttr{imap.MailboxAttrDrafts}
+	case "Trash":
+		return []imap.MailboxAttr{imap.MailboxAttrTrash}
+	default:
+		return nil
+	}
+}

internal/pop3_server/server.go

@@ -397,8 +397,9 @@ func (s *POP3Server) handlePASS(conn net.Conn, password string, user *db.User) (
 
 	authUser, err := s.stores.Users.AuthenticateLogin(user.Username, password)
 	if err != nil {
-		// 认证失败计数，达到阈值按档位封禁（与 Web 登录共用 ban_entries）
-		s.stores.RecordAuthFailure(clientIP, s.banCfg.MaxFailAttempts, s.banCfg.BanDurationMin, "邮件协议认证失败次数过多")
+		// 认证失败计数，达到阈值按档位封禁（与 Web 登录共用 ban_entries）。
+		// 用户名不存在（枚举型爆破）跳过宽限首次触发即封。
+		s.stores.RecordAuthFailure(clientIP, s.banCfg.MaxFailAttempts, s.banCfg.BanDurationMin, "邮件协议认证失败次数过多", s.stores.Users.LoginExists(user.Username))
 		sendResponse(conn, "-ERR authentication failed")
 		return nil, nil, nil
 	}

internal/smtp_server/server.go

@@ -221,12 +221,14 @@ func (s *smtpSession) Auth(mech string) (sasl.Server, error) {
 
 		user, err := s.backend.server.stores.Users.AuthenticateLogin(username, password)
 		if err != nil {
-			// 认证失败计数，达到阈值按档位封禁（与 Web 登录共用 ban_entries）
+			// 认证失败计数，达到阈值按档位封禁（与 Web 登录共用 ban_entries）。
+			// 用户名不存在（枚举型爆破）跳过宽限首次触发即封。
 			s.backend.server.stores.RecordAuthFailure(
 				s.clientIP,
 				s.backend.server.banCfg.MaxFailAttempts,
 				s.backend.server.banCfg.BanDurationMin,
 				"邮件协议认证失败次数过多",
+				s.backend.server.stores.Users.LoginExists(username),
 			)
 			s.recordFail("用户名或密码错误")
 			return smtp.ErrAuthFailed

internal/store/auth_guard.go

@@ -23,12 +23,15 @@ func ClientIPFromAddr(addr net.Addr) string {
 // 协议层统一入口）：
 //   - 失败计数累加（每 IP 一条记录，upsert）；
 //   - 达到 maxFail 阈值时触发次数 BanCount+1：
-//     前 freeTriggers（3）次只计数不封禁；
-//     从第 4 次起封禁，时长按档位递增（stageDuration），上限半年；
+//     knownUser（用户名存在、疑似真实用户输错）前 freeTriggers（3）次
+//     只计数不封禁（防误封）；
+//     !knownUser（用户名不存在，枚举型爆破）跳过宽限，首次触发即按
+//     第 1 档封禁；
+//     封禁时长按档位递增（stageDuration），上限半年；
 //   - reason 为失败场景描述（如“登录失败次数过多”），封禁原因会带上档位。
 //
 // 返回 (是否触发封禁, 当前失败计数)。成功登录后调用 ResetFail 清零。
-func (s *Stores) RecordAuthFailure(ip string, maxFail int, firstBanMin int, reason string) (banned bool, failCount int) {
+func (s *Stores) RecordAuthFailure(ip string, maxFail int, firstBanMin int, reason string, knownUser bool) (banned bool, failCount int) {
 	if ip == "" || maxFail <= 0 {
 		return false, 0
 	}
@@ -50,16 +53,26 @@ func (s *Stores) RecordAuthFailure(ip string, maxFail int, firstBanMin int, reas
 	entry.BanCount = banCount
 	entry.FailCount = failCount
 
-	// 前 3 次只计数，不封禁（保留零到期时间与空原因）
-	if banCount <= freeTriggers {
+	// 未知用户名（枚举型爆破）跳过宽限档：等效于已用完 3 次宽限
+	effectiveCount := banCount
+	if !knownUser {
+		effectiveCount += freeTriggers
+	}
+
+	// 宽限期内只计数，不封禁（保留零到期时间与空原因）
+	if effectiveCount <= freeTriggers {
 		if err := s.Bans.Update(entry); err != nil {
 			return false, failCount
 		}
 		return false, failCount
 	}
 
-	banNum := banCount - freeTriggers
+	banNum := effectiveCount - freeTriggers
+	if knownUser {
 		entry.Reason = fmt.Sprintf("第%d次封禁：%s（第%d次触发，失败%d次）", banNum, reason, banCount, failCount)
+	} else {
+		entry.Reason = fmt.Sprintf("第%d次封禁：%s（未知用户名，跳过宽限；第%d次触发，失败%d次）", banNum, reason, banCount, failCount)
+	}
 	entry.ExpiresAt = time.Now().Add(stageDuration(banNum, firstBanMin))
 	if err := s.Bans.Update(entry); err != nil {
 		return false, failCount

internal/store/auth_guard_test.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package store
 
 import (
+	"sync"
 	"net"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
@@ -33,7 +34,7 @@ func TestRecordAuthFailureFreeTriggers(t *testing.T) {
 	const maxFail = 2
 
 	failOnce := func() bool {
-		banned, _ := s.RecordAuthFailure(ip, maxFail, 30, "登录失败次数过多")
+		banned, _ := s.RecordAuthFailure(ip, maxFail, 30, "登录失败次数过多", true)
 		return banned
 	}
 
@@ -94,7 +95,7 @@ func TestStagedBanEscalation(t *testing.T) {
 	const maxFail = 2
 
 	failOnce := func() bool {
-		banned, _ := s.RecordAuthFailure(ip, maxFail, 30, "登录失败次数过多")
+		banned, _ := s.RecordAuthFailure(ip, maxFail, 30, "登录失败次数过多", true)
 		return banned
 	}
 
@@ -228,7 +229,7 @@ func TestBanListOnlyBannedOrExpired(t *testing.T) {
 // TestRecordAuthFailureEmptyIPSafe 空 IP 不应产生副作用。
 func TestRecordAuthFailureEmptyIPSafe(t *testing.T) {
 	s := newTestStores(t)
-	banned, count := s.RecordAuthFailure("", 3, 30, "登录失败次数过多")
+	banned, count := s.RecordAuthFailure("", 3, 30, "登录失败次数过多", true)
 	if banned || count != 0 {
 		t.Fatalf("empty IP must be a no-op: banned=%v count=%d", banned, count)
 	}
@@ -350,3 +351,200 @@ func TestTryReserveQuotaNonPositiveDelta(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("used_bytes = %d, want 0", got.UsedBytes)
 	}
 }
+
+// P5 #18 方案 A：未知用户名（枚举型爆破）跳过宽限，首次触发即封。
+func TestRecordAuthFailureUnknownUserSkipsGrace(t *testing.T) {
+	s := newTestStores(t)
+	const ip = "203.0.113.77"
+	const maxFail = 3
+
+	// 未知用户名：第 1 次触发（累计失败 3 次）即封第 1 档（30 分钟）
+	for i := 1; i <= maxFail; i++ {
+		banned, _ := s.RecordAuthFailure(ip, maxFail, 30, "登录失败次数过多", false)
+		if i < maxFail && banned {
+			t.Fatalf("attempt %d should not ban before threshold", i)
+		}
+		if i == maxFail && !banned {
+			t.Fatal("unknown user: first trigger must ban immediately")
+		}
+	}
+	banned, entry := s.Bans.IsBanned(ip)
+	if !banned {
+		t.Fatal("IP should be banned")
+	}
+	// 第 1 档 = 30 分钟
+	if entry.ExpiresAt.Before(time.Now().Add(29 * time.Minute)) {
+		t.Fatalf("first-stage ban duration wrong: expires %v", entry.ExpiresAt)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(entry.Reason, "未知用户名") {
+		t.Fatalf("reason should note unknown-user skip: %q", entry.Reason)
+	}
+}
+
+// P5 #18 方案 A：已知用户名（真实用户输错）保留前 3 次宽限（回归）。
+// 触发语义与 TestRecordAuthFailureFreeTriggers 一致：达到阈值后每次失败
+// 都会触发一次，前 3 次触发（第 2-4 次失败）不封禁，第 4 次触发
+// （第 5 次失败）封第 1 档。
+func TestRecordAuthFailureKnownUserKeepsGrace(t *testing.T) {
+	s := newTestStores(t)
+	const ip = "198.51.100.88"
+	const maxFail = 2
+
+	// 第 1 次失败：计数，未达阈值
+	if banned, _ := s.RecordAuthFailure(ip, maxFail, 30, "登录失败次数过多", true); banned {
+		t.Fatal("failure 1 must not ban")
+	}
+	// 第 2-4 次失败 = 触发 1-3，宽限期内不封禁
+	for i := 2; i <= 4; i++ {
+		banned, _ := s.RecordAuthFailure(ip, maxFail, 30, "登录失败次数过多", true)
+		if banned {
+			t.Fatalf("failure %d (trigger within grace) should not ban", i)
+		}
+	}
+	if banned, _ := s.Bans.IsBanned(ip); banned {
+		t.Fatal("known user must not be banned within 3 free triggers")
+	}
+	entry, _ := s.Bans.GetByIP(ip)
+	if entry.BanCount != 3 {
+		t.Fatalf("ban_count = %d, want 3", entry.BanCount)
+	}
+
+	// 第 5 次失败 = 触发 4 -> 第 1 档封禁
+	banned, _ := s.RecordAuthFailure(ip, maxFail, 30, "登录失败次数过多", true)
+	if !banned {
+		t.Fatal("4th trigger should ban (stage 1)")
+	}
+	entry, _ = s.Bans.GetByIP(ip)
+	if entry.BanCount != 4 {
+		t.Fatalf("ban count = %d, want 4", entry.BanCount)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(entry.Reason, "第1次封禁") {
+		t.Fatalf("reason = %q, want 第1次封禁", entry.Reason)
+	}
+}
+
+// LoginExists：完整邮箱与裸用户名两种形态。
+func TestLoginExists(t *testing.T) {
+	s := newTestStores(t)
+	domain := &db.Domain{Name: "example.com"}
+	if err := s.Domains.Create(domain); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if err := s.Users.Create(&db.User{Username: "alice", PasswordHash: "x", DomainID: domain.ID}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	cases := []struct {
+		login string
+		want  bool
+	}{
+		{"alice@example.com", true},
+		{"alice", true},
+		{"bob@example.com", false},
+		{"bob", false},
+		{"", false},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		if got := s.Users.LoginExists(tc.login); got != tc.want {
+			t.Errorf("LoginExists(%q) = %v, want %v", tc.login, got, tc.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// P4 #17：BanIP 为 upsert 语义，已有观察记录的 IP 手动封禁后仅一条记录。
+func TestBanIPUpsertSingleRow(t *testing.T) {
+	s := newTestStores(t)
+	const ip = "203.0.113.99"
+
+	// 先产生观察计数记录（未封禁）
+	for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
+		_, _ = s.RecordAuthFailure(ip, 10, 30, "登录失败次数过多", true)
+	}
+	if banned, _ := s.Bans.IsBanned(ip); banned {
+		t.Fatal("should be observation-only at this point")
+	}
+
+	// 手动封禁 180 天
+	if err := s.Bans.BanIP(ip, "管理员手动封禁", 180*24*time.Hour); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("BanIP: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// 仅一条记录，且处于封禁状态、计数清零
+	entry, err := s.Bans.GetByIP(ip)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("GetByIP: %v", err)
+	}
+	if entry.Reason != "管理员手动封禁" {
+		t.Fatalf("reason = %q", entry.Reason)
+	}
+	if entry.FailCount != 0 || entry.BanCount != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("manual ban should reset counters, got fail=%d ban=%d", entry.FailCount, entry.BanCount)
+	}
+	if !entry.ExpiresAt.After(time.Now().Add(179 * 24 * time.Hour)) {
+		t.Fatalf("manual ban duration wrong: %v", entry.ExpiresAt)
+	}
+}
+
+// P4 #17：ip_address 唯一索引生效——同一 IP 不允许第二条记录
+// （历史重复行由 InitDB 的 dedupeBanEntries 在 AutoMigrate 前清理，
+// BanIP 的事务内“先删后插”兼容既有脏数据）。
+func TestBanEntryUniqueIndex(t *testing.T) {
+	s := newTestStores(t)
+	const ip = "198.51.100.3"
+
+	if err := s.Bans.Create(&db.BanEntry{IPAddress: ip, Reason: "first", ExpiresAt: time.Time{}}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	// 第二条同 IP 记录必须被唯一约束拒绝
+	if err := s.Bans.Create(&db.BanEntry{IPAddress: ip, Reason: "second", ExpiresAt: time.Time{}}); err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("duplicate ban entry for same IP should be rejected by unique index")
+	}
+
+	// 唯一记录上的 BanIP/IncrementFail 读写一致（无错位）
+	if err := s.Bans.BanIP(ip, "管理员手动封禁", time.Hour); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("BanIP: %v", err)
+	}
+	entry, err := s.Bans.GetByIP(ip)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if entry.Reason != "管理员手动封禁" || entry.FailCount != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected entry: %+v", entry)
+	}
+	cnt, err := s.Bans.IncrementFail(ip)
+	if err != nil || cnt != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("IncrementFail after BanIP = %d, %v; want 1, nil", cnt, err)
+	}
+}
+
+// P4 #17：IncrementFail 并发安全（-race 下不产生重复行、计数准确）。
+func TestIncrementFailConcurrent(t *testing.T) {
+	s := newTestStores(t)
+	const ip = "203.0.113.100"
+	const goroutines = 16
+	const perG = 5
+
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	for g := 0; g < goroutines; g++ {
+		wg.Add(1)
+		go func() {
+			defer wg.Done()
+			for i := 0; i < perG; i++ {
+				if _, err := s.Bans.IncrementFail(ip); err != nil {
+					t.Errorf("IncrementFail: %v", err)
+					return
+				}
+			}
+		}()
+	}
+	wg.Wait()
+
+	entry, err := s.Bans.GetByIP(ip)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("GetByIP: %v", err)
+	}
+	want := goroutines * perG
+	if entry.FailCount != want {
+		t.Fatalf("fail count = %d, want %d (lost updates or duplicate rows)", entry.FailCount, want)
+	}
+}

internal/store/ban_store.go

@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
 package store
 
 import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
 	"time"
 
 	"mail_go/internal/db"
 
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
+	"gorm.io/gorm/clause"
 )
 
 // 阶段封禁档位（分钟/天），从第 4 次触发阈值开始封禁：
@@ -41,6 +44,10 @@ func stageDuration(banCount int, firstBanMin int) time.Duration {
 // BanStore defines the interface for IP ban operations.
 type BanStore interface {
 	Create(entry *db.BanEntry) error
+	// BanIP 手动/直接封禁某 IP 指定时长：该 IP 只保留一条记录
+	// （既有观察记录一并清理，计数清零），避免产生重复行导致
+	// IncrementFail 与 GetByIP 读写错位。
+	BanIP(ip, reason string, duration time.Duration) error
 	GetByIP(ip string) (*db.BanEntry, error)
 	Update(entry *db.BanEntry) error
 	Delete(id uint) error
@@ -67,6 +74,30 @@ func (s *banStoreGorm) Create(entry *db.BanEntry) error {
 	return s.db.Create(entry).Error
 }
 
+// BanIP 手动/直接封禁：事务内删除该 IP 的全部既有记录（含历史 bug
+// 产生的重复行与观察计数记录）后插入一条封禁记录，计数清零。
+// 与"管理员解封清零"语义一致：手动封禁视为对档位的重新评估。
+func (s *banStoreGorm) BanIP(ip, reason string, duration time.Duration) error {
+	if ip == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("empty ip")
+	}
+	if duration <= 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid ban duration: %v", duration)
+	}
+	return s.db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		if err := tx.Where("ip_address = ?", ip).Delete(&db.BanEntry{}).Error; err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		return tx.Create(&db.BanEntry{
+			IPAddress: ip,
+			Reason:    reason,
+			FailCount: 0,
+			BanCount:  0,
+			ExpiresAt: time.Now().Add(duration),
+		}).Error
+	})
+}
+
 // GetByIP retrieves the most recent ban entry for a given IP address.
 func (s *banStoreGorm) GetByIP(ip string) (*db.BanEntry, error) {
 	var entry db.BanEntry
@@ -118,33 +149,51 @@ func (s *banStoreGorm) IsBanned(ip string) (bool, *db.BanEntry) {
 	return true, &entry
 }
 
-// IncrementFail increments the fail count for an IP address.
-// If no record exists, it creates one with fail_count=1, ban_count=0 and a
-// zero expires_at (not yet banned). Existing BanCount is preserved.
-// Returns the updated fail count.
+// IncrementFail increments the fail count for an IP address atomically
+// (SQL-side increment, avoiding read-modify-write races). If no record
+// exists it creates one with fail_count=1, ban_count=0 and a zero
+// expires_at (not yet banned); a concurrent creator wins and the loser's
+// insert becomes a no-op via the unique index. Existing BanCount is
+// preserved. Returns the current fail count.
 func (s *banStoreGorm) IncrementFail(ip string) (int, error) {
-	var entry db.BanEntry
-	err := s.db.Where("ip_address = ?", ip).First(&entry).Error
-	if err != nil {
-		// No record exists, create a new one
-		entry = db.BanEntry{
+	res := s.db.Model(&db.BanEntry{}).
+		Where("ip_address = ?", ip).
+		Update("fail_count", gorm.Expr("fail_count + 1"))
+	if res.Error != nil {
+		return 0, res.Error
+	}
+	if res.RowsAffected == 0 {
+		// 无记录：插入首条；ip_address 唯一索引下并发插入用
+		// OnConflict DoNothing 兜底，失败方继续走下面的回读。
+		err := s.db.Clauses(clause.OnConflict{DoNothing: true}).Create(&db.BanEntry{
 			IPAddress: ip,
 			FailCount: 1,
 			BanCount:  0,
 			ExpiresAt: time.Time{}, // Zero time, not yet banned
+		}).Error
+		if err != nil && !isUniqueConflictErr(err) {
+			return 0, err
 		}
-		if createErr := s.db.Create(&entry).Error; createErr != nil {
-			return 0, createErr
-		}
-		return 1, nil
 	}
 
-	// Record exists, increment fail count
-	newCount := entry.FailCount + 1
-	if updateErr := s.db.Model(&entry).Update("fail_count", newCount).Error; updateErr != nil {
-		return 0, updateErr
+	// 回读计数（并发下取数据库最终值）
+	var count int64
+	if err := s.db.Model(&db.BanEntry{}).Where("ip_address = ?", ip).
+		Select("fail_count").Scan(&count).Error; err != nil {
+		return 0, err
 	}
-	return newCount, nil
+	return int(count), nil
+}
+
+// isUniqueConflictErr 判断是否为唯一约束冲突（并发插入竞态的预期结果）。
+func isUniqueConflictErr(err error) bool {
+	if err == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	msg := err.Error()
+	return strings.Contains(msg, "UNIQUE constraint") || // SQLite
+		strings.Contains(msg, "Duplicate entry") || // MySQL
+		strings.Contains(msg, "unique constraint") // generic
 }
 
 // ResetFail resets the fail count for an IP address by deleting its record.

internal/store/mail_store.go

@@ -33,6 +33,13 @@ type MailStore interface {
 	// SetFlaggedStates 批量设置多封邮件的星标状态（单条 UPDATE ... IN）。
 	SetFlaggedStates(ids []uint, flagged bool) error
 	MoveToFolder(id uint, folder string) error
+	// SetDeletedStates 批量设置多封邮件的 \Deleted 标记（单条 UPDATE ... IN）。
+	SetDeletedStates(ids []uint, deleted bool) error
+	// ListDeletedByUserAndFolder 列出某文件夹中所有已标记 \Deleted 的邮件
+	// （按 date DESC, id DESC 排序，与全量列表一致，序号映射全链路相同）。
+	ListDeletedByUserAndFolder(userID uint, folder string) ([]db.Message, error)
+	// DeleteMany 批量硬删除多封邮件（单条 DELETE ... IN）。
+	DeleteMany(ids []uint) error
 	Delete(id uint) error
 	CountUnread(userID uint, folder string) (int64, error)
 	CountByFolder(folder string) (int64, error)
@@ -130,6 +137,32 @@ func (s *mailStoreGorm) MoveToFolder(id uint, folder string) error {
 	return s.db.Model(&db.Message{}).Where("id = ?", id).Update("folder", folder).Error
 }
 
+// SetDeletedStates 批量设置多封邮件的 \Deleted 标记。
+func (s *mailStoreGorm) SetDeletedStates(ids []uint, deleted bool) error {
+	if len(ids) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return s.db.Model(&db.Message{}).Where("id IN ?", ids).Update("is_deleted", deleted).Error
+}
+
+// ListDeletedByUserAndFolder 列出某文件夹中所有已标记 \Deleted 的邮件。
+func (s *mailStoreGorm) ListDeletedByUserAndFolder(userID uint, folder string) ([]db.Message, error) {
+	var messages []db.Message
+	if err := s.db.Where("user_id = ? AND folder = ? AND is_deleted = ?", userID, folder, true).
+		Order("date DESC, id DESC").Find(&messages).Error; err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return messages, nil
+}
+
+// DeleteMany 批量硬删除多封邮件。
+func (s *mailStoreGorm) DeleteMany(ids []uint) error {
+	if len(ids) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return s.db.Where("id IN ?", ids).Delete(&db.Message{}).Error
+}
+
 // Delete removes a message by ID.
 func (s *mailStoreGorm) Delete(id uint) error {
 	return s.db.Delete(&db.Message{}, id).Error

internal/store/mailbox_store.go

@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+package store
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+
+	"mail_go/internal/db"
+
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+)
+
+// Mailbox store errors（英文文案：IMAP 响应直接使用，Web 侧另行提示）。
+var (
+	ErrMailboxNotFound = errors.New("No such mailbox")
+	ErrMailboxExists   = errors.New("mailbox already exists")
+	ErrMailboxInvalid  = errors.New("invalid mailbox name")
+	ErrMailboxSystem   = errors.New("system mailbox cannot be deleted or renamed")
+	ErrMailboxNotEmpty = errors.New("mailbox is not empty")
+)
+
+// MailboxStore defines the interface for mailbox (folder) operations.
+type MailboxStore interface {
+	// EnsureSystem 幂等创建用户的系统文件夹（INBOX/Sent/Drafts/Trash）。
+	EnsureSystem(userID uint) error
+	// List 返回用户全部文件夹：系统文件夹按规范顺序在前，
+	// 自定义文件夹按名称升序在后。
+	List(userID uint) ([]db.Mailbox, error)
+	GetByName(userID uint, name string) (*db.Mailbox, error)
+	Create(mb *db.Mailbox) error
+	// Delete 删除空的自定义文件夹（含对应的 mailbox_states 记录）。
+	Delete(userID uint, name string) error
+	// Rename 重命名文件夹并同步迁移其邮件与 mailbox_states 记录。
+	Rename(userID uint, oldName, newName string) error
+	SetSubscribed(userID uint, name string, subscribed bool) error
+}
+
+// mailboxStoreGorm implements MailboxStore using GORM.
+type mailboxStoreGorm struct {
+	db *gorm.DB
+}
+
+// newMailboxStore creates a new GORM-backed MailboxStore.
+func newMailboxStore(database *gorm.DB) MailboxStore {
+	return &mailboxStoreGorm{db: database}
+}
+
+// isSystemMailboxName reports whether name is one of the system mailboxes.
+func isSystemMailboxName(name string) bool {
+	for _, def := range db.SystemMailboxes {
+		if def.Name == name {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// EnsureSystem creates missing system mailboxes for the user.
+// 已存在的行不覆盖：用户此前若已退订某系统文件夹（LSUB），状态保留。
+func (s *mailboxStoreGorm) EnsureSystem(userID uint) error {
+	var existing []db.Mailbox
+	if err := s.db.Where("user_id = ?", userID).Find(&existing).Error; err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	have := make(map[string]bool, len(existing))
+	for _, mb := range existing {
+		have[mb.Name] = true
+	}
+	for _, def := range db.SystemMailboxes {
+		if have[def.Name] {
+			continue
+		}
+		mb := &db.Mailbox{
+			UserID:       userID,
+			Name:         def.Name,
+			SpecialUse:   def.SpecialUse,
+			IsSubscribed: true,
+		}
+		if err := s.db.Create(mb).Error; err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// List returns all folders for a user with system folders first.
+func (s *mailboxStoreGorm) List(userID uint) ([]db.Mailbox, error) {
+	var mbs []db.Mailbox
+	if err := s.db.Where("user_id = ?", userID).Order("name").Find(&mbs).Error; err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	byName := make(map[string]db.Mailbox, len(mbs))
+	for _, mb := range mbs {
+		byName[mb.Name] = mb
+	}
+	sys := make([]db.Mailbox, 0, len(db.SystemMailboxes))
+	for _, def := range db.SystemMailboxes {
+		if mb, ok := byName[def.Name]; ok {
+			sys = append(sys, mb)
+		}
+	}
+	custom := make([]db.Mailbox, 0, len(mbs))
+	for _, mb := range mbs {
+		if !isSystemMailboxName(mb.Name) {
+			custom = append(custom, mb)
+		}
+	}
+	return append(sys, custom...), nil
+}
+
+// GetByName returns a folder by its exact name.
+func (s *mailboxStoreGorm) GetByName(userID uint, name string) (*db.Mailbox, error) {
+	var mb db.Mailbox
+	if err := s.db.Where("user_id = ? AND name = ?", userID, name).First(&mb).Error; err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &mb, nil
+}
+
+// Create inserts a new mailbox row.
+func (s *mailboxStoreGorm) Create(mb *db.Mailbox) error {
+	return s.db.Create(mb).Error
+}
+
+// Delete removes an empty mailbox and its mailbox_states record.
+func (s *mailboxStoreGorm) Delete(userID uint, name string) error {
+	return s.db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		var count int64
+		if err := tx.Model(&db.Message{}).
+			Where("user_id = ? AND folder = ?", userID, name).
+			Count(&count).Error; err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if count > 0 {
+			return ErrMailboxNotEmpty
+		}
+		if err := tx.Where("user_id = ? AND name = ?", userID, name).
+			Delete(&db.Mailbox{}).Error; err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		return tx.Where("user_id = ? AND folder = ?", userID, name).
+			Delete(&db.MailboxState{}).Error
+	})
+}
+
+// Rename renames a mailbox, moving its messages along with it.
+func (s *mailboxStoreGorm) Rename(userID uint, oldName, newName string) error {
+	return s.db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		if err := tx.Model(&db.Mailbox{}).
+			Where("user_id = ? AND name = ?", userID, oldName).
+			Update("name", newName).Error; err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if err := tx.Model(&db.Message{}).
+			Where("user_id = ? AND folder = ?", userID, oldName).
+			Update("folder", newName).Error; err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		// 旧 UIDVALIDITY 不再适用：删除状态记录，下次访问重新生成，
+		// 客户端据此丢弃缓存并全量重同步。
+		return tx.Where("user_id = ? AND folder = ?", userID, oldName).
+			Delete(&db.MailboxState{}).Error
+	})
+}
+
+// SetSubscribed updates the subscription flag of a mailbox.
+func (s *mailboxStoreGorm) SetSubscribed(userID uint, name string, subscribed bool) error {
+	return s.db.Model(&db.Mailbox{}).
+		Where("user_id = ? AND name = ?", userID, name).
+		Update("is_subscribed", subscribed).Error
+}

internal/store/mailbox_store_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+package store
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"mail_go/internal/db"
+
+	"gorm.io/driver/sqlite"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+)
+
+// newMailboxTestStore 返回基于内存库的 MailboxStore（含 mailboxes 表）。
+func newMailboxTestStore(t *testing.T) (MailboxStore, *gorm.DB) {
+	t.Helper()
+	gdb, err := gorm.Open(sqlite.Open("file::memory:?cache=shared"), &gorm.Config{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if err := gdb.AutoMigrate(&db.Mailbox{}, &db.Message{}, &db.MailboxState{}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	return newMailboxStore(gdb), gdb
+}
+
+// TestMailboxEnsureSystem 验证系统文件夹幂等创建与规范排序。
+func TestMailboxEnsureSystem(t *testing.T) {
+	s, _ := newMailboxTestStore(t)
+
+	if err := s.EnsureSystem(1); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("EnsureSystem: %v", err)
+	}
+	// 幂等：再次调用不报错、不产生重复行
+	if err := s.EnsureSystem(1); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("EnsureSystem 2nd: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	mbs, err := s.List(1)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("List: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(mbs) != 4 {
+		t.Fatalf("len(List) = %d, want 4", len(mbs))
+	}
+	want := []string{"INBOX", "Sent", "Drafts", "Trash"}
+	for i, name := range want {
+		if mbs[i].Name != name {
+			t.Fatalf("List[%d] = %q, want %q", i, mbs[i].Name, name)
+		}
+	}
+	if mbs[3].SpecialUse != "Trash" {
+		t.Fatalf("Trash SpecialUse = %q, want Trash", mbs[3].SpecialUse)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestMailboxCustomFolderLifecycle 验证自定义文件夹：创建/排序/非空删除拒绝。
+func TestMailboxCustomFolderLifecycle(t *testing.T) {
+	s, gdb := newMailboxTestStore(t)
+	if err := s.EnsureSystem(1); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if err := s.Create(&db.Mailbox{UserID: 1, Name: "工作", IsSubscribed: true}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Create: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	mbs, err := s.List(1)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if len(mbs) != 5 || mbs[4].Name != "工作" {
+		t.Fatalf("custom folder not last: %+v", mbs)
+	}
+
+	// 放一封邮件进去 → 非空文件夹不可删除
+	msg := &db.Message{UserID: 1, Folder: "工作", FromAddr: "a@b", Subject: "s"}
+	if err := gdb.Create(msg).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if err := s.Delete(1, "工作"); err != ErrMailboxNotEmpty {
+		t.Fatalf("Delete non-empty mailbox = %v, want ErrMailboxNotEmpty", err)
+	}
+	// 清空后可删除
+	if err := gdb.Where("id = ?", msg.ID).Delete(&db.Message{}).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if err := s.Delete(1, "工作"); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Delete empty mailbox: %v", err)
+	}
+	if _, err := s.GetByName(1, "工作"); err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("mailbox should be gone after Delete")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestMailboxRenameMovesMessages 验证重命名同步迁移邮件。
+func TestMailboxRenameMovesMessages(t *testing.T) {
+	s, gdb := newMailboxTestStore(t)
+	if err := s.EnsureSystem(1); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if err := s.Create(&db.Mailbox{UserID: 1, Name: "旧名字", IsSubscribed: true}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	msg := &db.Message{UserID: 1, Folder: "旧名字", FromAddr: "a@b", Subject: "s"}
+	if err := gdb.Create(msg).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if err := s.Rename(1, "旧名字", "新名字"); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Rename: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	var count int64
+	if err := gdb.Model(&db.Message{}).
+		Where("user_id = 1 AND folder = ?", "新名字").Count(&count).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if count != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("messages in 新名字 = %d, want 1", count)
+	}
+	if _, err := s.GetByName(1, "旧名字"); err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("old mailbox name should be gone")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestMailboxSubscribed 验证订阅状态写入。
+func TestMailboxSubscribed(t *testing.T) {
+	s, _ := newMailboxTestStore(t)
+	if err := s.EnsureSystem(1); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if err := s.SetSubscribed(1, "Trash", false); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SetSubscribed: %v", err)
+	}
+	mb, err := s.GetByName(1, "Trash")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if mb.IsSubscribed {
+		t.Fatal("Trash should be unsubscribed")
+	}
+}

internal/store/stores.go

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ type Stores struct {
 	Outbound     OutboundStore
 	ProtocolLogs ProtocolLogStore
 	MailboxState MailboxStateStore
+	Mailboxes    MailboxStore
 }
 
 // NewStores creates a new Stores instance with all GORM-backed implementations.
@@ -29,6 +30,7 @@ func NewStores(database *gorm.DB) *Stores {
 		Outbound:     newOutboundStore(database),
 		ProtocolLogs: newProtocolLogStore(database),
 		MailboxState: newMailboxStateStore(database),
+		Mailboxes:    newMailboxStore(database),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -40,3 +42,4 @@ var _ = db.Attachment{}
 var _ = db.BanEntry{}
 var _ = db.ProtocolLog{}
 var _ = db.MailboxState{}
+var _ = db.Mailbox{}

internal/store/user_store.go

@@ -20,12 +20,18 @@ type UserStore interface {
 	// 但支持裸用户名（如 "kevin"），自动解析到其唯一所属域名；多域名下
 	// 用户名存在歧义时要求完整邮箱。兼容手机/客户端只填用户名的配置。
 	AuthenticateLogin(login, password string) (*db.User, error)
+	// LoginExists 判断登录名（完整邮箱或裸用户名）是否对应系统中的用户，
+	// 供封禁逻辑区分“真实用户输错密码”（保留宽限）与“枚举型爆破”
+	// （跳过宽限，见 RecordAuthFailure 的 knownUser 参数）。
+	LoginExists(login string) bool
 	Update(user *db.User) error
 	Delete(id uint) error
 	List(domainID uint, page, size int) ([]db.User, int64, error)
 	ListAll(page, size int) ([]db.User, int64, error)
 	UpdateUsedBytes(id uint, delta int64) error
 	UpdatePassword(userID uint, hashedPassword string) error
+	// UpdateLanguage 更新用户界面语言偏好（auto | en | zh | ja）。
+	UpdateLanguage(userID uint, lang string) error
 	// TryReserveQuota 原子预扣 delta 字节：仅在不超过配额时生效并返回 true，
 	// 否则不做任何修改返回 false。防止并发提交绕过配额检查（TOCTOU）。
 	TryReserveQuota(userID uint, delta int64) (bool, error)
@@ -127,6 +133,25 @@ func (s *userStoreGorm) AuthenticateLogin(login, password string) (*db.User, err
 	return &user, nil
 }
 
+// LoginExists 判断登录名是否对应系统中的用户：完整邮箱按邮箱查，
+// 裸用户名按用户名全局查（存在即算，歧义不影响存在性判定）。
+// 仅用于封禁分级（knownUser），不做认证。
+func (s *userStoreGorm) LoginExists(login string) bool {
+	login = strings.TrimSpace(login)
+	if login == "" {
+		return false
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(login, "@") {
+		_, err := s.GetByEmail(login)
+		return err == nil
+	}
+	var count int64
+	if err := s.db.Model(&db.User{}).Where("username = ?", login).Count(&count).Error; err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	return count > 0
+}
+
 // Update saves changes to an existing user record.
 func (s *userStoreGorm) Update(user *db.User) error {
 	return s.db.Save(user).Error
@@ -186,6 +211,17 @@ func (s *userStoreGorm) UpdatePassword(userID uint, hashedPassword string) error
 		}).Error
 }
 
+// UpdateLanguage 更新用户界面语言偏好。非法值（非 auto/en/zh/ja）回退 auto。
+func (s *userStoreGorm) UpdateLanguage(userID uint, lang string) error {
+	switch lang {
+	case "auto", "en", "zh", "ja":
+	default:
+		lang = "auto"
+	}
+	return s.db.Model(&db.User{}).Where("id = ?", userID).
+		Update("language", lang).Error
+}
+
 // ListAll retrieves a paginated list of all users across all domains.
 func (s *userStoreGorm) ListAll(page, size int) ([]db.User, int64, error) {
 	var users []db.User

internal/web/handlers/admin.go

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import (
 	"mail_go/internal/connhub"
 	"mail_go/internal/db"
 	"mail_go/internal/dkim"
+	"mail_go/internal/i18n"
 	"mail_go/internal/outbound"
 	"mail_go/internal/storage"
 	"mail_go/internal/store"
@@ -35,12 +36,30 @@ type AdminHandler struct {
 	protocolLogKeepDays int
 	// hub 当前协议连接注册中心（「当前连接」页）
 	hub *connhub.Hub
+	// tz Web 展示时区（「今日」统计边界、日志日期筛选用），nil 回退本地时区
+	tz *time.Location
 }
 
 // NewAdminHandler creates a new AdminHandler with the given stores, attachment
 // storage, TLS directory, Caddy data directory and outbound delivery manager.
-func NewAdminHandler(stores *store.Stores, attStorage *storage.AttachmentStorage, tlsDir string, caddyDataDir string, ob *outbound.Manager, protocolLogKeepDays int, hub *connhub.Hub) *AdminHandler {
-	return &AdminHandler{stores: stores, storage: attStorage, tlsDir: tlsDir, caddyDataDir: caddyDataDir, outbound: ob, protocolLogKeepDays: protocolLogKeepDays, hub: hub}
+func NewAdminHandler(stores *store.Stores, attStorage *storage.AttachmentStorage, tlsDir string, caddyDataDir string, ob *outbound.Manager, protocolLogKeepDays int, hub *connhub.Hub, tz *time.Location) *AdminHandler {
+	return &AdminHandler{stores: stores, storage: attStorage, tlsDir: tlsDir, caddyDataDir: caddyDataDir, outbound: ob, protocolLogKeepDays: protocolLogKeepDays, hub: hub, tz: tz}
+}
+
+// displayTZ 返回 Web 展示时区（未配置时回退本地时区）。
+func (h *AdminHandler) displayTZ() *time.Location {
+	if h.tz != nil {
+		return h.tz
+	}
+	return time.Local
+}
+
+// dayStartIn 返回展示时区的「今日零点」，并转换为服务器本地时区：
+// 库中 CreatedAt 按写入时服务器本地时区序列化（RFC3339 文本），
+// 边界需同偏移才能保证 SQLite 文本比较正确。
+func (h *AdminHandler) dayStartIn() time.Time {
+	now := time.Now().In(h.displayTZ())
+	return time.Date(now.Year(), now.Month(), now.Day(), 0, 0, 0, 0, h.displayTZ()).In(time.Local)
 }
 
 // manualBanDuration 管理员手动封禁时长（180 天，与自动封禁档位上限制一致）。
@@ -51,25 +70,21 @@ const manualBanDuration = 180 * 24 * time.Hour
 func (h *AdminHandler) DisconnectConnection(c *gin.Context) {
 	id, err := strconv.ParseUint(c.Param("id"), 10, 64)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, "无效的连接ID")
+		c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, i18n.T(langOf(c), "无效的连接ID"))
 		return
 	}
 
 	conn, ok := h.hub.Get(id)
 	if !ok {
-		c.String(http.StatusNotFound, "连接不存在或已断开")
+		c.String(http.StatusNotFound, i18n.T(langOf(c), "连接不存在或已断开"))
 		return
 	}
 
-	// 加入黑名单：180 天封禁（管理员可随时解封）
-	if err := h.stores.Bans.Create(&db.BanEntry{
-		IPAddress: conn.IP,
-		Reason:    "管理员手动封禁（连接断开）",
-		FailCount: 0,
-		BanCount:  0,
-		ExpiresAt: time.Now().Add(manualBanDuration),
-	}); err != nil {
-		c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, "封禁失败: %v", err)
+	// 加入黑名单：180 天封禁（管理员可随时解封）。
+	// BanIP 为 upsert 语义：清理该 IP 既有观察/重复记录后仅保留一条，
+	// 避免与阶段性封禁的计数/档位记录错位。
+	if err := h.stores.Bans.BanIP(conn.IP, "管理员手动封禁（连接断开）", manualBanDuration); err != nil {
+		c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, i18n.TF(langOf(c), "封禁失败: %v", err))
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -91,7 +106,7 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) ListConnections(c *gin.Context) {
 
 	currentUser, _ := c.Get("currentUser")
 
-	c.HTML(200, "admin_connections", gin.H{
+	c.HTML(200, "admin_connections", withLang(c, gin.H{
 		"currentUser":  currentUser,
 		"conns":        conns,
 		"total":        total,
@@ -100,7 +115,7 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) ListConnections(c *gin.Context) {
 		"pop3Count":    pop3Count,
 		"now":          time.Now(),
 		"activeFolder": "connections",
-	})
+	}))
 }
 
 // Dashboard renders the admin dashboard with summary statistics.
@@ -119,8 +134,8 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) Dashboard(c *gin.Context) {
 	inboxSize, _ := h.stores.Mails.TotalSizeByFolder("INBOX")
 	sentSize, _ := h.stores.Mails.TotalSizeByFolder("Sent")
 
-	// Today and weekly statistics
-	todayStart := time.Now().Truncate(24 * time.Hour)
+	// Today and weekly statistics（「今日」按 Web 展示时区切日）
+	todayStart := h.dayStartIn()
 	weekStart := time.Now().AddDate(0, 0, -7)
 
 	todayReceived, _ := h.stores.Mails.CountByFolderSince("INBOX", todayStart)
@@ -139,7 +154,7 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) Dashboard(c *gin.Context) {
 
 	currentUser, _ := c.Get("currentUser")
 
-	c.HTML(200, "admin_dashboard", gin.H{
+	c.HTML(200, "admin_dashboard", withLang(c, gin.H{
 		"currentUser":   currentUser,
 		"domainCount":   domainCount,
 		"userCount":     userCount,
@@ -157,7 +172,7 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) Dashboard(c *gin.Context) {
 		"weekSent":      weekSent,
 		"banCount":      banCount,
 		"activeFolder":  "admin",
-	})
+	}))
 }
 
 // ListDomains renders the domain list page.
@@ -165,7 +180,7 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) ListDomains(c *gin.Context) {
 	page := getPageParam(c, "page", 1)
 	domains, total, err := h.stores.Domains.List(page, 20)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, "加载域名列表失败: %v", err)
+		c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, i18n.TF(langOf(c), "加载域名列表失败: %v", err))
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -179,7 +194,7 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) ListDomains(c *gin.Context) {
 		totalPages = 0
 	}
 
-	c.HTML(200, "admin_domains", gin.H{
+	c.HTML(200, "admin_domains", withLang(c, gin.H{
 		"currentUser":  currentUser,
 		"domains":      domains,
 		"total":        total,
@@ -187,20 +202,20 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) ListDomains(c *gin.Context) {
 		"pageSize":     20,
 		"totalPages":   totalPages,
 		"activeFolder": "domains",
-	})
+	}))
 }
 
 // NewDomain renders the new domain form page.
 func (h *AdminHandler) NewDomain(c *gin.Context) {
 	currentUser, _ := c.Get("currentUser")
 
-	c.HTML(200, "admin_domain_form", gin.H{
+	c.HTML(200, "admin_domain_form", withLang(c, gin.H{
 		"currentUser":  currentUser,
 		"activeFolder": "domains",
 		"error":        "",
 		"isEdit":       false,
 		"domain":       &db.Domain{},
-	})
+	}))
 }
 
 // CreateDomain processes the new domain form submission.
@@ -213,10 +228,10 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) CreateDomain(c *gin.Context) {
 
 	if name == "" {
 		currentUser, _ := c.Get("currentUser")
-		c.HTML(http.StatusBadRequest, "admin_domain_form", gin.H{
+		c.HTML(http.StatusBadRequest, "admin_domain_form", withLang(c, gin.H{
 			"currentUser":  currentUser,
 			"activeFolder": "domains",
-			"error":        "请输入域名",
+			"error":        i18n.T(langOf(c), "请输入域名"),
 			"isEdit":       false,
 			"domain": &db.Domain{
 				Name:       name,
@@ -225,7 +240,7 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) CreateDomain(c *gin.Context) {
 				Pop3Port:   pop3Port,
 				TlsEnabled: tlsEnabled,
 			},
-		})
+		}))
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -249,13 +264,13 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) CreateDomain(c *gin.Context) {
 
 	if err := h.stores.Domains.Create(domain); err != nil {
 		currentUser, _ := c.Get("currentUser")
-		c.HTML(http.StatusBadRequest, "admin_domain_form", gin.H{
+		c.HTML(http.StatusBadRequest, "admin_domain_form", withLang(c, gin.H{
 			"currentUser":  currentUser,
 			"activeFolder": "domains",
-			"error":        fmt.Sprintf("创建域名失败: %v", err),
+			"error":        i18n.TF(langOf(c), "创建域名失败: %v", err),
 			"isEdit":       false,
 			"domain":       domain,
-		})
+		}))
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -266,13 +281,13 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) CreateDomain(c *gin.Context) {
 func (h *AdminHandler) EditDomain(c *gin.Context) {
 	id, err := strconv.ParseUint(c.Param("id"), 10, 64)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, "无效的域名ID")
+		c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, i18n.T(langOf(c), "无效的域名ID"))
 		return
 	}
 
 	domain, err := h.stores.Domains.GetByID(uint(id))
 	if err != nil {
-		c.String(http.StatusNotFound, "域名不存在")
+		c.String(http.StatusNotFound, i18n.T(langOf(c), "域名不存在"))
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -283,11 +298,11 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) EditDomain(c *gin.Context) {
 		caddyMsg = c.Query("caddy_err")
 		caddyMsgType = "error"
 	} else if c.Query("caddy_ok") == "1" {
-		caddyMsg = "✅ 已从 Caddy 获取证书并保存到域名 TLS 目录，同时已启用该域名的 TLS；证书已热加载，无需重启服务。"
+		caddyMsg = i18n.T(langOf(c), "✅ 已从 Caddy 获取证书并保存到域名 TLS 目录，同时已启用该域名的 TLS；证书已热加载，无需重启服务。")
 		caddyMsgType = "success"
 	}
 
-	c.HTML(200, "admin_domain_form", gin.H{
+	c.HTML(200, "admin_domain_form", withLang(c, gin.H{
 		"currentUser":       currentUser,
 		"activeFolder":      "domains",
 		"error":             "",
@@ -297,20 +312,20 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) EditDomain(c *gin.Context) {
 		"tlsCertConfigured": domain.TlsCertPath != "" && domain.TlsKeyPath != "",
 		"caddyMsg":          caddyMsg,
 		"caddyMsgType":      caddyMsgType,
-	})
+	}))
 }
 
 // UpdateDomain 处理编辑域名表单提交
 func (h *AdminHandler) UpdateDomain(c *gin.Context) {
 	id, err := strconv.ParseUint(c.Param("id"), 10, 64)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, "无效的域名ID")
+		c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, i18n.T(langOf(c), "无效的域名ID"))
 		return
 	}
 
 	domain, err := h.stores.Domains.GetByID(uint(id))
 	if err != nil {
-		c.String(http.StatusNotFound, "域名不存在")
+		c.String(http.StatusNotFound, i18n.T(langOf(c), "域名不存在"))
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -321,7 +336,7 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) UpdateDomain(c *gin.Context) {
 
 	tlsPrivateKey := strings.TrimSpace(c.PostForm("tls_private_key"))
 	tlsPublicCert := strings.TrimSpace(c.PostForm("tls_public_cert"))
-	if err := h.handleDomainTLSUpdate(domain, tlsPublicCert, tlsPrivateKey); err != nil {
+	if err := h.handleDomainTLSUpdate(langOf(c), domain, tlsPublicCert, tlsPrivateKey); err != nil {
 		h.renderDomainFormError(c, domain, err.Error(), tlsPublicCert)
 		return
 	}
@@ -337,7 +352,7 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) UpdateDomain(c *gin.Context) {
 	}
 
 	if err := h.stores.Domains.Update(domain); err != nil {
-		h.renderDomainFormError(c, domain, fmt.Sprintf("更新域名失败: %v", err), tlsPublicCert)
+		h.renderDomainFormError(c, domain, i18n.TF(langOf(c), "更新域名失败: %v", err), tlsPublicCert)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -350,43 +365,45 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) UpdateDomain(c *gin.Context) {
 func (h *AdminHandler) FetchCaddyCert(c *gin.Context) {
 	id, err := strconv.ParseUint(c.Param("id"), 10, 64)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, "无效的域名ID")
+		c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, i18n.T(langOf(c), "无效的域名ID"))
 		return
 	}
 
 	domain, err := h.stores.Domains.GetByID(uint(id))
 	if err != nil {
-		c.String(http.StatusNotFound, "域名不存在")
+		c.String(http.StatusNotFound, i18n.T(langOf(c), "域名不存在"))
 		return
 	}
 
+	lang := langOf(c)
 	editURL := fmt.Sprintf("/admin/domains/%d/edit", domain.ID)
-	fail := func(msg string) {
+	fail := func(key string, args ...interface{}) {
+		msg := i18n.TF(lang, key, args...)
 		log.Printf("从 Caddy 获取证书失败 domain=%s: %s", domain.Name, msg)
 		c.Redirect(http.StatusFound, editURL+"?caddy_err="+url.QueryEscape(msg))
 	}
 
 	cert, err := caddycert.Fetch(domain.Name, h.caddyCertRoots())
 	if err != nil {
-		fail(fmt.Sprintf("从 Caddy 获取证书失败: %v", err))
+		fail("从 Caddy 获取证书失败: %v", err)
 		return
 	}
 
 	// 保存到域名 TLS 目录（与手动上传证书的位置一致）
 	domainTLSDir := filepath.Join(h.tlsDir, strconv.FormatUint(uint64(domain.ID), 10))
 	if err := os.MkdirAll(domainTLSDir, 0700); err != nil {
-		fail(fmt.Sprintf("创建 TLS 证书目录失败: %v", err))
+		fail("创建 TLS 证书目录失败: %v", err)
 		return
 	}
 
 	certPath := filepath.Join(domainTLSDir, "cert.pem")
 	keyPath := filepath.Join(domainTLSDir, "key.pem")
 	if err := os.WriteFile(certPath, cert.CertPEM, 0644); err != nil {
-		fail(fmt.Sprintf("保存 TLS 公钥证书失败: %v", err))
+		fail("保存 TLS 公钥证书失败: %v", err)
 		return
 	}
 	if err := os.WriteFile(keyPath, cert.KeyPEM, 0600); err != nil {
-		fail(fmt.Sprintf("保存 TLS 私钥失败: %v", err))
+		fail("保存 TLS 私钥失败: %v", err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -394,7 +411,7 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) FetchCaddyCert(c *gin.Context) {
 	domain.TlsKeyPath = keyPath
 	domain.TlsEnabled = true
 	if err := h.stores.Domains.Update(domain); err != nil {
-		fail(fmt.Sprintf("更新域名记录失败: %v", err))
+		fail("更新域名记录失败: %v", err)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -437,7 +454,7 @@ func normalizePEM(s string) string {
 	return s
 }
 
-func (h *AdminHandler) handleDomainTLSUpdate(domain *db.Domain, publicCert, privateKey string) error {
+func (h *AdminHandler) handleDomainTLSUpdate(lang string, domain *db.Domain, publicCert, privateKey string) error {
 	// 归一化换行，保证与磁盘文件一致，避免表单往返时被误判为已修改
 	publicCert = normalizePEM(strings.TrimSpace(publicCert))
 	privateKey = normalizePEM(strings.TrimSpace(privateKey))
@@ -451,31 +468,31 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) handleDomainTLSUpdate(domain *db.Domain, publicCert, priv
 		if hasExistingCert {
 			return nil
 		}
-		return fmt.Errorf("启用 TLS 时必须填写 TLS 私钥和公钥证书")
+		return fmt.Errorf("%s", i18n.T(lang, "启用 TLS 时必须填写 TLS 私钥和公钥证书"))
 	}
 	if hasExistingCert && privateKey == "" && normalizePEM(strings.TrimSpace(readTLSCert(domain.TlsCertPath))) == publicCert {
 		return nil
 	}
 	if publicCert == "" || privateKey == "" {
-		return fmt.Errorf("TLS 私钥和公钥证书必须同时填写")
+		return fmt.Errorf("%s", i18n.T(lang, "TLS 私钥和公钥证书必须同时填写"))
 	}
 
 	if _, err := tls.X509KeyPair([]byte(publicCert), []byte(privateKey)); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("TLS 证书或私钥无效: %v", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("%s", i18n.TF(lang, "TLS 证书或私钥无效: %v", err))
 	}
 
 	domainTLSDir := filepath.Join(h.tlsDir, strconv.FormatUint(uint64(domain.ID), 10))
 	if err := os.MkdirAll(domainTLSDir, 0700); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("创建 TLS 证书目录失败: %v", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("%s", i18n.TF(lang, "创建 TLS 证书目录失败: %v", err))
 	}
 
 	certPath := filepath.Join(domainTLSDir, "cert.pem")
 	keyPath := filepath.Join(domainTLSDir, "key.pem")
 	if err := os.WriteFile(certPath, []byte(publicCert+"\n"), 0644); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("保存 TLS 公钥证书失败: %v", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("%s", i18n.TF(lang, "保存 TLS 公钥证书失败: %v", err))
 	}
 	if err := os.WriteFile(keyPath, []byte(privateKey+"\n"), 0600); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("保存 TLS 私钥失败: %v", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("%s", i18n.TF(lang, "保存 TLS 私钥失败: %v", err))
 	}
 
 	domain.TlsCertPath = certPath
@@ -489,7 +506,7 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) renderDomainFormError(c *gin.Context, domain *db.Domain,
 		tlsPublicCert = readTLSCert(domain.TlsCertPath)
 	}
 
-	c.HTML(http.StatusBadRequest, "admin_domain_form", gin.H{
+	c.HTML(http.StatusBadRequest, "admin_domain_form", withLang(c, gin.H{
 		"currentUser":       currentUser,
 		"activeFolder":      "domains",
 		"error":             message,
@@ -497,19 +514,19 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) renderDomainFormError(c *gin.Context, domain *db.Domain,
 		"domain":            domain,
 		"tlsPublicCert":     tlsPublicCert,
 		"tlsCertConfigured": domain.TlsCertPath != "" && domain.TlsKeyPath != "",
-	})
+	}))
 }
 
 // DeleteDomain removes a domain by ID.
 func (h *AdminHandler) DeleteDomain(c *gin.Context) {
 	id, err := strconv.ParseUint(c.Param("id"), 10, 64)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, "无效的域名ID")
+		c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, i18n.T(langOf(c), "无效的域名ID"))
 		return
 	}
 
 	if err := h.stores.Domains.Delete(uint(id)); err != nil {
-		c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, "删除域名失败: %v", err)
+		c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, i18n.TF(langOf(c), "删除域名失败: %v", err))
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -520,24 +537,24 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) DeleteDomain(c *gin.Context) {
 func (h *AdminHandler) DNSHint(c *gin.Context) {
 	id, err := strconv.ParseUint(c.Param("id"), 10, 64)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, "无效的域名ID")
+		c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, i18n.T(langOf(c), "无效的域名ID"))
 		return
 	}
 
 	domain, err := h.stores.Domains.GetByID(uint(id))
 	if err != nil {
-		c.String(http.StatusNotFound, "域名不存在")
+		c.String(http.StatusNotFound, i18n.T(langOf(c), "域名不存在"))
 		return
 	}
 
 	currentUser, _ := c.Get("currentUser")
 
-	c.HTML(200, "admin_dns_hint", gin.H{
+	c.HTML(200, "admin_dns_hint", withLang(c, gin.H{
 		"currentUser":  currentUser,
 		"activeFolder": "domains",
 		"domain":       domain,
 		"dkimRecord":   dkim.GetDKIMDNSRecord(domain.DkimPublicKey),
-	})
+	}))
 }
 
 // ListUsers renders the user list page.
@@ -546,7 +563,7 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) ListUsers(c *gin.Context) {
 
 	users, total, err := h.stores.Users.ListAll(page, 20)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, "加载用户列表失败: %v", err)
+		c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, i18n.TF(langOf(c), "加载用户列表失败: %v", err))
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -563,7 +580,7 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) ListUsers(c *gin.Context) {
 		totalPages = 0
 	}
 
-	c.HTML(200, "admin_users", gin.H{
+	c.HTML(200, "admin_users", withLang(c, gin.H{
 		"currentUser":  currentUser,
 		"users":        users,
 		"domains":      domains,
@@ -572,7 +589,7 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) ListUsers(c *gin.Context) {
 		"pageSize":     20,
 		"totalPages":   totalPages,
 		"activeFolder": "users",
-	})
+	}))
 }
 
 // NewUser renders the new user form page.
@@ -581,14 +598,14 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) NewUser(c *gin.Context) {
 
 	currentUser, _ := c.Get("currentUser")
 
-	c.HTML(200, "admin_user_form", gin.H{
+	c.HTML(200, "admin_user_form", withLang(c, gin.H{
 		"currentUser":  currentUser,
 		"activeFolder": "users",
 		"error":        "",
 		"isEdit":       false,
 		"domains":      domains,
 		"user":         &db.User{},
-	})
+	}))
 }
 
 // CreateUser processes the new user form submission.
@@ -602,10 +619,10 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) CreateUser(c *gin.Context) {
 	if username == "" || password == "" || domainID == 0 {
 		domains, _, _ := h.stores.Domains.List(1, 1000)
 		currentUser, _ := c.Get("currentUser")
-		c.HTML(http.StatusBadRequest, "admin_user_form", gin.H{
+		c.HTML(http.StatusBadRequest, "admin_user_form", withLang(c, gin.H{
 			"currentUser":  currentUser,
 			"activeFolder": "users",
-			"error":        "请填写所有必填字段",
+			"error":        i18n.T(langOf(c), "请填写所有必填字段"),
 			"isEdit":       false,
 			"domains":      domains,
 			"user": &db.User{
@@ -613,7 +630,7 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) CreateUser(c *gin.Context) {
 				DomainID: domainID,
 				IsAdmin:  isAdmin,
 			},
-		})
+		}))
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -622,10 +639,10 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) CreateUser(c *gin.Context) {
 	if err != nil {
 		domains, _, _ := h.stores.Domains.List(1, 1000)
 		currentUser, _ := c.Get("currentUser")
-		c.HTML(http.StatusInternalServerError, "admin_user_form", gin.H{
+		c.HTML(http.StatusInternalServerError, "admin_user_form", withLang(c, gin.H{
 			"currentUser":  currentUser,
 			"activeFolder": "users",
-			"error":        "密码加密失败",
+			"error":        i18n.T(langOf(c), "密码加密失败"),
 			"isEdit":       false,
 			"domains":      domains,
 			"user": &db.User{
@@ -633,7 +650,7 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) CreateUser(c *gin.Context) {
 				DomainID: domainID,
 				IsAdmin:  isAdmin,
 			},
-		})
+		}))
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -647,19 +664,20 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) CreateUser(c *gin.Context) {
 		UsedBytes:    0,
 		IsActive:     true,
 		IsAdmin:      isAdmin,
+		Language:     normLang(c.PostForm("language")),
 	}
 
 	if err := h.stores.Users.Create(user); err != nil {
 		domains, _, _ := h.stores.Domains.List(1, 1000)
 		currentUser, _ := c.Get("currentUser")
-		c.HTML(http.StatusBadRequest, "admin_user_form", gin.H{
+		c.HTML(http.StatusBadRequest, "admin_user_form", withLang(c, gin.H{
 			"currentUser":  currentUser,
 			"activeFolder": "users",
-			"error":        fmt.Sprintf("创建用户失败: %v", err),
+			"error":        i18n.TF(langOf(c), "创建用户失败: %v", err),
 			"isEdit":       false,
 			"domains":      domains,
 			"user":         user,
-		})
+		}))
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -670,18 +688,18 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) CreateUser(c *gin.Context) {
 func (h *AdminHandler) DeleteUser(c *gin.Context) {
 	id, err := strconv.ParseUint(c.Param("id"), 10, 64)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, "无效的用户ID")
+		c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, i18n.T(langOf(c), "无效的用户ID"))
 		return
 	}
 
 	currentUser, _ := c.Get("currentUser")
 	if currentUser.(*db.User).ID == uint(id) {
-		c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, "不能删除自己的账户")
+		c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, i18n.T(langOf(c), "不能删除自己的账户"))
 		return
 	}
 
 	if err := h.stores.Users.Delete(uint(id)); err != nil {
-		c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, "删除用户失败: %v", err)
+		c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, i18n.TF(langOf(c), "删除用户失败: %v", err))
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -692,40 +710,40 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) DeleteUser(c *gin.Context) {
 func (h *AdminHandler) EditUser(c *gin.Context) {
 	id, err := strconv.ParseUint(c.Param("id"), 10, 64)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, "无效的用户ID")
+		c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, i18n.T(langOf(c), "无效的用户ID"))
 		return
 	}
 
 	user, err := h.stores.Users.GetByID(uint(id))
 	if err != nil {
-		c.String(http.StatusNotFound, "用户不存在")
+		c.String(http.StatusNotFound, i18n.T(langOf(c), "用户不存在"))
 		return
 	}
 
 	domains, _, _ := h.stores.Domains.List(1, 1000)
 	currentUser, _ := c.Get("currentUser")
 
-	c.HTML(200, "admin_user_form", gin.H{
+	c.HTML(200, "admin_user_form", withLang(c, gin.H{
 		"currentUser":  currentUser,
 		"activeFolder": "users",
 		"error":        "",
 		"isEdit":       true,
 		"domains":      domains,
 		"user":         user,
-	})
+	}))
 }
 
 // UpdateUser processes the edit user form submission.
 func (h *AdminHandler) UpdateUser(c *gin.Context) {
 	id, err := strconv.ParseUint(c.Param("id"), 10, 64)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, "无效的用户ID")
+		c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, i18n.T(langOf(c), "无效的用户ID"))
 		return
 	}
 
 	user, err := h.stores.Users.GetByID(uint(id))
 	if err != nil {
-		c.String(http.StatusNotFound, "用户不存在")
+		c.String(http.StatusNotFound, i18n.T(langOf(c), "用户不存在"))
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -743,6 +761,10 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) UpdateUser(c *gin.Context) {
 	user.QuotaBytes = int64(quotaGB) * 1024 * 1024 * 1024
 	user.IsActive = isActive
 	user.IsAdmin = isAdmin
+	// 界面语言偏好（表单未提交时保持原值）
+	if lang := c.PostForm("language"); lang != "" {
+		user.Language = normLang(lang)
+	}
 
 	// Update password only if a new one is provided
 	if password != "" {
@@ -750,14 +772,14 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) UpdateUser(c *gin.Context) {
 		if err != nil {
 			domains, _, _ := h.stores.Domains.List(1, 1000)
 			currentUser, _ := c.Get("currentUser")
-			c.HTML(http.StatusInternalServerError, "admin_user_form", gin.H{
+			c.HTML(http.StatusInternalServerError, "admin_user_form", withLang(c, gin.H{
 				"currentUser":  currentUser,
 				"activeFolder": "users",
-				"error":        "密码加密失败",
+				"error":        i18n.T(langOf(c), "密码加密失败"),
 				"isEdit":       true,
 				"domains":      domains,
 				"user":         user,
-			})
+			}))
 			return
 		}
 		user.PasswordHash = string(hashedPassword)
@@ -768,14 +790,14 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) UpdateUser(c *gin.Context) {
 	if err := h.stores.Users.Update(user); err != nil {
 		domains, _, _ := h.stores.Domains.List(1, 1000)
 		currentUser, _ := c.Get("currentUser")
-		c.HTML(http.StatusBadRequest, "admin_user_form", gin.H{
+		c.HTML(http.StatusBadRequest, "admin_user_form", withLang(c, gin.H{
 			"currentUser":  currentUser,
 			"activeFolder": "users",
-			"error":        fmt.Sprintf("更新用户失败: %v", err),
+			"error":        i18n.TF(langOf(c), "更新用户失败: %v", err),
 			"isEdit":       true,
 			"domains":      domains,
 			"user":         user,
-		})
+		}))
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -788,7 +810,7 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) ListBans(c *gin.Context) {
 
 	bans, total, err := h.stores.Bans.List(page, 20)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, "加载黑名单失败: %v", err)
+		c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, i18n.TF(langOf(c), "加载黑名单失败: %v", err))
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -809,7 +831,7 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) ListBans(c *gin.Context) {
 		totalPages = 0
 	}
 
-	c.HTML(200, "admin_bans", gin.H{
+	c.HTML(200, "admin_bans", withLang(c, gin.H{
 		"currentUser":  currentUser,
 		"rows":         rows,
 		"total":        total,
@@ -817,7 +839,7 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) ListBans(c *gin.Context) {
 		"pageSize":     20,
 		"totalPages":   totalPages,
 		"activeFolder": "bans",
-	})
+	}))
 }
 
 // banRow 是黑名单列表行：附带了当前是否封禁中的标记。
@@ -830,12 +852,12 @@ type banRow struct {
 func (h *AdminHandler) UnbanIP(c *gin.Context) {
 	id, err := strconv.ParseUint(c.Param("id"), 10, 64)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, "无效的记录ID")
+		c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, i18n.T(langOf(c), "无效的记录ID"))
 		return
 	}
 
 	if err := h.stores.Bans.Delete(uint(id)); err != nil {
-		c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, "解封失败: %v", err)
+		c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, i18n.TF(langOf(c), "解封失败: %v", err))
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -860,8 +882,8 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) ListProtocolLogs(c *gin.Context) {
 		success = &v
 	}
 
-	from := parseDateQuery(c.Query("from"))
-	to := parseDateQuery(c.Query("to"))
+	from := h.parseDateQuery(c.Query("from"))
+	to := h.parseDateQuery(c.Query("to"))
 	// 日期选择到天，含当天
 	if !to.IsZero() {
 		to = to.AddDate(0, 0, 1)
@@ -878,12 +900,12 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) ListProtocolLogs(c *gin.Context) {
 
 	logs, total, err := h.stores.ProtocolLogs.List(page, pageSize, filter)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, "加载协议日志失败: %v", err)
+		c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, i18n.TF(langOf(c), "加载协议日志失败: %v", err))
 		return
 	}
 
 	// 统计卡片：今日 + 全部成功/失败数（按协议），int64 → int 供模板 add 使用
-	dayStart := time.Now().Truncate(24 * time.Hour)
+	dayStart := h.dayStartIn()
 	todayStats, _ := h.stores.ProtocolLogs.CountStats(dayStart)
 	allStats, _ := h.stores.ProtocolLogs.CountStats(time.Time{})
 	normStats := func(m map[string]map[string]int64) map[string]map[string]int {
@@ -914,7 +936,7 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) ListProtocolLogs(c *gin.Context) {
 		"to":       url.QueryEscape(c.Query("to")),
 	}
 
-	c.HTML(200, "admin_protocol_logs", gin.H{
+	c.HTML(200, "admin_protocol_logs", withLang(c, gin.H{
 		"currentUser":  currentUser,
 		"logs":         logs,
 		"total":        total,
@@ -926,7 +948,7 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) ListProtocolLogs(c *gin.Context) {
 		"allStats":     normStats(allStats),
 		"keepDays":     h.protocolLogKeepDays,
 		"activeFolder": "protocol-logs",
-	})
+	}))
 }
 
 // CleanupProtocolLogs 手动清理超出保留天数的协议日志。
@@ -935,16 +957,17 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) CleanupProtocolLogs(c *gin.Context) {
 	c.Redirect(http.StatusFound, "/admin/protocol-logs")
 }
 
-// parseDateQuery 解析 YYYY-MM-DD 日期，失败返回零值。
-func parseDateQuery(s string) time.Time {
+// parseDateQuery 按 Web 展示时区解析 YYYY-MM-DD 日期，失败返回零值。
+// 解析结果转换为服务器本地时区，保证与库中时间序列化偏移一致。
+func (h *AdminHandler) parseDateQuery(s string) time.Time {
 	if s == "" {
 		return time.Time{}
 	}
-	t, err := time.ParseInLocation("2006-01-02", s, time.Local)
+	t, err := time.ParseInLocation("2006-01-02", s, h.displayTZ())
 	if err != nil {
 		return time.Time{}
 	}
-	return t
+	return t.In(time.Local)
 }
 
 // ListMails renders the admin mail list page showing all messages across all users.
@@ -963,7 +986,7 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) ListMails(c *gin.Context) {
 	}
 
 	if err != nil {
-		c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, "加载邮件列表失败: %v", err)
+		c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, i18n.TF(langOf(c), "加载邮件列表失败: %v", err))
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -977,7 +1000,7 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) ListMails(c *gin.Context) {
 		totalPages = 0
 	}
 
-	c.HTML(200, "admin_mails", gin.H{
+	c.HTML(200, "admin_mails", withLang(c, gin.H{
 		"currentUser":  currentUser,
 		"messages":     messages,
 		"total":        total,
@@ -986,20 +1009,20 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) ListMails(c *gin.Context) {
 		"totalPages":   totalPages,
 		"folder":       folder,
 		"activeFolder": "mails",
-	})
+	}))
 }
 
 // AdminViewMail renders the detail view of a specific mail for admin.
 func (h *AdminHandler) AdminViewMail(c *gin.Context) {
 	id, err := strconv.ParseUint(c.Param("id"), 10, 64)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, "无效的邮件ID")
+		c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, i18n.T(langOf(c), "无效的邮件ID"))
 		return
 	}
 
 	msg, err := h.stores.Mails.GetByID(uint(id))
 	if err != nil {
-		c.String(http.StatusNotFound, "邮件不存在")
+		c.String(http.StatusNotFound, i18n.T(langOf(c), "邮件不存在"))
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -1008,31 +1031,31 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) AdminViewMail(c *gin.Context) {
 
 	currentUser, _ := c.Get("currentUser")
 
-	c.HTML(200, "admin_mail_view", gin.H{
+	c.HTML(200, "admin_mail_view", withLang(c, gin.H{
 		"currentUser":  currentUser,
 		"message":      msg,
 		"attachments":  attachments,
 		"activeFolder": "mails",
-	})
+	}))
 }
 
 // AdminDownloadAttachment serves an attachment file for admin (bypasses user ownership check).
 func (h *AdminHandler) AdminDownloadAttachment(c *gin.Context) {
 	id, err := strconv.ParseUint(c.Param("id"), 10, 64)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, "无效的附件ID")
+		c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, i18n.T(langOf(c), "无效的附件ID"))
 		return
 	}
 
 	att, err := h.stores.Attachments.GetByID(uint(id))
 	if err != nil {
-		c.String(http.StatusNotFound, "附件不存在")
+		c.String(http.StatusNotFound, i18n.T(langOf(c), "附件不存在"))
 		return
 	}
 
 	data, err := h.storage.Read(att.FilePath)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, "读取附件失败")
+		c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, i18n.T(langOf(c), "读取附件失败"))
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -1047,7 +1070,7 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) ListOutbound(c *gin.Context) {
 
 	items, total, err := h.stores.Outbound.List(page, 20, status)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, "加载外发队列失败: %v", err)
+		c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, i18n.TF(langOf(c), "加载外发队列失败: %v", err))
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -1073,7 +1096,7 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) ListOutbound(c *gin.Context) {
 
 	currentUser, _ := c.Get("currentUser")
 
-	c.HTML(200, "admin_outbound", gin.H{
+	c.HTML(200, "admin_outbound", withLang(c, gin.H{
 		"currentUser":  currentUser,
 		"items":        items,
 		"total":        total,
@@ -1084,23 +1107,23 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) ListOutbound(c *gin.Context) {
 		"statCounts":   statCounts,
 		"statusText":   outbound.StatusText,
 		"activeFolder": "outbound",
-	})
+	}))
 }
 
 // RetryOutbound resets an outbound queue item for immediate redelivery.
 func (h *AdminHandler) RetryOutbound(c *gin.Context) {
 	id, err := strconv.ParseUint(c.Param("id"), 10, 64)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, "无效的队列ID")
+		c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, i18n.T(langOf(c), "无效的队列ID"))
 		return
 	}
 
 	if h.outbound == nil {
-		c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, "外发服务不可用")
+		c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, i18n.T(langOf(c), "外发服务不可用"))
 		return
 	}
 	if err := h.outbound.Retry(uint(id)); err != nil {
-		c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, "重试失败: %v", err)
+		c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, i18n.TF(langOf(c), "重试失败: %v", err))
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -1111,16 +1134,16 @@ func (h *AdminHandler) RetryOutbound(c *gin.Context) {
 func (h *AdminHandler) CancelOutbound(c *gin.Context) {
 	id, err := strconv.ParseUint(c.Param("id"), 10, 64)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, "无效的队列ID")
+		c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, i18n.T(langOf(c), "无效的队列ID"))
 		return
 	}
 
 	if h.outbound == nil {
-		c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, "外发服务不可用")
+		c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, i18n.T(langOf(c), "外发服务不可用"))
 		return
 	}
 	if err := h.outbound.Cancel(uint(id)); err != nil {
-		c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, "取消失败: %v", err)
+		c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, i18n.TF(langOf(c), "取消失败: %v", err))
 		return
 	}
 

internal/web/handlers/admin_tls_test.go

@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ func TestHandleDomainTLSUpdateUnchangedCertCRLF(t *testing.T) {
 	domain := writeExistingCert(t, h.tlsDir, certLF, keyLF)
 
 	submittedCert := strings.ReplaceAll(certLF, "\n", "\r\n") // 模拟浏览器提交
-	if err := h.handleDomainTLSUpdate(domain, submittedCert, ""); err != nil {
+	if err := h.handleDomainTLSUpdate("zh", domain, submittedCert, ""); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("证书未修改且私钥留空时应保留现有私钥，实际报错: %v", err)
 	}
 }
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ func TestHandleDomainTLSUpdateNewPairCRLF(t *testing.T) {
 	h := &AdminHandler{tlsDir: t.TempDir()}
 	domain := &db.Domain{ID: 1, Name: "mail.example.com", TlsEnabled: true}
 
-	if err := h.handleDomainTLSUpdate(domain, certCRLF, keyCRLF); err != nil {
+	if err := h.handleDomainTLSUpdate("zh", domain, certCRLF, keyCRLF); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("CRLF 提交的新证书应保存成功，实际报错: %v", err)
 	}
 
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ func TestHandleDomainTLSUpdateChangedCertWithoutKey(t *testing.T) {
 	h := &AdminHandler{tlsDir: t.TempDir()}
 	domain := writeExistingCert(t, h.tlsDir, certA, keyA)
 
-	err := h.handleDomainTLSUpdate(domain, certB, "")
+	err := h.handleDomainTLSUpdate("zh", domain, certB, "")
 	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "必须同时填写") {
 		t.Fatalf("修改证书但私钥留空应报“必须同时填写”，实际: %v", err)
 	}

internal/web/handlers/auth.go

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import (
 
 	"mail_go/config"
 	"mail_go/internal/auth"
+	"mail_go/internal/i18n"
 	"mail_go/internal/store"
 
 	"github.com/gin-contrib/sessions"
@@ -37,12 +38,12 @@ func (h *AuthHandler) ShowLogin(c *gin.Context) {
 		c.Redirect(302, "/inbox")
 		return
 	}
-	c.HTML(200, "login", gin.H{
+	c.HTML(200, "login", withLang(c, gin.H{
 		"error":          "",
 		"oauth2Enabled":  h.authCfg.OAuth2Enabled,
 		"ldapEnabled":    h.authCfg.LDAPEnabled,
 		"oauth2Provider": h.authCfg.OAuth2Provider,
-	})
+	}))
 }
 
 // DoLogin processes the login form submission.
@@ -54,7 +55,7 @@ func (h *AuthHandler) DoLogin(c *gin.Context) {
 	// Check if IP is banned
 	banned, entry := h.stores.Bans.IsBanned(ip)
 	if banned {
-		c.HTML(http.StatusForbidden, "banned", gin.H{"entry": entry})
+		c.HTML(http.StatusForbidden, "banned", withLang(c, gin.H{"entry": entry}))
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -62,31 +63,34 @@ func (h *AuthHandler) DoLogin(c *gin.Context) {
 	password := c.PostForm("password")
 
 	if email == "" || password == "" {
-		c.HTML(200, "login", gin.H{
-			"error":          "请输入邮箱和密码",
+		c.HTML(200, "login", withLang(c, gin.H{
+			"error":          i18n.T(langOf(c), "请输入邮箱和密码"),
 			"oauth2Enabled":  h.authCfg.OAuth2Enabled,
 			"ldapEnabled":    h.authCfg.LDAPEnabled,
 			"oauth2Provider": h.authCfg.OAuth2Provider,
-		})
+		}))
 		return
 	}
 
 	user, err := h.stores.Users.Authenticate(email, password)
 	if err != nil {
-		banned, failCount := h.stores.RecordAuthFailure(ip, h.banCfg.MaxFailAttempts, h.banCfg.BanDurationMin, "登录失败次数过多")
+		// 区分失败性质：用户名存在（真实用户输错，保留宽限）vs
+		// 用户名不存在（枚举型爆破，跳过宽限首次触发即封）
+		knownUser := h.stores.Users.LoginExists(email)
+		banned, failCount := h.stores.RecordAuthFailure(ip, h.banCfg.MaxFailAttempts, h.banCfg.BanDurationMin, "登录失败次数过多", knownUser)
 		if banned {
 			entry, _ := h.stores.Bans.GetByIP(ip)
-			c.HTML(http.StatusForbidden, "banned", gin.H{"entry": entry})
+			c.HTML(http.StatusForbidden, "banned", withLang(c, gin.H{"entry": entry}))
 			return
 		}
 
 		remaining := h.banCfg.MaxFailAttempts - failCount
-		c.HTML(200, "login", gin.H{
-			"error":          fmt.Sprintf("用户名或密码错误，还剩 %d 次尝试机会", remaining),
+		c.HTML(200, "login", withLang(c, gin.H{
+			"error":          i18n.TF(langOf(c), "用户名或密码错误，还剩 %d 次尝试机会", remaining),
 			"oauth2Enabled":  h.authCfg.OAuth2Enabled,
 			"ldapEnabled":    h.authCfg.LDAPEnabled,
 			"oauth2Provider": h.authCfg.OAuth2Provider,
-		})
+		}))
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -102,12 +106,12 @@ func (h *AuthHandler) DoLogin(c *gin.Context) {
 	session.Set("isAdmin", user.IsAdmin)
 	session.Set("loginAt", time.Now().Unix())
 	if err := session.Save(); err != nil {
-		c.HTML(200, "login", gin.H{
-			"error":          "会话保存失败，请重试",
+		c.HTML(200, "login", withLang(c, gin.H{
+			"error":          i18n.T(langOf(c), "会话保存失败，请重试"),
 			"oauth2Enabled":  h.authCfg.OAuth2Enabled,
 			"ldapEnabled":    h.authCfg.LDAPEnabled,
 			"oauth2Provider": h.authCfg.OAuth2Provider,
-		})
+		}))
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -121,7 +125,7 @@ func (h *AuthHandler) LDAPLogin(c *gin.Context) {
 	// Check if IP is banned
 	banned, entry := h.stores.Bans.IsBanned(ip)
 	if banned {
-		c.HTML(http.StatusForbidden, "banned", gin.H{"entry": entry})
+		c.HTML(http.StatusForbidden, "banned", withLang(c, gin.H{"entry": entry}))
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -129,12 +133,12 @@ func (h *AuthHandler) LDAPLogin(c *gin.Context) {
 	password := c.PostForm("password")
 
 	if username == "" || password == "" {
-		c.HTML(200, "login", gin.H{
-			"error":          "请输入LDAP用户名和密码",
+		c.HTML(200, "login", withLang(c, gin.H{
+			"error":          i18n.T(langOf(c), "请输入LDAP用户名和密码"),
 			"oauth2Enabled":  h.authCfg.OAuth2Enabled,
 			"ldapEnabled":    h.authCfg.LDAPEnabled,
 			"oauth2Provider": h.authCfg.OAuth2Provider,
-		})
+		}))
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -146,42 +150,43 @@ func (h *AuthHandler) LDAPLogin(c *gin.Context) {
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Printf("LDAP 认证失败: %v", err)
 
-		banned, failCount := h.stores.RecordAuthFailure(ip, h.banCfg.MaxFailAttempts, h.banCfg.BanDurationMin, "LDAP 登录失败次数过多")
+		// LDAP 侧用户存在性无法判定，保守按已知用户处理（保留宽限防误封）
+		banned, failCount := h.stores.RecordAuthFailure(ip, h.banCfg.MaxFailAttempts, h.banCfg.BanDurationMin, "LDAP 登录失败次数过多", true)
 		if banned {
 			entry, _ := h.stores.Bans.GetByIP(ip)
-			c.HTML(http.StatusForbidden, "banned", gin.H{"entry": entry})
+			c.HTML(http.StatusForbidden, "banned", withLang(c, gin.H{"entry": entry}))
 			return
 		}
 
 		remaining := h.banCfg.MaxFailAttempts - failCount
-		c.HTML(200, "login", gin.H{
-			"error":          fmt.Sprintf("LDAP 认证失败，还剩 %d 次尝试机会", remaining),
+		c.HTML(200, "login", withLang(c, gin.H{
+			"error":          i18n.TF(langOf(c), "LDAP 认证失败，还剩 %d 次尝试机会", remaining),
 			"oauth2Enabled":  h.authCfg.OAuth2Enabled,
 			"ldapEnabled":    h.authCfg.LDAPEnabled,
 			"oauth2Provider": h.authCfg.OAuth2Provider,
-		})
+		}))
 		return
 	}
 
 	// Look up or auto-create user by email
 	user, err := h.stores.Users.GetByEmail(email)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.HTML(200, "login", gin.H{
-			"error":          "LDAP 账号未接入本系统，请联系管理员",
+		c.HTML(200, "login", withLang(c, gin.H{
+			"error":          i18n.T(langOf(c), "LDAP 账号未接入本系统，请联系管理员"),
 			"oauth2Enabled":  h.authCfg.OAuth2Enabled,
 			"ldapEnabled":    h.authCfg.LDAPEnabled,
 			"oauth2Provider": h.authCfg.OAuth2Provider,
-		})
+		}))
 		return
 	}
 
 	if !user.IsActive {
-		c.HTML(200, "login", gin.H{
-			"error":          "用户已被禁用",
+		c.HTML(200, "login", withLang(c, gin.H{
+			"error":          i18n.T(langOf(c), "用户已被禁用"),
 			"oauth2Enabled":  h.authCfg.OAuth2Enabled,
 			"ldapEnabled":    h.authCfg.LDAPEnabled,
 			"oauth2Provider": h.authCfg.OAuth2Provider,
-		})
+		}))
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -197,12 +202,12 @@ func (h *AuthHandler) LDAPLogin(c *gin.Context) {
 	session.Set("isAdmin", user.IsAdmin)
 	session.Set("loginAt", time.Now().Unix())
 	if err := session.Save(); err != nil {
-		c.HTML(200, "login", gin.H{
-			"error":          "会话保存失败，请重试",
+		c.HTML(200, "login", withLang(c, gin.H{
+			"error":          i18n.T(langOf(c), "会话保存失败，请重试"),
 			"oauth2Enabled":  h.authCfg.OAuth2Enabled,
 			"ldapEnabled":    h.authCfg.LDAPEnabled,
 			"oauth2Provider": h.authCfg.OAuth2Provider,
-		})
+		}))
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -242,7 +247,7 @@ func (h *AuthHandler) oauth2LoginVars() gin.H {
 // OAuth2Start redirects to the OAuth2 provider's authorization page.
 func (h *AuthHandler) OAuth2Start(c *gin.Context) {
 	if !h.authCfg.OAuth2Enabled {
-		c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, "OAuth2 未启用")
+		c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, i18n.T(langOf(c), "OAuth2 未启用"))
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -250,7 +255,7 @@ func (h *AuthHandler) OAuth2Start(c *gin.Context) {
 	state, err := randomOAuth2State()
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Printf("生成 OAuth2 state 失败: %v", err)
-		c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, "OAuth2 登录暂不可用，请稍后重试")
+		c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, i18n.T(langOf(c), "OAuth2 登录暂不可用，请稍后重试"))
 		return
 	}
 	c.SetCookie(oauth2StateCookie, state, oauth2StateMaxAge, "/auth/oauth2", "", true, true)
@@ -260,7 +265,7 @@ func (h *AuthHandler) OAuth2Start(c *gin.Context) {
 // OAuth2Callback handles the OAuth2 provider's callback after user authorization.
 func (h *AuthHandler) OAuth2Callback(c *gin.Context) {
 	if !h.authCfg.OAuth2Enabled {
-		c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, "OAuth2 未启用")
+		c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, i18n.T(langOf(c), "OAuth2 未启用"))
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -270,11 +275,11 @@ func (h *AuthHandler) OAuth2Callback(c *gin.Context) {
 	reqState := c.Query("state")
 	if cookieErr != nil || reqState == "" ||
 		subtle.ConstantTimeCompare([]byte(cookieState), []byte(reqState)) != 1 {
-		c.HTML(http.StatusForbidden, "login", func() gin.H {
+		c.HTML(http.StatusForbidden, "login", withLang(c, func() gin.H {
 			v := h.oauth2LoginVars()
-			v["error"] = "OAuth2 state 校验失败，请重新发起登录"
+			v["error"] = i18n.T(langOf(c), "OAuth2 state 校验失败，请重新发起登录")
 			return v
-		}())
+		}()))
 		return
 	}
 	// state 一次性使用：无论后续成败都立即失效
@@ -282,12 +287,12 @@ func (h *AuthHandler) OAuth2Callback(c *gin.Context) {
 
 	code := c.Query("code")
 	if code == "" {
-		c.HTML(200, "login", gin.H{
-			"error":          "OAuth2 授权码缺失",
+		c.HTML(200, "login", withLang(c, gin.H{
+			"error":          i18n.T(langOf(c), "OAuth2 授权码缺失"),
 			"oauth2Enabled":  h.authCfg.OAuth2Enabled,
 			"ldapEnabled":    h.authCfg.LDAPEnabled,
 			"oauth2Provider": h.authCfg.OAuth2Provider,
-		})
+		}))
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -295,34 +300,34 @@ func (h *AuthHandler) OAuth2Callback(c *gin.Context) {
 	email, err := provider.HandleCallback(code)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Printf("OAuth2 回调失败: %v", err)
-		c.HTML(200, "login", gin.H{
-			"error":          "OAuth2 认证失败，请重试或联系管理员",
+		c.HTML(200, "login", withLang(c, gin.H{
+			"error":          i18n.T(langOf(c), "OAuth2 认证失败，请重试或联系管理员"),
 			"oauth2Enabled":  h.authCfg.OAuth2Enabled,
 			"ldapEnabled":    h.authCfg.LDAPEnabled,
 			"oauth2Provider": h.authCfg.OAuth2Provider,
-		})
+		}))
 		return
 	}
 
 	// Look up user by email
 	user, err := h.stores.Users.GetByEmail(email)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.HTML(200, "login", gin.H{
-			"error":          "OAuth2 账号未接入本系统，请联系管理员",
+		c.HTML(200, "login", withLang(c, gin.H{
+			"error":          i18n.T(langOf(c), "OAuth2 账号未接入本系统，请联系管理员"),
 			"oauth2Enabled":  h.authCfg.OAuth2Enabled,
 			"ldapEnabled":    h.authCfg.LDAPEnabled,
 			"oauth2Provider": h.authCfg.OAuth2Provider,
-		})
+		}))
 		return
 	}
 
 	if !user.IsActive {
-		c.HTML(200, "login", gin.H{
-			"error":          "用户已被禁用",
+		c.HTML(200, "login", withLang(c, gin.H{
+			"error":          i18n.T(langOf(c), "用户已被禁用"),
 			"oauth2Enabled":  h.authCfg.OAuth2Enabled,
 			"ldapEnabled":    h.authCfg.LDAPEnabled,
 			"oauth2Provider": h.authCfg.OAuth2Provider,
-		})
+		}))
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -335,12 +340,12 @@ func (h *AuthHandler) OAuth2Callback(c *gin.Context) {
 	session.Set("isAdmin", user.IsAdmin)
 	session.Set("loginAt", time.Now().Unix())
 	if err := session.Save(); err != nil {
-		c.HTML(200, "login", gin.H{
-			"error":          "会话保存失败，请重试",
+		c.HTML(200, "login", withLang(c, gin.H{
+			"error":          i18n.T(langOf(c), "会话保存失败，请重试"),
 			"oauth2Enabled":  h.authCfg.OAuth2Enabled,
 			"ldapEnabled":    h.authCfg.LDAPEnabled,
 			"oauth2Provider": h.authCfg.OAuth2Provider,
-		})
+		}))
 		return
 	}
 

internal/web/handlers/i18n.go

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+package handlers
+
+import (
+	"mail_go/internal/i18n"
+
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+)
+
+// langOf 返回当前请求的界面语言：优先取中间件解析好的 context 值
+// （登录用户偏好 / 浏览器语言），未设置时按浏览器 Accept-Language 兜底。
+func langOf(c *gin.Context) string {
+	if v, ok := c.Get("lang"); ok {
+		if s, ok := v.(string); ok && i18n.Supported(s) {
+			return s
+		}
+	}
+	return i18n.FromAcceptLanguage(c.GetHeader("Accept-Language"))
+}
+
+// withLang 把当前请求的界面语言注入模板数据（key "lang"），
+// 所有 c.HTML 渲染入口都应经过它，保证模板可调用 {{t .Lang "..."}}。
+func withLang(c *gin.Context, data gin.H) gin.H {
+	if data == nil {
+		data = gin.H{}
+	}
+	data["Lang"] = langOf(c)
+	return data
+}
+
+// normLang 把表单提交的语言偏好规整为合法值（auto | en | zh | ja），
+// 非法值回退 auto（跟随浏览器）。
+func normLang(v string) string {
+	switch v {
+	case i18n.LangAuto, i18n.LangEn, i18n.LangZh, i18n.LangJa:
+		return v
+	default:
+		return i18n.LangAuto
+	}
+}

internal/web/handlers/mail.go

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"mail_go/internal/db"
+	"mail_go/internal/i18n"
 	"mail_go/internal/imap_server"
 	"mail_go/internal/outbound"
 	"mail_go/internal/storage"
@@ -51,39 +52,89 @@ type MailHandler struct {
 	stores   *store.Stores
 	storage  *storage.AttachmentStorage
 	outbound *outbound.Manager
+	// svc 邮箱服务层（IMAP 层共用）：文件夹目录与消息操作同源。
+	svc *imap_server.MailboxService
 	// pusher 邮件状态变化推送（IMAP 客户端实时同步），可空
 	pusher imap_server.Pusher
 }
 
 // NewMailHandler creates a new MailHandler with the given stores, attachment
-// storage and outbound delivery manager.
-func NewMailHandler(stores *store.Stores, attStorage *storage.AttachmentStorage, ob *outbound.Manager, pusher imap_server.Pusher) *MailHandler {
-	return &MailHandler{stores: stores, storage: attStorage, outbound: ob, pusher: pusher}
+// storage, mailbox service and outbound delivery manager.
+func NewMailHandler(stores *store.Stores, attStorage *storage.AttachmentStorage, ob *outbound.Manager, svc *imap_server.MailboxService, pusher imap_server.Pusher) *MailHandler {
+	return &MailHandler{stores: stores, storage: attStorage, outbound: ob, svc: svc, pusher: pusher}
 }
 
-// folderCounts returns sidebar badge counts for the current user.
-func (h *MailHandler) folderCounts(userID uint) (inboxUnread, draftsTotal, sentTotal int64) {
-	inboxUnread, _ = h.stores.Mails.CountUnread(userID, "INBOX")
-	draftsTotal, _ = h.stores.Mails.CountByUserAndFolder(userID, "Drafts")
-	sentTotal, _ = h.stores.Mails.CountByUserAndFolder(userID, "Sent")
+// foldersFor 返回当前用户的侧边栏文件夹列表（与 IMAP LIST 同源：
+// IMAP 返回什么文件夹，Web 就显示什么）。
+func (h *MailHandler) foldersFor(userID uint) []imap_server.FolderInfo {
+	infos, err := h.svc.List(userID)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Printf("web: 加载文件夹列表失败 user=%d: %v", userID, err)
+		return nil
+	}
+	return infos
+}
+
+// userEmailOf 从 context 取当前用户完整邮箱（推送用），失败返回空串。
+func userEmailOf(c *gin.Context) string {
+	if cu, ok := c.Get("currentUser"); ok {
+		if u, ok := cu.(*db.User); ok {
+			return u.Username + "@" + u.Domain.Name
+		}
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+// seqOfFolder 返回消息在文件夹中的序号（1 基，与 IMAP 序号排序一致）。
+func (h *MailHandler) seqOfFolder(userID uint, folder string, msgID uint) uint32 {
+	msgs, err := h.stores.Mails.ListAllByUserAndFolder(userID, folder)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0
+	}
+	for i := range msgs {
+		if msgs[i].ID == msgID {
+			return uint32(i + 1)
+		}
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+// purgeMessages 永久删除邮件（含附件文件与配额回退）。
+func (h *MailHandler) purgeMessages(userID uint, msgs []db.Message) {
+	ids := make([]uint, 0, len(msgs))
+	for i := range msgs {
+		attachments, _ := h.stores.Attachments.ListByMessage(msgs[i].ID)
+		for _, att := range attachments {
+			_ = h.storage.Delete(att.FilePath)
+			_ = h.stores.Users.UpdateUsedBytes(userID, -att.FileSize)
+		}
+		if err := h.stores.Attachments.DeleteByMessage(msgs[i].ID); err != nil {
+			log.Printf("web: 删除附件记录失败 msg=%d: %v", msgs[i].ID, err)
+		}
+		ids = append(ids, msgs[i].ID)
+	}
+	if err := h.stores.Mails.DeleteMany(ids); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("web: 删除邮件失败: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// Folder renders the generic mailbox page for any folder the IMAP layer
+// exposes (INBOX / Sent / Drafts / Trash / custom mailboxes).
+func (h *MailHandler) Folder(c *gin.Context) {
+	userID := c.GetUint("userID")
+	name, ok := h.svc.Canonical(userID, c.Param("name"))
+	if !ok {
+		c.String(http.StatusNotFound, i18n.T(langOf(c), "邮箱不存在"))
 		return
 	}
-
-// Inbox renders the inbox page showing all messages in the user's INBOX folder.
-func (h *MailHandler) Inbox(c *gin.Context) {
-	userID := c.GetUint("userID")
 	page := getPageParam(c, "page", 1)
 
-	messages, total, err := h.stores.Mails.ListByUserAndFolder(userID, "INBOX", page, 20)
+	messages, total, err := h.svc.Messages(userID, name, page, 20)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, "加载收件箱失败: %v", err)
+		c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, i18n.TF(langOf(c), "加载邮件列表失败: %v", err))
 		return
 	}
 
-	inboxUnread, draftsTotal, sentTotal := h.folderCounts(userID)
-
-	currentUser, _ := c.Get("currentUser")
-
 	totalPages := int(total) / 20
 	if int(total)%20 > 0 {
 		totalPages++
@@ -92,19 +143,19 @@ func (h *MailHandler) Inbox(c *gin.Context) {
 		totalPages = 0
 	}
 
-	c.HTML(200, "inbox", gin.H{
+	currentUser, _ := c.Get("currentUser")
+	c.HTML(200, "folder", withLang(c, gin.H{
 		"currentUser":  currentUser,
 		"messages":     messages,
 		"total":        total,
 		"page":         page,
 		"pageSize":     20,
 		"totalPages":   totalPages,
-		"folder":       "INBOX",
-		"activeFolder": "inbox",
-		"inboxUnread":  inboxUnread,
-		"draftsTotal":  draftsTotal,
-		"sentTotal":    sentTotal,
-	})
+		"folder":       name,
+		"activeFolder": name,
+		"isTrash":      name == "Trash",
+		"folders":      h.foldersFor(userID),
+	}))
 }
 
 // View renders the email detail page for a specific message.
@@ -112,19 +163,19 @@ func (h *MailHandler) View(c *gin.Context) {
 	userID := c.GetUint("userID")
 	id, err := strconv.ParseUint(c.Param("id"), 10, 64)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, "无效的邮件ID")
+		c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, i18n.T(langOf(c), "无效的邮件ID"))
 		return
 	}
 
 	msg, err := h.stores.Mails.GetByID(uint(id))
 	if err != nil {
-		c.String(http.StatusNotFound, "邮件不存在")
+		c.String(http.StatusNotFound, i18n.T(langOf(c), "邮件不存在"))
 		return
 	}
 
 	// Verify the message belongs to the current user
 	if msg.UserID != userID {
-		c.String(http.StatusForbidden, "禁止访问")
+		c.String(http.StatusForbidden, i18n.T(langOf(c), "禁止访问"))
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -140,17 +191,15 @@ func (h *MailHandler) View(c *gin.Context) {
 	}
 
 	currentUser, _ := c.Get("currentUser")
-	inboxUnread, draftsTotal, sentTotal := h.folderCounts(userID)
 
-	c.HTML(200, "view", gin.H{
+	c.HTML(200, "view", withLang(c, gin.H{
 		"currentUser":  currentUser,
 		"message":      msg,
 		"attachments":  attachments,
-		"activeFolder": resolveActiveFolder(msg.Folder),
-		"inboxUnread":  inboxUnread,
-		"draftsTotal":  draftsTotal,
-		"sentTotal":    sentTotal,
-	})
+		"activeFolder": msg.Folder,
+		"inTrash":      msg.Folder == "Trash",
+		"folders":      h.foldersFor(userID),
+	}))
 }
 
 // Compose renders the email composition page.
@@ -167,9 +216,7 @@ func (h *MailHandler) Compose(c *gin.Context) {
 		quotaBytes = user.QuotaBytes
 	}
 
-	inboxUnread, draftsTotal, sentTotal := h.folderCounts(userID)
-
-	c.HTML(200, "compose", gin.H{
+	c.HTML(200, "compose", withLang(c, gin.H{
 		"currentUser":  currentUser,
 		"activeFolder": "compose",
 		"error":        "",
@@ -178,9 +225,23 @@ func (h *MailHandler) Compose(c *gin.Context) {
 		"bodyContent":  "",
 		"usedBytes":    usedBytes,
 		"quotaBytes":   quotaBytes,
-		"inboxUnread":  inboxUnread,
-		"draftsTotal":  draftsTotal,
-		"sentTotal":    sentTotal,
+		"folders":      h.foldersFor(userID),
+	}))
+}
+
+// composeData builds the shared template context for the compose page.
+func (h *MailHandler) composeData(c *gin.Context, userID uint, user *db.User, errMsg, to, subject, cc, body string) gin.H {
+	return withLang(c, gin.H{
+		"currentUser":  user,
+		"activeFolder": "compose",
+		"error":        errMsg,
+		"to":           to,
+		"subject":      subject,
+		"cc":           cc,
+		"bodyContent":  body,
+		"usedBytes":    user.UsedBytes,
+		"quotaBytes":   user.QuotaBytes,
+		"folders":      h.foldersFor(userID),
 	})
 }
 
@@ -198,17 +259,7 @@ func (h *MailHandler) DoSend(c *gin.Context) {
 	cc := c.PostForm("cc")
 
 	if to == "" {
-		c.HTML(http.StatusBadRequest, "compose", gin.H{
-			"currentUser":  currentUser,
-			"activeFolder": "compose",
-			"error":        "请输入收件人",
-			"to":           to,
-			"subject":      subject,
-			"cc":           cc,
-			"bodyContent":  htmlBody,
-			"usedBytes":    currentUser.UsedBytes,
-			"quotaBytes":   currentUser.QuotaBytes,
-		})
+		c.HTML(http.StatusBadRequest, "compose", h.composeData(c, userID, currentUser, i18n.T(langOf(c), "请输入收件人"), to, subject, cc, htmlBody))
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -226,17 +277,7 @@ func (h *MailHandler) DoSend(c *gin.Context) {
 			}
 			reserved, err := h.stores.Users.TryReserveQuota(userID, totalNewSize)
 			if err != nil {
-				c.HTML(http.StatusInternalServerError, "compose", gin.H{
-					"currentUser":  currentUser,
-					"activeFolder": "compose",
-					"error":        "配额检查失败，请稍后重试",
-					"to":           to,
-					"subject":      subject,
-					"cc":           cc,
-					"bodyContent":  htmlBody,
-					"usedBytes":    currentUser.UsedBytes,
-					"quotaBytes":   currentUser.QuotaBytes,
-				})
+				c.HTML(http.StatusInternalServerError, "compose", h.composeData(c, userID, currentUser, i18n.T(langOf(c), "配额检查失败，请稍后重试"), to, subject, cc, htmlBody))
 				return
 			}
 			if !reserved {
@@ -245,17 +286,18 @@ func (h *MailHandler) DoSend(c *gin.Context) {
 				if user != nil {
 					usedBytes, quotaBytes = user.UsedBytes, user.QuotaBytes
 				}
-				c.HTML(http.StatusBadRequest, "compose", gin.H{
+				c.HTML(http.StatusBadRequest, "compose", withLang(c, gin.H{
 					"currentUser":  currentUser,
 					"activeFolder": "compose",
-					"error":        fmt.Sprintf("附件超出配额限制。已用 %s / 总配额 %s", formatBytes(usedBytes), formatBytes(quotaBytes)),
+					"error":        i18n.TF(langOf(c), "附件超出配额限制。已用 %s / 总配额 %s", formatBytes(usedBytes), formatBytes(quotaBytes)),
 					"to":           to,
 					"subject":      subject,
 					"cc":           cc,
 					"bodyContent":  htmlBody,
 					"usedBytes":    usedBytes,
 					"quotaBytes":   quotaBytes,
-				})
+					"folders":      h.foldersFor(userID),
+				}))
 				return
 			}
 
@@ -314,46 +356,16 @@ func (h *MailHandler) DoSend(c *gin.Context) {
 	if len(externalRecipients) > 0 {
 		ob := h.outbound
 		if ob == nil || !ob.Enabled() {
-			c.HTML(http.StatusBadRequest, "compose", gin.H{
-				"currentUser":  currentUser,
-				"activeFolder": "compose",
-				"error":        "外部投递未启用",
-				"to":           to,
-				"subject":      subject,
-				"cc":           cc,
-				"bodyContent":  htmlBody,
-				"usedBytes":    currentUser.UsedBytes,
-				"quotaBytes":   currentUser.QuotaBytes,
-			})
+			c.HTML(http.StatusBadRequest, "compose", h.composeData(c, userID, currentUser, i18n.T(langOf(c), "外部投递未启用"), to, subject, cc, htmlBody))
 			return
 		}
 		if maxRcpt := ob.MaxRecipients(); maxRcpt > 0 && len(externalRecipients) > maxRcpt {
-			c.HTML(http.StatusBadRequest, "compose", gin.H{
-				"currentUser":  currentUser,
-				"activeFolder": "compose",
-				"error":        fmt.Sprintf("外部收件人过多：最多 %d 个", maxRcpt),
-				"to":           to,
-				"subject":      subject,
-				"cc":           cc,
-				"bodyContent":  htmlBody,
-				"usedBytes":    currentUser.UsedBytes,
-				"quotaBytes":   currentUser.QuotaBytes,
-			})
+			c.HTML(http.StatusBadRequest, "compose", h.composeData(c, userID, currentUser, i18n.TF(langOf(c), "外部收件人过多：最多 %d 个", maxRcpt), to, subject, cc, htmlBody))
 			return
 		}
 		for _, rcpt := range externalRecipients {
 			if _, err := ob.Enqueue(currentUser, fromAddr, rcpt, []byte(rawMessage)); err != nil {
-				c.HTML(http.StatusBadRequest, "compose", gin.H{
-					"currentUser":  currentUser,
-					"activeFolder": "compose",
-					"error":        fmt.Sprintf("外发邮件入队失败 (%s): %v", rcpt, err),
-					"to":           to,
-					"subject":      subject,
-					"cc":           cc,
-					"bodyContent":  htmlBody,
-					"usedBytes":    currentUser.UsedBytes,
-					"quotaBytes":   currentUser.QuotaBytes,
-				})
+				c.HTML(http.StatusBadRequest, "compose", h.composeData(c, userID, currentUser, i18n.TF(langOf(c), "外发邮件入队失败 (%s): %v", rcpt, err), to, subject, cc, htmlBody))
 				return
 			}
 		}
@@ -375,17 +387,7 @@ func (h *MailHandler) DoSend(c *gin.Context) {
 			IsRead:    false,
 		}
 		if createErr := h.stores.Mails.Create(inboxMsg); createErr != nil {
-			c.HTML(http.StatusInternalServerError, "compose", gin.H{
-				"currentUser":  currentUser,
-				"activeFolder": "compose",
-				"error":        fmt.Sprintf("投递邮件失败: %v", createErr),
-				"to":           to,
-				"subject":      subject,
-				"cc":           cc,
-				"bodyContent":  htmlBody,
-				"usedBytes":    currentUser.UsedBytes,
-				"quotaBytes":   currentUser.QuotaBytes,
-			})
+			c.HTML(http.StatusInternalServerError, "compose", h.composeData(c, userID, currentUser, i18n.TF(langOf(c), "投递邮件失败: %v", createErr), to, subject, cc, htmlBody))
 			return
 		}
 		// 本地投递成功 → IMAP 新邮件推送（IDLE 客户端实时收到通知）
@@ -411,17 +413,7 @@ func (h *MailHandler) DoSend(c *gin.Context) {
 	}
 
 	if createErr := h.stores.Mails.Create(msg); createErr != nil {
-		c.HTML(http.StatusInternalServerError, "compose", gin.H{
-			"currentUser":  currentUser,
-			"activeFolder": "compose",
-			"error":        fmt.Sprintf("保存邮件失败: %v", createErr),
-			"to":           to,
-			"subject":      subject,
-			"cc":           cc,
-			"bodyContent":  htmlBody,
-			"usedBytes":    currentUser.UsedBytes,
-			"quotaBytes":   currentUser.QuotaBytes,
-		})
+		c.HTML(http.StatusInternalServerError, "compose", h.composeData(c, userID, currentUser, i18n.TF(langOf(c), "保存邮件失败: %v", createErr), to, subject, cc, htmlBody))
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -572,43 +564,6 @@ var mimeTypes = map[string]string{
 	".csv":  "text/csv",
 }
 
-// Sent renders the sent mail folder page.
-func (h *MailHandler) Sent(c *gin.Context) {
-	userID := c.GetUint("userID")
-	page := getPageParam(c, "page", 1)
-
-	messages, total, err := h.stores.Mails.ListByUserAndFolder(userID, "Sent", page, 20)
-	if err != nil {
-		c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, "加载发件箱失败: %v", err)
-		return
-	}
-
-	currentUser, _ := c.Get("currentUser")
-	inboxUnread, draftsTotal, sentTotal := h.folderCounts(userID)
-
-	totalPages := int(total) / 20
-	if int(total)%20 > 0 {
-		totalPages++
-	}
-	if totalPages < 1 {
-		totalPages = 0
-	}
-
-	c.HTML(200, "sent", gin.H{
-		"currentUser":  currentUser,
-		"messages":     messages,
-		"total":        total,
-		"page":         page,
-		"pageSize":     20,
-		"totalPages":   totalPages,
-		"folder":       "Sent",
-		"activeFolder": "sent",
-		"inboxUnread":  inboxUnread,
-		"draftsTotal":  draftsTotal,
-		"sentTotal":    sentTotal,
-	})
-}
-
 // safeRedirectPath 仅接受同站相对路径（以 / 开头且非 //），
 // 防止把用户重定向到外部站点（开放重定向）。非法值返回空串，
 // 调用方应回退到默认路径。
@@ -619,76 +574,155 @@ func safeRedirectPath(referer string) string {
 	return referer
 }
 
-// Delete removes a message by ID after verifying ownership.
+// Delete 删除邮件（IMAP 语义）：非 Trash 文件夹 → 移入 Trash；
+// 已在 Trash → 彻底删除。
 func (h *MailHandler) Delete(c *gin.Context) {
 	userID := c.GetUint("userID")
 	id, err := strconv.ParseUint(c.Param("id"), 10, 64)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, "无效的邮件ID")
+		c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, i18n.T(langOf(c), "无效的邮件ID"))
 		return
 	}
 
 	msg, err := h.stores.Mails.GetByID(uint(id))
 	if err != nil || msg.UserID != userID {
-		c.String(http.StatusForbidden, "禁止访问")
+		c.String(http.StatusForbidden, i18n.T(langOf(c), "禁止访问"))
 		return
 	}
+	userEmail := userEmailOf(c)
 
-	// Delete attachments on disk and in DB, and decrease UsedBytes
-	attachments, _ := h.stores.Attachments.ListByMessage(uint(id))
-	for _, att := range attachments {
-		_ = h.storage.Delete(att.FilePath)
-		_ = h.stores.Users.UpdateUsedBytes(userID, -att.FileSize)
-	}
-	if err := h.stores.Attachments.DeleteByMessage(uint(id)); err != nil {
-		log.Printf("web: 删除附件记录失败 msg=%d: %v", id, err)
-	}
-
-	// 删除前计算消息在所属文件夹中的序号（用于 Expunge 推送）
-	var seq uint32
-	if msgs, err := h.stores.Mails.ListAllByUserAndFolder(userID, msg.Folder); err == nil {
-		for i := range msgs {
-			if msgs[i].ID == uint(id) {
-				seq = uint32(i + 1)
-				break
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	if err := h.stores.Mails.Delete(uint(id)); err != nil {
-		log.Printf("web: 删除邮件失败 msg=%d: %v", id, err)
-	}
-
-	// 删除 → 推送给该用户的其他 IMAP 客户端
-	if h.pusher != nil && seq > 0 {
-		userEmail := ""
-		if cu, ok := c.Get("currentUser"); ok {
-			if u, ok := cu.(*db.User); ok {
-				userEmail = u.Username + "@" + u.Domain.Name
-			}
-		}
+	if msg.Folder == "Trash" {
+		// 垃圾箱中删除 = 彻底删除
+		seq := h.seqOfFolder(userID, msg.Folder, msg.ID)
+		h.purgeMessages(userID, []db.Message{*msg})
+		if h.pusher != nil && userEmail != "" {
 			h.pusher.PushExpunged(userEmail, msg.Folder, []uint32{seq})
 		}
+	} else {
+		// 其余文件夹删除 = 移入垃圾箱（与 IMAP MOVE 同源语义）
+		seq := h.seqOfFolder(userID, msg.Folder, msg.ID)
+		if err := h.svc.Move(userID, []uint{msg.ID}, "Trash"); err != nil {
+			log.Printf("web: 移入垃圾箱失败 msg=%d: %v", id, err)
+			c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, i18n.T(langOf(c), "删除失败"))
+			return
+		}
+		if h.pusher != nil && userEmail != "" {
+			h.pusher.PushExpunged(userEmail, msg.Folder, []uint32{seq})
+			h.pusher.PushNewMessage(userEmail, &db.Message{UserID: userID, Folder: "Trash"})
+		}
+	}
 
 	// Redirect back based on the folder（仅同站相对路径，防开放重定向）
 	referer := safeRedirectPath(c.GetHeader("Referer"))
 	if referer == "" {
-		referer = "/inbox"
+		referer = "/folder/" + msg.Folder
 	}
 	c.Redirect(http.StatusFound, referer)
 }
 
+// Restore 把垃圾箱中的邮件恢复到收件箱。
+func (h *MailHandler) Restore(c *gin.Context) {
+	userID := c.GetUint("userID")
+	id, err := strconv.ParseUint(c.Param("id"), 10, 64)
+	if err != nil {
+		c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, i18n.T(langOf(c), "无效的邮件ID"))
+		return
+	}
+
+	msg, err := h.stores.Mails.GetByID(uint(id))
+	if err != nil || msg.UserID != userID {
+		c.String(http.StatusForbidden, i18n.T(langOf(c), "禁止访问"))
+		return
+	}
+	if msg.Folder != "Trash" {
+		c.Redirect(http.StatusFound, "/folder/"+msg.Folder)
+		return
+	}
+
+	seq := h.seqOfFolder(userID, "Trash", msg.ID)
+	if err := h.svc.Move(userID, []uint{msg.ID}, "INBOX"); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("web: 恢复邮件失败 msg=%d: %v", id, err)
+		c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, i18n.T(langOf(c), "恢复失败"))
+		return
+	}
+	if h.pusher != nil {
+		if email := userEmailOf(c); email != "" {
+			h.pusher.PushExpunged(email, "Trash", []uint32{seq})
+			h.pusher.PushNewMessage(email, &db.Message{UserID: userID, Folder: "INBOX"})
+		}
+	}
+	c.Redirect(http.StatusFound, "/folder/Trash")
+}
+
+// Purge 彻底删除一封邮件（任意文件夹）。
+func (h *MailHandler) Purge(c *gin.Context) {
+	userID := c.GetUint("userID")
+	id, err := strconv.ParseUint(c.Param("id"), 10, 64)
+	if err != nil {
+		c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, i18n.T(langOf(c), "无效的邮件ID"))
+		return
+	}
+
+	msg, err := h.stores.Mails.GetByID(uint(id))
+	if err != nil || msg.UserID != userID {
+		c.String(http.StatusForbidden, i18n.T(langOf(c), "禁止访问"))
+		return
+	}
+
+	seq := h.seqOfFolder(userID, msg.Folder, msg.ID)
+	h.purgeMessages(userID, []db.Message{*msg})
+	if h.pusher != nil {
+		if email := userEmailOf(c); email != "" {
+			h.pusher.PushExpunged(email, msg.Folder, []uint32{seq})
+		}
+	}
+
+	referer := safeRedirectPath(c.GetHeader("Referer"))
+	if referer == "" {
+		referer = "/folder/" + msg.Folder
+	}
+	c.Redirect(http.StatusFound, referer)
+}
+
+// EmptyFolder 清空文件夹（永久删除其中全部邮件）。
+func (h *MailHandler) EmptyFolder(c *gin.Context) {
+	userID := c.GetUint("userID")
+	name, ok := h.svc.Canonical(userID, c.Param("name"))
+	if !ok {
+		c.String(http.StatusNotFound, i18n.T(langOf(c), "邮箱不存在"))
+		return
+	}
+
+	msgs, err := h.stores.Mails.ListAllByUserAndFolder(userID, name)
+	if err != nil {
+		c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, i18n.TF(langOf(c), "清空文件夹失败: %v", err))
+		return
+	}
+	seqs := make([]uint32, 0, len(msgs))
+	for i := range msgs {
+		seqs = append(seqs, uint32(i+1))
+	}
+	h.purgeMessages(userID, msgs)
+	if h.pusher != nil {
+		if email := userEmailOf(c); email != "" {
+			h.pusher.PushExpunged(email, name, seqs)
+		}
+	}
+	c.Redirect(http.StatusFound, "/folder/"+name)
+}
+
 // MarkRead marks a message as read.
 func (h *MailHandler) MarkRead(c *gin.Context) {
 	userID := c.GetUint("userID")
 	id, err := strconv.ParseUint(c.Param("id"), 10, 64)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, "无效的邮件ID")
+		c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, i18n.T(langOf(c), "无效的邮件ID"))
 		return
 	}
 
 	msg, err := h.stores.Mails.GetByID(uint(id))
 	if err != nil || msg.UserID != userID {
-		c.String(http.StatusForbidden, "禁止访问")
+		c.String(http.StatusForbidden, i18n.T(langOf(c), "禁止访问"))
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -709,7 +743,7 @@ func (h *MailHandler) MarkRead(c *gin.Context) {
 	// Redirect back based on the folder（仅同站相对路径，防开放重定向）
 	referer := safeRedirectPath(c.GetHeader("Referer"))
 	if referer == "" {
-		referer = "/inbox"
+		referer = "/folder/INBOX"
 	}
 	c.Redirect(http.StatusFound, referer)
 }
@@ -719,26 +753,26 @@ func (h *MailHandler) DownloadAttachment(c *gin.Context) {
 	userID := c.GetUint("userID")
 	id, err := strconv.ParseUint(c.Param("id"), 10, 64)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, "无效的附件ID")
+		c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, i18n.T(langOf(c), "无效的附件ID"))
 		return
 	}
 
 	att, err := h.stores.Attachments.GetByID(uint(id))
 	if err != nil {
-		c.String(http.StatusNotFound, "附件不存在")
+		c.String(http.StatusNotFound, i18n.T(langOf(c), "附件不存在"))
 		return
 	}
 
 	// Verify the message belongs to the current user
 	msg, err := h.stores.Mails.GetByID(att.MessageID)
 	if err != nil || msg.UserID != userID {
-		c.String(http.StatusForbidden, "禁止访问")
+		c.String(http.StatusForbidden, i18n.T(langOf(c), "禁止访问"))
 		return
 	}
 
 	data, err := h.storage.Read(att.FilePath)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, "读取附件失败")
+		c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, i18n.T(langOf(c), "读取附件失败"))
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -760,142 +794,80 @@ func getPageParam(c *gin.Context, key string, defaultVal int) int {
 	return page
 }
 
-// Drafts renders the drafts folder page.
-func (h *MailHandler) Drafts(c *gin.Context) {
-	userID := c.GetUint("userID")
-	page := getPageParam(c, "page", 1)
-
-	messages, total, err := h.stores.Mails.ListByUserAndFolder(userID, "Drafts", page, 20)
-	if err != nil {
-		c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, "加载草稿箱失败: %v", err)
-		return
-	}
-
-	currentUser, _ := c.Get("currentUser")
-	inboxUnread, draftsTotal, sentTotal := h.folderCounts(userID)
-
-	totalPages := int(total) / 20
-	if int(total)%20 > 0 {
-		totalPages++
-	}
-	if totalPages < 1 {
-		totalPages = 0
-	}
-
-	c.HTML(200, "drafts", gin.H{
-		"currentUser":  currentUser,
-		"messages":     messages,
-		"total":        total,
-		"page":         page,
-		"pageSize":     20,
-		"totalPages":   totalPages,
-		"folder":       "Drafts",
-		"activeFolder": "drafts",
-		"inboxUnread":  inboxUnread,
-		"draftsTotal":  draftsTotal,
-		"sentTotal":    sentTotal,
-	})
-}
-
 // Settings renders the user settings page.
 func (h *MailHandler) Settings(c *gin.Context) {
 	currentUser, _ := c.Get("currentUser")
 	userID := c.GetUint("userID")
-	inboxUnread, draftsTotal, sentTotal := h.folderCounts(userID)
-	c.HTML(200, "settings", gin.H{
+	c.HTML(200, "settings", withLang(c, gin.H{
 		"currentUser":  currentUser,
 		"activeFolder": "settings",
 		"error":        "",
 		"success":      "",
 		"mustChange":   c.Query("force") == "1",
-		"inboxUnread":  inboxUnread,
-		"draftsTotal":  draftsTotal,
-		"sentTotal":    sentTotal,
+		"folders":      h.foldersFor(userID),
+	}))
+}
+
+// settingsData builds the shared template context for the settings page.
+func (h *MailHandler) settingsData(c *gin.Context, userID uint, user *db.User, errMsg, success string) gin.H {
+	return withLang(c, gin.H{
+		"currentUser":  user,
+		"activeFolder": "settings",
+		"error":        errMsg,
+		"success":      success,
+		"folders":      h.foldersFor(userID),
 	})
 }
 
-// UpdateSettings handles the password change form.
+// UpdateSettings 处理设置页表单：密码修改（old_password + new_password +
+// confirm_password）与界面语言偏好（仅 language 字段）二选一提交。
 func (h *MailHandler) UpdateSettings(c *gin.Context) {
 	userID := c.GetUint("userID")
 	currentUserVal, _ := c.Get("currentUser")
 	currentUser := currentUserVal.(*db.User)
 
+	// 仅提交 language 字段 → 语言偏好更新（设置页独立表单）
+	if lang := c.PostForm("language"); lang != "" && c.PostForm("old_password") == "" {
+		if err := h.stores.Users.UpdateLanguage(userID, lang); err != nil {
+			c.HTML(http.StatusInternalServerError, "settings", h.settingsData(c, userID, currentUser, i18n.T(langOf(c), "语言偏好保存失败"), ""))
+			return
+		}
+		c.HTML(http.StatusOK, "settings", h.settingsData(c, userID, currentUser, "", i18n.T(langOf(c), "语言偏好已保存")))
+		return
+	}
+
 	oldPassword := c.PostForm("old_password")
 	newPassword := c.PostForm("new_password")
 	confirmPassword := c.PostForm("confirm_password")
 
 	// Verify old password
 	if err := bcrypt.CompareHashAndPassword([]byte(currentUser.PasswordHash), []byte(oldPassword)); err != nil {
-		c.HTML(http.StatusBadRequest, "settings", gin.H{
-			"currentUser":  currentUser,
-			"activeFolder": "settings",
-			"error":        "当前密码不正确",
-			"success":      "",
-		})
+		c.HTML(http.StatusBadRequest, "settings", h.settingsData(c, userID, currentUser, i18n.T(langOf(c), "当前密码不正确"), ""))
 		return
 	}
 
 	if newPassword == "" {
-		c.HTML(http.StatusBadRequest, "settings", gin.H{
-			"currentUser":  currentUser,
-			"activeFolder": "settings",
-			"error":        "新密码不能为空",
-			"success":      "",
-		})
+		c.HTML(http.StatusBadRequest, "settings", h.settingsData(c, userID, currentUser, i18n.T(langOf(c), "新密码不能为空"), ""))
 		return
 	}
 
 	if newPassword != confirmPassword {
-		c.HTML(http.StatusBadRequest, "settings", gin.H{
-			"currentUser":  currentUser,
-			"activeFolder": "settings",
-			"error":        "两次输入的密码不一致",
-			"success":      "",
-		})
+		c.HTML(http.StatusBadRequest, "settings", h.settingsData(c, userID, currentUser, i18n.T(langOf(c), "两次输入的密码不一致"), ""))
 		return
 	}
 
 	hashedPassword, err := bcrypt.GenerateFromPassword([]byte(newPassword), bcrypt.DefaultCost)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.HTML(http.StatusInternalServerError, "settings", gin.H{
-			"currentUser":  currentUser,
-			"activeFolder": "settings",
-			"error":        "密码加密失败",
-			"success":      "",
-		})
+		c.HTML(http.StatusInternalServerError, "settings", h.settingsData(c, userID, currentUser, i18n.T(langOf(c), "密码加密失败"), ""))
 		return
 	}
 
 	if err := h.stores.Users.UpdatePassword(userID, string(hashedPassword)); err != nil {
-		c.HTML(http.StatusInternalServerError, "settings", gin.H{
-			"currentUser":  currentUser,
-			"activeFolder": "settings",
-			"error":        "密码更新失败",
-			"success":      "",
-		})
+		c.HTML(http.StatusInternalServerError, "settings", h.settingsData(c, userID, currentUser, i18n.T(langOf(c), "密码更新失败"), ""))
 		return
 	}
 
-	c.HTML(http.StatusOK, "settings", gin.H{
-		"currentUser":  currentUser,
-		"activeFolder": "settings",
-		"error":        "",
-		"success":      "密码修改成功",
-	})
-}
-
-// resolveActiveFolder maps a folder name to a sidebar active state key.
-func resolveActiveFolder(folder string) string {
-	switch folder {
-	case "INBOX":
-		return "inbox"
-	case "Sent":
-		return "sent"
-	case "Drafts":
-		return "drafts"
-	default:
-		return folder
-	}
+	c.HTML(http.StatusOK, "settings", h.settingsData(c, userID, currentUser, "", i18n.T(langOf(c), "密码修改成功")))
 }
 
 // formatBytes converts a file size in bytes to a human-readable string.

internal/web/handlers/mail_delete_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+package handlers
+
+// Web 删除语义回归测试：删除=移入垃圾箱（IMAP 语义）、垃圾箱中删除=彻底
+// 删除、恢复=回到收件箱、清空=永久删除。文件夹操作全部经由 MailboxService
+// （与 IMAP 会话共用同一份实现）。
+
+import (
+	"html/template"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"mail_go/internal/db"
+	"mail_go/internal/imap_server"
+	"mail_go/internal/store"
+
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+	"gorm.io/driver/sqlite"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+)
+
+func newMailTestHandler(t *testing.T) (*MailHandler, *store.Stores) {
+	t.Helper()
+	gdb, err := gorm.Open(sqlite.Open(filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "test.db")), &gorm.Config{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if err := gdb.AutoMigrate(&db.User{}, &db.Domain{}, &db.Message{}, &db.Attachment{}, &db.Mailbox{}, &db.MailboxState{}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	stores := store.NewStores(gdb)
+	if err := stores.Users.Create(&db.User{ID: 1, Username: "alice", Domain: db.Domain{Name: "example.com"}, DomainID: 1}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	return NewMailHandler(stores, nil, nil, imap_server.NewMailboxService(stores), nil), stores
+}
+
+// newMailTestRouter 注册删除/恢复/清空路由并注入认证上下文。
+func newMailTestRouter(h *MailHandler) *gin.Engine {
+	gin.SetMode(gin.TestMode)
+	r := gin.New()
+	// Folder 页渲染需要模板（与 oauth2 测试共用同一份测试函数表）
+	tmpl := template.Must(template.New("").Funcs(testTemplateFuncs()).ParseGlob(filepath.Join("..", "templates", "*.html")))
+	r.SetHTMLTemplate(tmpl)
+	r.Use(func(c *gin.Context) {
+		c.Set("userID", uint(1))
+		c.Set("currentUser", &db.User{ID: 1, Username: "alice", Domain: db.Domain{Name: "example.com"}})
+		c.Next()
+	})
+	r.POST("/mail/delete/:id", h.Delete)
+	r.POST("/mail/restore/:id", h.Restore)
+	r.POST("/mail/purge/:id", h.Purge)
+	r.POST("/folder/:name/empty", h.EmptyFolder)
+	r.GET("/folder/:name", h.Folder)
+	return r
+}
+
+func seedWebMsg(t *testing.T, stores *store.Stores, folder string) *db.Message {
+	t.Helper()
+	msg := &db.Message{
+		UserID:   1,
+		Folder:   folder,
+		FromAddr: "sender@other.com",
+		ToAddr:   "alice@example.com",
+		Subject:  "测试邮件",
+		Date:     time.Now(),
+	}
+	if err := stores.Mails.Create(msg); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	return msg
+}
+
+func msgFolder(t *testing.T, stores *store.Stores, id uint) (string, bool) {
+	t.Helper()
+	msg, err := stores.Mails.GetByID(id)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", false
+	}
+	return msg.Folder, true
+}
+
+func TestWebDeleteMovesToTrash(t *testing.T) {
+	h, stores := newMailTestHandler(t)
+	msg := seedWebMsg(t, stores, "INBOX")
+	r := newMailTestRouter(h)
+
+	// 收件箱删除 → 移入垃圾箱（非物理删除）
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/mail/delete/"+itoa(msg.ID), nil)
+	req.Header.Set("Referer", "/folder/INBOX")
+	r.ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	if w.Code != http.StatusFound {
+		t.Fatalf("delete status = %d, want 302", w.Code)
+	}
+	folder, ok := msgFolder(t, stores, msg.ID)
+	if !ok || folder != "Trash" {
+		t.Fatalf("deleted msg folder = %q, want Trash", folder)
+	}
+
+	// 垃圾箱中再删除 → 彻底删除
+	w2 := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	req2 := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/mail/delete/"+itoa(msg.ID), nil)
+	req2.Header.Set("Referer", "/folder/Trash")
+	r.ServeHTTP(w2, req2)
+	if _, ok := msgFolder(t, stores, msg.ID); ok {
+		t.Fatal("trash delete should purge the message")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWebRestoreToInbox(t *testing.T) {
+	h, stores := newMailTestHandler(t)
+	msg := seedWebMsg(t, stores, "Trash")
+	r := newMailTestRouter(h)
+
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/mail/restore/"+itoa(msg.ID), nil)
+	r.ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	if w.Code != http.StatusFound {
+		t.Fatalf("restore status = %d, want 302", w.Code)
+	}
+	folder, ok := msgFolder(t, stores, msg.ID)
+	if !ok || folder != "INBOX" {
+		t.Fatalf("restored msg folder = %q, want INBOX", folder)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWebEmptyFolderPurgesAll(t *testing.T) {
+	h, stores := newMailTestHandler(t)
+	seedWebMsg(t, stores, "Trash")
+	seedWebMsg(t, stores, "Trash")
+	r := newMailTestRouter(h)
+
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/folder/Trash/empty", nil)
+	r.ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	if w.Code != http.StatusFound {
+		t.Fatalf("empty status = %d, want 302", w.Code)
+	}
+	count, err := stores.Mails.CountByUserAndFolder(1, "Trash")
+	if err != nil || count != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("Trash count after empty = %d, want 0", count)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWebFolderPageListsDynamicFolders(t *testing.T) {
+	h, stores := newMailTestHandler(t)
+	seedWebMsg(t, stores, "INBOX")
+	r := newMailTestRouter(h)
+
+	// IMAP CREATE 语义创建的自定义文件夹（经同一 MailboxService）
+	svc := imap_server.NewMailboxService(stores)
+	if err := svc.Create(1, "工作"); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("create custom mailbox: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/folder/工作", nil)
+	r.ServeHTTP(w, req)
+	if w.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("custom folder page status = %d, want 200", w.Code)
+	}
+
+	// 不存在的文件夹 → 404
+	w2 := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	req2 := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/folder/不存在", nil)
+	r.ServeHTTP(w2, req2)
+	if w2.Code != http.StatusNotFound {
+		t.Fatalf("missing folder status = %d, want 404", w2.Code)
+	}
+}
+
+func itoa(n uint) string {
+	if n == 0 {
+		return "0"
+	}
+	var b []byte
+	for n > 0 {
+		b = append([]byte{byte('0' + n%10)}, b...)
+		n /= 10
+	}
+	return string(b)
+}

internal/web/handlers/oauth2_state_test.go

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ package handlers
 
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
 	"html/template"
 	"math"
 	"net/http"
@@ -31,7 +32,13 @@ func testTemplateFuncs() template.FuncMap {
 		"div":     func(a, b int) int { return a / b },
 		"mod":     func(a, b int) int { return a % b },
 		"ceilDiv": func(a, b int) int { return int(math.Ceil(float64(a) / float64(b))) },
-		"seq":        func(n int) []int { r := make([]int, n); for i := range r { r[i] = i + 1 }; return r },
+		"seq": func(n int) []int {
+			r := make([]int, n)
+			for i := range r {
+				r[i] = i + 1
+			}
+			return r
+		},
 		"domainName": func(domainID uint, domains []interface{}) string { return "Domain #1" },
 		"jsonify": func(v interface{}) template.JS {
 			b, _ := json.Marshal(v)
@@ -45,8 +52,16 @@ func testTemplateFuncs() template.FuncMap {
 		"mailEmail":    func(s string) string { return s },
 		"initial":      func(s string) string { return "?" },
 		"truncate":     func(s string, n int) string { return s },
-		"shortDate":    func(t time.Time) string { return t.Format("2006-01-02") },
+		"t":            func(lang, key string) string { return key },
+		"tf":           func(lang, key string, args ...interface{}) string { return fmt.Sprintf(key, args...) },
+		"htmlLang":     func(lang string) string { return "zh-CN" },
+		"shortDate":    func(lang string, t time.Time) string { return t.Format("2006-01-02") },
+		"localTime":    func(t time.Time) time.Time { return t },
+		"time12":       func(lang string, t time.Time) string { return t.Format("2006-01-02 15:04:05") },
+		"time12m":      func(lang string, t time.Time) string { return t.Format("2006-01-02 15:04") },
 		"avatarStyle":  func(s string) string { return "background:#eee;color:#333" },
+		"urlPath":      func(s string) string { return url.PathEscape(s) },
+		"folderLabel":  func(lang, s string) string { return s },
 	}
 }
 

internal/web/middleware/admin.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"net/http"
 
 	"mail_go/internal/db"
+	"mail_go/internal/i18n"
 
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
 )
@@ -12,16 +13,22 @@ import (
 // Must be used after AuthMiddleware so that "currentUser" is available.
 func AdminMiddleware() gin.HandlerFunc {
 	return func(c *gin.Context) {
+		lang := i18n.FromAcceptLanguage(c.GetHeader("Accept-Language"))
+		if v, ok := c.Get("lang"); ok {
+			if s, ok := v.(string); ok && i18n.Supported(s) {
+				lang = s
+			}
+		}
 		userVal, exists := c.Get("currentUser")
 		if !exists {
-			c.String(http.StatusForbidden, "禁止访问")
+			c.String(http.StatusForbidden, i18n.T(lang, "禁止访问"))
 			c.Abort()
 			return
 		}
 
 		user, ok := userVal.(*db.User)
 		if !ok || !user.IsAdmin {
-			c.String(http.StatusForbidden, "禁止访问：需要管理员权限")
+			c.String(http.StatusForbidden, i18n.T(lang, "禁止访问：需要管理员权限"))
 			c.Abort()
 			return
 		}

internal/web/middleware/auth.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package middleware
 import (
 	"time"
 
+	"mail_go/internal/i18n"
 	"mail_go/internal/store"
 
 	"github.com/gin-contrib/sessions"
@@ -100,6 +101,10 @@ func AuthMiddleware(stores *store.Stores) gin.HandlerFunc {
 			return
 		}
 
+		// 解析界面语言：用户偏好 auto 时按浏览器 Accept-Language 选择，
+		// 最终兜底英语。模板数据与错误提示统一使用该值。
+		c.Set("lang", i18n.Resolve(user.Language, c.GetHeader("Accept-Language")))
+
 		c.Set("currentUser", user)
 		c.Set("userID", id)
 		c.Next()

internal/web/middleware/ban.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package middleware
 import (
 	"net/http"
 
+	"mail_go/internal/i18n"
 	"mail_go/internal/store"
 
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
@@ -15,8 +16,12 @@ func BanMiddleware(stores *store.Stores) gin.HandlerFunc {
 		ip := c.ClientIP()
 		banned, entry := stores.Bans.IsBanned(ip)
 		if banned {
+			// 封禁页无登录用户，按浏览器语言渲染
+			lang := i18n.FromAcceptLanguage(c.GetHeader("Accept-Language"))
+			c.Set("lang", lang)
 			c.HTML(http.StatusForbidden, "banned", gin.H{
 				"entry": entry,
+				"Lang":  lang,
 			})
 			c.Abort()
 			return

internal/web/render_test.go

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"mail_go/internal/db"
+	"mail_go/internal/imap_server"
 )
 
 func TestRenderAllPages(t *testing.T) {
@@ -46,29 +47,36 @@ func TestRenderAllPages(t *testing.T) {
 		{ID: 2, FileName: "logo.png", FileSize: 128 * 1024},
 	}
 
+	folders := []imap_server.FolderInfo{
+		{Name: "INBOX", SpecialUse: "", Unseen: 2},
+		{Name: "Sent", SpecialUse: "Sent", Total: 3},
+		{Name: "Drafts", SpecialUse: "Drafts", Total: 1},
+		{Name: "Trash", SpecialUse: "Trash", Total: 5},
+		{Name: "工作", SpecialUse: "", Total: 4},
+	}
+
 	cases := []struct {
 		name string
 		data ginH
 	}{
-		{"login", ginH{"error": ""}},
-		{"banned", ginH{"entry": &db.BanEntry{IPAddress: "1.2.3.4", Reason: "登录失败次数过多", FailCount: 8, ExpiresAt: now.Add(20 * time.Minute)}}},
-		{"inbox", ginH{"currentUser": user, "messages": messages, "total": 5, "page": 1, "totalPages": 1, "activeFolder": "inbox", "inboxUnread": int64(2), "draftsTotal": int64(1), "sentTotal": int64(3)}},
-		{"drafts", ginH{"currentUser": user, "messages": messages, "total": 1, "page": 1, "totalPages": 1, "activeFolder": "drafts", "inboxUnread": int64(2), "draftsTotal": int64(1), "sentTotal": int64(3)}},
-		{"sent", ginH{"currentUser": user, "messages": messages, "total": 3, "page": 1, "totalPages": 1, "activeFolder": "sent", "inboxUnread": int64(2), "draftsTotal": int64(1), "sentTotal": int64(3)}},
-		{"view", ginH{
-			"currentUser": user, "activeFolder": "inbox",
+		{"login", ginH{"Lang": "zh", "error": ""}},
+		{"banned", ginH{"Lang": "zh", "entry": &db.BanEntry{IPAddress: "1.2.3.4", Reason: "登录失败次数过多", FailCount: 8, ExpiresAt: now.Add(20 * time.Minute)}}},
+		{"folder", ginH{"Lang": "zh", "currentUser": user, "messages": messages, "total": 5, "page": 1, "totalPages": 1, "folder": "INBOX", "activeFolder": "INBOX", "isTrash": false, "folders": folders}},
+		{"folder", ginH{"Lang": "zh", "currentUser": user, "messages": messages, "total": 2, "page": 1, "totalPages": 1, "folder": "Trash", "activeFolder": "Trash", "isTrash": true, "folders": folders}},
+		{"view", ginH{"Lang": "zh",
+			"currentUser": user, "activeFolder": "INBOX",
 			"message":     &db.Message{ID: 1, Folder: "INBOX", FromAddr: "=?UTF-8?B?5byg5LiJ?= <zhangsan@lmve.net>", ToAddr: "admin@lmve.net", Subject: "邮件系统部署完成通知", TextBody: "您好！您的 MailGo 邮件系统已成功部署。", HtmlBody: "", Date: now, IsRead: false},
-			"attachments": attachments, "inboxUnread": int64(2), "draftsTotal": int64(1), "sentTotal": int64(3),
+			"attachments": attachments, "inTrash": false, "folders": folders,
 		}},
-		{"compose", ginH{
+		{"compose", ginH{"Lang": "zh",
 			"currentUser": user, "activeFolder": "compose", "error": "",
 			"to": "zhangsan@lmve.net", "subject": "Re: 邮件系统部署完成通知", "bodyContent": "",
 			"usedBytes": int64(5 * 1024 * 1024), "quotaBytes": int64(5 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024),
-			"inboxUnread": int64(2), "draftsTotal": int64(1), "sentTotal": int64(3),
+			"folders": folders,
 		}},
-		{"settings", ginH{"currentUser": user, "activeFolder": "settings", "error": "", "success": "", "inboxUnread": int64(2), "draftsTotal": int64(1), "sentTotal": int64(3)}},
-		{"admin_dashboard", ginH{"currentUser": user, "activeFolder": "admin", "domainCount": 2, "userCount": 5, "totalMails": 100, "banCount": 1, "inboxCount": 50, "sentCount": 30, "draftsCount": 10, "trashCount": 5, "inboxSize": int64(1024), "sentSize": int64(512), "totalSize": int64(2048), "todayReceived": 3, "todaySent": 2, "weekReceived": 20, "weekSent": 15}},
-		{"admin_bans", ginH{
+		{"settings", ginH{"Lang": "zh", "currentUser": user, "activeFolder": "settings", "error": "", "success": "", "folders": folders}},
+		{"admin_dashboard", ginH{"Lang": "zh", "currentUser": user, "activeFolder": "admin", "domainCount": 2, "userCount": 5, "totalMails": 100, "banCount": 1, "inboxCount": 50, "sentCount": 30, "draftsCount": 10, "trashCount": 5, "inboxSize": int64(1024), "sentSize": int64(512), "totalSize": int64(2048), "todayReceived": 3, "todaySent": 2, "weekReceived": 20, "weekSent": 15}},
+		{"admin_bans", ginH{"Lang": "zh",
 			"currentUser": user, "activeFolder": "bans",
 			"rows": []struct {
 				db.BanEntry
@@ -80,7 +88,7 @@ func TestRenderAllPages(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 			"total": 3, "page": 1, "pageSize": 20, "totalPages": 1,
 		}},
-		{"admin_protocol_logs", ginH{
+		{"admin_protocol_logs", ginH{"Lang": "zh",
 			"currentUser": user, "activeFolder": "protocol-logs",
 			"logs": []db.ProtocolLog{
 				{ID: 1, Protocol: db.ProtocolSMTP, Port: 25, ClientIP: "203.0.113.7", Username: "", Success: true, FailReason: "", Detail: "MAIL FROM:<spam@evil.example> RCPT×1 本地投递1", MsgCount: 1, DurationMs: 1234, CreatedAt: now},
@@ -101,7 +109,7 @@ func TestRenderAllPages(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 			"keepDays": 30,
 		}},
-		{"admin_connections", ginH{
+		{"admin_connections", ginH{"Lang": "zh",
 			"currentUser": user, "activeFolder": "connections",
 			"conns": []struct {
 				ID         uint64

internal/web/server.go

@@ -4,18 +4,21 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"html/template"
+	"io/fs"
 	"math"
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
+	"net/url"
 	"os"
-	"strconv"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 	"unicode/utf8"
 
 	"mail_go/config"
 	"mail_go/internal/connhub"
+	"mail_go/internal/i18n"
 	"mail_go/internal/imap_server"
 	"mail_go/internal/mailutil"
 	"mail_go/internal/outbound"
@@ -55,6 +58,8 @@ type WebServer struct {
 	caddyDataDir string
 	outbound     *outbound.Manager
 	hub          *connhub.Hub
+	// staticFS 内嵌的静态资源（/static 路由），二进制自包含
+	staticFS http.FileSystem
 	// pusher 邮件状态变化推送（IMAP 客户端实时同步），可空
 	pusher imap_server.Pusher
 }
@@ -80,6 +85,21 @@ func templateFuncs() template.FuncMap {
 		"domainName": func(domainID uint, domains []interface{}) string {
 			return fmt.Sprintf("Domain #%d", domainID)
 		},
+		// t / tf 多语言翻译（见 internal/i18n）：t 返回译文，
+		// tf 对译文做 fmt.Sprintf（带占位符的消息）。
+		"t":  i18n.T,
+		"tf": i18n.TF,
+		// htmlLang 返回 <html lang="..."> 属性值（zh → zh-CN）。
+		"htmlLang": func(lang string) string {
+			switch i18n.Normalize(lang) {
+			case i18n.LangZh:
+				return "zh-CN"
+			case i18n.LangJa:
+				return "ja"
+			default:
+				return "en"
+			}
+		},
 		// jsonify 把任意值序列化为安全的 JS 字面量（JSON 字符串），
 		// 用于在 <script> 上下文中注入数据。encoding/json 默认转义
 		// < > &（\u003c 等），无法逃出 </script>，杜绝 script 注入。
@@ -104,12 +124,41 @@ func templateFuncs() template.FuncMap {
 		"initial": initial,
 		// truncate 折叠空白并截断到 n 个字符（用于列表摘要）。
 		"truncate": truncate,
-		// shortDate 按 QQ 邮箱习惯格式化：今天显示 HH:mm，今年显示 MM-DD，更早显示 YYYY-MM-DD。
+		// shortDate 邮件列表时间：按界面语言输出 12 小时制。
+		// 今天显示「下午 2:35」，今年显示「08-20 下午 2:35」，
+		// 更早显示「2026-08-20 下午 2:35」。
 		"shortDate": shortDate,
+		// time12 完整时间（含秒），先转换为 Web 时区。
+		"time12": time12,
+		// time12m 同上但不含秒。
+		"time12m": time12m,
 		// localTime 把存储的 UTC 时间转换为 Web 配置时区（默认 Asia/Shanghai）。
 		"localTime": localTime,
 		// avatarStyle 根据字符串哈希生成头像背景/前景色。
 		"avatarStyle": avatarStyle,
+		// urlPath 转义文件夹名用于 URL 路径（自定义文件夹可能含中文/空格）。
+		"urlPath": url.PathEscape,
+		// folderLabel 返回文件夹的界面显示名（系统文件夹按语言翻译，自定义原名）。
+		"folderLabel": func(lang, name string) string {
+			return folderLabel(lang, name)
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+// folderLabel 返回文件夹的界面显示名：系统文件夹按界面语言翻译，
+// 自定义文件夹原样返回。
+func folderLabel(lang, name string) string {
+	switch name {
+	case "INBOX":
+		return i18n.T(lang, "收件箱")
+	case "Sent":
+		return i18n.T(lang, "已发送")
+	case "Drafts":
+		return i18n.T(lang, "草稿箱")
+	case "Trash":
+		return i18n.T(lang, "已删除")
+	default:
+		return name
 	}
 }
 
@@ -158,19 +207,50 @@ func truncate(s string, n int) string {
 	return string(r[:n]) + "…"
 }
 
-// shortDate formats a time like QQ Mail does: today -> HH:mm,
-// this year -> MM-DD, otherwise -> YYYY-MM-DD.
-// 时间先按 Web 配置时区转换（库内为 UTC），"今天"判断也使用该时区。
-func shortDate(t time.Time) string {
+// periodOf 返回 12 小时制的时间段与小时：按界面语言输出
+// 上午/下午（zh）、AM/PM（en）、午前/午後（ja），小时 1-12。
+func periodOf(lang string, t time.Time) (string, int) {
+	period := i18n.T(lang, "上午")
+	if t.Hour() >= 12 {
+		period = i18n.T(lang, "下午")
+	}
+	h := t.Hour() % 12
+	if h == 0 {
+		h = 12
+	}
+	return period, h
+}
+
+// shortDate 邮件列表时间（12 小时制，先按 Web 配置时区转换）：
+// 今天 → 「下午 2:35」；今年 → 「08-20 下午 2:35」；
+// 更早 → 「2026-08-20 下午 2:35」。
+func shortDate(lang string, t time.Time) string {
 	t = inWebTZ(t)
 	now := time.Now().In(t.Location())
+	period, h := periodOf(lang, t)
+	clock := fmt.Sprintf("%s %d:%02d", period, h, t.Minute())
 	if t.Year() == now.Year() && t.YearDay() == now.YearDay() {
-		return t.Format("15:04")
+		return clock
 	}
 	if t.Year() == now.Year() {
-		return t.Format("01-02")
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%s %s", t.Format("01-02"), clock)
 	}
-	return t.Format("2006-01-02")
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s %s", t.Format("2006-01-02"), clock)
+}
+
+// time12 完整时间（12 小时制，先按 Web 配置时区转换）：
+// 「2026-08-20 下午 2:35:05」。
+func time12(lang string, t time.Time) string {
+	t = inWebTZ(t)
+	period, h := periodOf(lang, t)
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s %s %d:%02d:%02d", t.Format("2006-01-02"), period, h, t.Minute(), t.Second())
+}
+
+// time12m 完整时间（12 小时制，不含秒）。
+func time12m(lang string, t time.Time) string {
+	t = inWebTZ(t)
+	period, h := periodOf(lang, t)
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s %s %d:%02d", t.Format("2006-01-02"), period, h, t.Minute())
 }
 
 // webTZ 是 Web 界面显示时间使用的时区（默认 Asia/Shanghai）。
@@ -273,6 +353,12 @@ func NewWebServer(cfg config.WebConfig, stores *store.Stores, attStorage *storag
 	template.Must(tmpl.ParseGlob("internal/web/templates/admin/*.html"))
 	engine.SetHTMLTemplate(tmpl)
 
+	// 内嵌静态资源根目录（/static 路由数据源）
+	staticSub, err := fs.Sub(staticFS, "static")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("加载内嵌静态资源失败: %w", err)
+	}
+
 	ws := &WebServer{
 		engine:       engine,
 		stores:       stores,
@@ -284,6 +370,7 @@ func NewWebServer(cfg config.WebConfig, stores *store.Stores, attStorage *storag
 		caddyDataDir: caddyCfg.DataDir,
 		outbound:     ob,
 		hub:          hub,
+		staticFS:     http.FS(staticSub),
 		pusher:       pusher,
 	}
 
@@ -294,14 +381,19 @@ func NewWebServer(cfg config.WebConfig, stores *store.Stores, attStorage *storag
 // registerRoutes sets up all HTTP routes with their handlers and middleware.
 func (ws *WebServer) registerRoutes() {
 	authHandler := handlers.NewAuthHandler(ws.stores, ws.authCfg, ws.banCfg)
-	mailHandler := handlers.NewMailHandler(ws.stores, ws.storage, ws.outbound, ws.pusher)
-	adminHandler := handlers.NewAdminHandler(ws.stores, ws.storage, filepath.Join(ws.storageCfg.BaseDir, "tls", "domains"), ws.caddyDataDir, ws.outbound, ws.cfg.ProtocolLogKeepDays, ws.hub)
+	mailHandler := handlers.NewMailHandler(ws.stores, ws.storage, ws.outbound, imap_server.NewMailboxService(ws.stores), ws.pusher)
+	adminHandler := handlers.NewAdminHandler(ws.stores, ws.storage, filepath.Join(ws.storageCfg.BaseDir, "tls", "domains"), ws.caddyDataDir, ws.outbound, ws.cfg.ProtocolLogKeepDays, ws.hub, webTZ)
 
 	// Apply BanMiddleware globally before public routes
 	ws.engine.Use(middleware.BanMiddleware(ws.stores))
 	// Security headers on every response
 	ws.engine.Use(middleware.SecurityHeaders())
 
+	// 静态资源（本地化的 Quill 编辑器等第三方前端库）。
+	// 内嵌于二进制：同源加载以满足 CSP script-src/style-src 'self'，
+	// 且不依赖部署目录（install.sh 只复制二进制 + templates）。
+	ws.engine.StaticFS("/static", ws.staticFS)
+
 	// Public routes (no auth required)
 	ws.engine.GET("/login", authHandler.ShowLogin)
 	ws.engine.POST("/login", authHandler.DoLogin)
@@ -318,20 +410,27 @@ func (ws *WebServer) registerRoutes() {
 			c.Redirect(302, "/inbox")
 		})
 
-		// Mail routes
-		auth.GET("/inbox", mailHandler.Inbox)
-		auth.GET("/inbox/:id", mailHandler.View)
+		// Mail routes：通用文件夹页（文件夹目录与 IMAP LIST 同源）
+		auth.GET("/folder/:name", mailHandler.Folder)
+		auth.GET("/folder/:name/:id", mailHandler.View)
+		auth.POST("/folder/:name/empty", mailHandler.EmptyFolder)
 		auth.GET("/compose", mailHandler.Compose)
 		auth.POST("/compose", mailHandler.DoSend)
-		auth.GET("/drafts", mailHandler.Drafts)
-		auth.GET("/drafts/:id", mailHandler.View)
-		auth.GET("/sent", mailHandler.Sent)
-		auth.GET("/sent/:id", mailHandler.View)
 		auth.GET("/settings", mailHandler.Settings)
 		auth.POST("/settings", mailHandler.UpdateSettings)
 		auth.POST("/mail/delete/:id", mailHandler.Delete)
+		auth.POST("/mail/restore/:id", mailHandler.Restore)
+		auth.POST("/mail/purge/:id", mailHandler.Purge)
 		auth.POST("/mail/read/:id", mailHandler.MarkRead)
 		auth.GET("/attachment/:id", mailHandler.DownloadAttachment)
+
+		// 旧路径兼容重定向（登录跳转、书签、外部链接仍指向 /inbox 等）
+		auth.GET("/inbox", func(c *gin.Context) { c.Redirect(http.StatusFound, "/folder/INBOX") })
+		auth.GET("/inbox/:id", func(c *gin.Context) { c.Redirect(http.StatusFound, "/folder/INBOX/"+c.Param("id")) })
+		auth.GET("/sent", func(c *gin.Context) { c.Redirect(http.StatusFound, "/folder/Sent") })
+		auth.GET("/sent/:id", func(c *gin.Context) { c.Redirect(http.StatusFound, "/folder/Sent/"+c.Param("id")) })
+		auth.GET("/drafts", func(c *gin.Context) { c.Redirect(http.StatusFound, "/folder/Drafts") })
+		auth.GET("/drafts/:id", func(c *gin.Context) { c.Redirect(http.StatusFound, "/folder/Drafts/"+c.Param("id")) })
 	}
 
 	// Admin routes (auth + admin required)

internal/web/session_secret_test.go

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ func newTestStores(t *testing.T) *store.Stores {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("open sqlite: %v", err)
 	}
-	if err := gdb.AutoMigrate(&db.User{}, &db.Domain{}, &db.Message{}, &db.Attachment{}, &db.BanEntry{}, &db.OutboundMessage{}); err != nil {
+	if err := gdb.AutoMigrate(&db.User{}, &db.Domain{}, &db.Message{}, &db.Attachment{}, &db.BanEntry{}, &db.OutboundMessage{}, &db.Mailbox{}); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("migrate: %v", err)
 	}
 	return store.NewStores(gdb)
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ func TestSessionSignedWithConfiguredSecretKey(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	// 合法会话可以访问收件箱
-	req, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, srv.URL+"/inbox", nil)
+	req, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, srv.URL + "/folder/INBOX", nil)
 	req.AddCookie(&http.Cookie{Name: "mail_go_session", Value: sessionCookie})
 	resp2, err := client.Do(req)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ func TestLegacyHardcodedKeyCannotForgeSession(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("forge cookie: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	req, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, srv.URL+"/inbox", nil)
+	req, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, srv.URL + "/folder/INBOX", nil)
 	req.AddCookie(&http.Cookie{Name: "mail_go_session", Value: forged})
 	client := &http.Client{CheckRedirect: func(req *http.Request, via []*http.Request) error {
 		return http.ErrUseLastResponse
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ func TestSessionAbsoluteExpiryForcesRelogin(t *testing.T) {
 	expired := time.Now().Add(-8 * 24 * time.Hour).Unix()
 	cookie := encodeSessionCookie(t, key, authCookieValues(1, expired))
 
-	req, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, srv.URL+"/inbox", nil)
+	req, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, srv.URL + "/folder/INBOX", nil)
 	req.AddCookie(&http.Cookie{Name: "mail_go_session", Value: cookie})
 	client := &http.Client{CheckRedirect: func(req *http.Request, via []*http.Request) error {
 		return http.ErrUseLastResponse
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ func TestSessionWithinExpiryWorks(t *testing.T) {
 
 	cookie := encodeSessionCookie(t, key, authCookieValues(1, time.Now().Add(-time.Hour).Unix()))
 
-	req, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, srv.URL+"/inbox", nil)
+	req, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, srv.URL + "/folder/INBOX", nil)
 	req.AddCookie(&http.Cookie{Name: "mail_go_session", Value: cookie})
 	client := &http.Client{CheckRedirect: func(req *http.Request, via []*http.Request) error {
 		return http.ErrUseLastResponse

internal/web/static/vendor/quill/quill.snow.css

@@ -0,0 +1,945 @@
+/*!
+ * Quill Editor v1.3.7
+ * https://quilljs.com/
+ * Copyright (c) 2014, Jason Chen
+ * Copyright (c) 2013, salesforce.com
+ */
+.ql-container {
+  box-sizing: border-box;
+  font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
+  font-size: 13px;
+  height: 100%;
+  margin: 0px;
+  position: relative;
+}
+.ql-container.ql-disabled .ql-tooltip {
+  visibility: hidden;
+}
+.ql-container.ql-disabled .ql-editor ul[data-checked] > li::before {
+  pointer-events: none;
+}
+.ql-clipboard {
+  left: -100000px;
+  height: 1px;
+  overflow-y: hidden;
+  position: absolute;
+  top: 50%;
+}
+.ql-clipboard p {
+  margin: 0;
+  padding: 0;
+}
+.ql-editor {
+  box-sizing: border-box;
+  line-height: 1.42;
+  height: 100%;
+  outline: none;
+  overflow-y: auto;
+  padding: 12px 15px;
+  tab-size: 4;
+  -moz-tab-size: 4;
+  text-align: left;
+  white-space: pre-wrap;
+  word-wrap: break-word;
+}
+.ql-editor > * {
+  cursor: text;
+}
+.ql-editor p,
+.ql-editor ol,
+.ql-editor ul,
+.ql-editor pre,
+.ql-editor blockquote,
+.ql-editor h1,
+.ql-editor h2,
+.ql-editor h3,
+.ql-editor h4,
+.ql-editor h5,
+.ql-editor h6 {
+  margin: 0;
+  padding: 0;
+  counter-reset: list-1 list-2 list-3 list-4 list-5 list-6 list-7 list-8 list-9;
+}
+.ql-editor ol,
+.ql-editor ul {
+  padding-left: 1.5em;
+}
+.ql-editor ol > li,
+.ql-editor ul > li {
+  list-style-type: none;
+}
+.ql-editor ul > li::before {
+  content: '\2022';
+}
+.ql-editor ul[data-checked=true],
+.ql-editor ul[data-checked=false] {
+  pointer-events: none;
+}
+.ql-editor ul[data-checked=true] > li *,
+.ql-editor ul[data-checked=false] > li * {
+  pointer-events: all;
+}
+.ql-editor ul[data-checked=true] > li::before,
+.ql-editor ul[data-checked=false] > li::before {
+  color: #777;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  pointer-events: all;
+}
+.ql-editor ul[data-checked=true] > li::before {
+  content: '\2611';
+}
+.ql-editor ul[data-checked=false] > li::before {
+  content: '\2610';
+}
+.ql-editor li::before {
+  display: inline-block;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+  width: 1.2em;
+}
+.ql-editor li:not(.ql-direction-rtl)::before {
+  margin-left: -1.5em;
+  margin-right: 0.3em;
+  text-align: right;
+}
+.ql-editor li.ql-direction-rtl::before {
+  margin-left: 0.3em;
+  margin-right: -1.5em;
+}
+.ql-editor ol li:not(.ql-direction-rtl),
+.ql-editor ul li:not(.ql-direction-rtl) {
+  padding-left: 1.5em;
+}
+.ql-editor ol li.ql-direction-rtl,
+.ql-editor ul li.ql-direction-rtl {
+  padding-right: 1.5em;
+}
+.ql-editor ol li {
+  counter-reset: list-1 list-2 list-3 list-4 list-5 list-6 list-7 list-8 list-9;
+  counter-increment: list-0;
+}
+.ql-editor ol li:before {
+  content: counter(list-0, decimal) '. ';
+}
+.ql-editor ol li.ql-indent-1 {
+  counter-increment: list-1;
+}
+.ql-editor ol li.ql-indent-1:before {
+  content: counter(list-1, lower-alpha) '. ';
+}
+.ql-editor ol li.ql-indent-1 {
+  counter-reset: list-2 list-3 list-4 list-5 list-6 list-7 list-8 list-9;
+}
+.ql-editor ol li.ql-indent-2 {
+  counter-increment: list-2;
+}
+.ql-editor ol li.ql-indent-2:before {
+  content: counter(list-2, lower-roman) '. ';
+}
+.ql-editor ol li.ql-indent-2 {
+  counter-reset: list-3 list-4 list-5 list-6 list-7 list-8 list-9;
+}
+.ql-editor ol li.ql-indent-3 {
+  counter-increment: list-3;
+}
+.ql-editor ol li.ql-indent-3:before {
+  content: counter(list-3, decimal) '. ';
+}
+.ql-editor ol li.ql-indent-3 {
+  counter-reset: list-4 list-5 list-6 list-7 list-8 list-9;
+}
+.ql-editor ol li.ql-indent-4 {
+  counter-increment: list-4;
+}
+.ql-editor ol li.ql-indent-4:before {
+  content: counter(list-4, lower-alpha) '. ';
+}
+.ql-editor ol li.ql-indent-4 {
+  counter-reset: list-5 list-6 list-7 list-8 list-9;
+}
+.ql-editor ol li.ql-indent-5 {
+  counter-increment: list-5;
+}
+.ql-editor ol li.ql-indent-5:before {
+  content: counter(list-5, lower-roman) '. ';
+}
+.ql-editor ol li.ql-indent-5 {
+  counter-reset: list-6 list-7 list-8 list-9;
+}
+.ql-editor ol li.ql-indent-6 {
+  counter-increment: list-6;
+}
+.ql-editor ol li.ql-indent-6:before {
+  content: counter(list-6, decimal) '. ';
+}
+.ql-editor ol li.ql-indent-6 {
+  counter-reset: list-7 list-8 list-9;
+}
+.ql-editor ol li.ql-indent-7 {
+  counter-increment: list-7;
+}
+.ql-editor ol li.ql-indent-7:before {
+  content: counter(list-7, lower-alpha) '. ';
+}
+.ql-editor ol li.ql-indent-7 {
+  counter-reset: list-8 list-9;
+}
+.ql-editor ol li.ql-indent-8 {
+  counter-increment: list-8;
+}
+.ql-editor ol li.ql-indent-8:before {
+  content: counter(list-8, lower-roman) '. ';
+}
+.ql-editor ol li.ql-indent-8 {
+  counter-reset: list-9;
+}
+.ql-editor ol li.ql-indent-9 {
+  counter-increment: list-9;
+}
+.ql-editor ol li.ql-indent-9:before {
+  content: counter(list-9, decimal) '. ';
+}
+.ql-editor .ql-indent-1:not(.ql-direction-rtl) {
+  padding-left: 3em;
+}
+.ql-editor li.ql-indent-1:not(.ql-direction-rtl) {
+  padding-left: 4.5em;
+}
+.ql-editor .ql-indent-1.ql-direction-rtl.ql-align-right {
+  padding-right: 3em;
+}
+.ql-editor li.ql-indent-1.ql-direction-rtl.ql-align-right {
+  padding-right: 4.5em;
+}
+.ql-editor .ql-indent-2:not(.ql-direction-rtl) {
+  padding-left: 6em;
+}
+.ql-editor li.ql-indent-2:not(.ql-direction-rtl) {
+  padding-left: 7.5em;
+}
+.ql-editor .ql-indent-2.ql-direction-rtl.ql-align-right {
+  padding-right: 6em;
+}
+.ql-editor li.ql-indent-2.ql-direction-rtl.ql-align-right {
+  padding-right: 7.5em;
+}
+.ql-editor .ql-indent-3:not(.ql-direction-rtl) {
+  padding-left: 9em;
+}
+.ql-editor li.ql-indent-3:not(.ql-direction-rtl) {
+  padding-left: 10.5em;
+}
+.ql-editor .ql-indent-3.ql-direction-rtl.ql-align-right {
+  padding-right: 9em;
+}
+.ql-editor li.ql-indent-3.ql-direction-rtl.ql-align-right {
+  padding-right: 10.5em;
+}
+.ql-editor .ql-indent-4:not(.ql-direction-rtl) {
+  padding-left: 12em;
+}
+.ql-editor li.ql-indent-4:not(.ql-direction-rtl) {
+  padding-left: 13.5em;
+}
+.ql-editor .ql-indent-4.ql-direction-rtl.ql-align-right {
+  padding-right: 12em;
+}
+.ql-editor li.ql-indent-4.ql-direction-rtl.ql-align-right {
+  padding-right: 13.5em;
+}
+.ql-editor .ql-indent-5:not(.ql-direction-rtl) {
+  padding-left: 15em;
+}
+.ql-editor li.ql-indent-5:not(.ql-direction-rtl) {
+  padding-left: 16.5em;
+}
+.ql-editor .ql-indent-5.ql-direction-rtl.ql-align-right {
+  padding-right: 15em;
+}
+.ql-editor li.ql-indent-5.ql-direction-rtl.ql-align-right {
+  padding-right: 16.5em;
+}
+.ql-editor .ql-indent-6:not(.ql-direction-rtl) {
+  padding-left: 18em;
+}
+.ql-editor li.ql-indent-6:not(.ql-direction-rtl) {
+  padding-left: 19.5em;
+}
+.ql-editor .ql-indent-6.ql-direction-rtl.ql-align-right {
+  padding-right: 18em;
+}
+.ql-editor li.ql-indent-6.ql-direction-rtl.ql-align-right {
+  padding-right: 19.5em;
+}
+.ql-editor .ql-indent-7:not(.ql-direction-rtl) {
+  padding-left: 21em;
+}
+.ql-editor li.ql-indent-7:not(.ql-direction-rtl) {
+  padding-left: 22.5em;
+}
+.ql-editor .ql-indent-7.ql-direction-rtl.ql-align-right {
+  padding-right: 21em;
+}
+.ql-editor li.ql-indent-7.ql-direction-rtl.ql-align-right {
+  padding-right: 22.5em;
+}
+.ql-editor .ql-indent-8:not(.ql-direction-rtl) {
+  padding-left: 24em;
+}
+.ql-editor li.ql-indent-8:not(.ql-direction-rtl) {
+  padding-left: 25.5em;
+}
+.ql-editor .ql-indent-8.ql-direction-rtl.ql-align-right {
+  padding-right: 24em;
+}
+.ql-editor li.ql-indent-8.ql-direction-rtl.ql-align-right {
+  padding-right: 25.5em;
+}
+.ql-editor .ql-indent-9:not(.ql-direction-rtl) {
+  padding-left: 27em;
+}
+.ql-editor li.ql-indent-9:not(.ql-direction-rtl) {
+  padding-left: 28.5em;
+}
+.ql-editor .ql-indent-9.ql-direction-rtl.ql-align-right {
+  padding-right: 27em;
+}
+.ql-editor li.ql-indent-9.ql-direction-rtl.ql-align-right {
+  padding-right: 28.5em;
+}
+.ql-editor .ql-video {
+  display: block;
+  max-width: 100%;
+}
+.ql-editor .ql-video.ql-align-center {
+  margin: 0 auto;
+}
+.ql-editor .ql-video.ql-align-right {
+  margin: 0 0 0 auto;
+}
+.ql-editor .ql-bg-black {
+  background-color: #000;
+}
+.ql-editor .ql-bg-red {
+  background-color: #e60000;
+}
+.ql-editor .ql-bg-orange {
+  background-color: #f90;
+}
+.ql-editor .ql-bg-yellow {
+  background-color: #ff0;
+}
+.ql-editor .ql-bg-green {
+  background-color: #008a00;
+}
+.ql-editor .ql-bg-blue {
+  background-color: #06c;
+}
+.ql-editor .ql-bg-purple {
+  background-color: #93f;
+}
+.ql-editor .ql-color-white {
+  color: #fff;
+}
+.ql-editor .ql-color-red {
+  color: #e60000;
+}
+.ql-editor .ql-color-orange {
+  color: #f90;
+}
+.ql-editor .ql-color-yellow {
+  color: #ff0;
+}
+.ql-editor .ql-color-green {
+  color: #008a00;
+}
+.ql-editor .ql-color-blue {
+  color: #06c;
+}
+.ql-editor .ql-color-purple {
+  color: #93f;
+}
+.ql-editor .ql-font-serif {
+  font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;
+}
+.ql-editor .ql-font-monospace {
+  font-family: Monaco, Courier New, monospace;
+}
+.ql-editor .ql-size-small {
+  font-size: 0.75em;
+}
+.ql-editor .ql-size-large {
+  font-size: 1.5em;
+}
+.ql-editor .ql-size-huge {
+  font-size: 2.5em;
+}
+.ql-editor .ql-direction-rtl {
+  direction: rtl;
+  text-align: inherit;
+}
+.ql-editor .ql-align-center {
+  text-align: center;
+}
+.ql-editor .ql-align-justify {
+  text-align: justify;
+}
+.ql-editor .ql-align-right {
+  text-align: right;
+}
+.ql-editor.ql-blank::before {
+  color: rgba(0,0,0,0.6);
+  content: attr(data-placeholder);
+  font-style: italic;
+  left: 15px;
+  pointer-events: none;
+  position: absolute;
+  right: 15px;
+}
+.ql-snow.ql-toolbar:after,
+.ql-snow .ql-toolbar:after {
+  clear: both;
+  content: '';
+  display: table;
+}
+.ql-snow.ql-toolbar button,
+.ql-snow .ql-toolbar button {
+  background: none;
+  border: none;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  display: inline-block;
+  float: left;
+  height: 24px;
+  padding: 3px 5px;
+  width: 28px;
+}
+.ql-snow.ql-toolbar button svg,
+.ql-snow .ql-toolbar button svg {
+  float: left;
+  height: 100%;
+}
+.ql-snow.ql-toolbar button:active:hover,
+.ql-snow .ql-toolbar button:active:hover {
+  outline: none;
+}
+.ql-snow.ql-toolbar input.ql-image[type=file],
+.ql-snow .ql-toolbar input.ql-image[type=file] {
+  display: none;
+}
+.ql-snow.ql-toolbar button:hover,
+.ql-snow .ql-toolbar button:hover,
+.ql-snow.ql-toolbar button:focus,
+.ql-snow .ql-toolbar button:focus,
+.ql-snow.ql-toolbar button.ql-active,
+.ql-snow .ql-toolbar button.ql-active,
+.ql-snow.ql-toolbar .ql-picker-label:hover,
+.ql-snow .ql-toolbar .ql-picker-label:hover,
+.ql-snow.ql-toolbar .ql-picker-label.ql-active,
+.ql-snow .ql-toolbar .ql-picker-label.ql-active,
+.ql-snow.ql-toolbar .ql-picker-item:hover,
+.ql-snow .ql-toolbar .ql-picker-item:hover,
+.ql-snow.ql-toolbar .ql-picker-item.ql-selected,
+.ql-snow .ql-toolbar .ql-picker-item.ql-selected {
+  color: #06c;
+}
+.ql-snow.ql-toolbar button:hover .ql-fill,
+.ql-snow .ql-toolbar button:hover .ql-fill,
+.ql-snow.ql-toolbar button:focus .ql-fill,
+.ql-snow .ql-toolbar button:focus .ql-fill,
+.ql-snow.ql-toolbar button.ql-active .ql-fill,
+.ql-snow .ql-toolbar button.ql-active .ql-fill,
+.ql-snow.ql-toolbar .ql-picker-label:hover .ql-fill,
+.ql-snow .ql-toolbar .ql-picker-label:hover .ql-fill,
+.ql-snow.ql-toolbar .ql-picker-label.ql-active .ql-fill,
+.ql-snow .ql-toolbar .ql-picker-label.ql-active .ql-fill,
+.ql-snow.ql-toolbar .ql-picker-item:hover .ql-fill,
+.ql-snow .ql-toolbar .ql-picker-item:hover .ql-fill,
+.ql-snow.ql-toolbar .ql-picker-item.ql-selected .ql-fill,
+.ql-snow .ql-toolbar .ql-picker-item.ql-selected .ql-fill,
+.ql-snow.ql-toolbar button:hover .ql-stroke.ql-fill,
+.ql-snow .ql-toolbar button:hover .ql-stroke.ql-fill,
+.ql-snow.ql-toolbar button:focus .ql-stroke.ql-fill,
+.ql-snow .ql-toolbar button:focus .ql-stroke.ql-fill,
+.ql-snow.ql-toolbar button.ql-active .ql-stroke.ql-fill,
+.ql-snow .ql-toolbar button.ql-active .ql-stroke.ql-fill,
+.ql-snow.ql-toolbar .ql-picker-label:hover .ql-stroke.ql-fill,
+.ql-snow .ql-toolbar .ql-picker-label:hover .ql-stroke.ql-fill,
+.ql-snow.ql-toolbar .ql-picker-label.ql-active .ql-stroke.ql-fill,
+.ql-snow .ql-toolbar .ql-picker-label.ql-active .ql-stroke.ql-fill,
+.ql-snow.ql-toolbar .ql-picker-item:hover .ql-stroke.ql-fill,
+.ql-snow .ql-toolbar .ql-picker-item:hover .ql-stroke.ql-fill,
+.ql-snow.ql-toolbar .ql-picker-item.ql-selected .ql-stroke.ql-fill,
+.ql-snow .ql-toolbar .ql-picker-item.ql-selected .ql-stroke.ql-fill {
+  fill: #06c;
+}
+.ql-snow.ql-toolbar button:hover .ql-stroke,
+.ql-snow .ql-toolbar button:hover .ql-stroke,
+.ql-snow.ql-toolbar button:focus .ql-stroke,
+.ql-snow .ql-toolbar button:focus .ql-stroke,
+.ql-snow.ql-toolbar button.ql-active .ql-stroke,
+.ql-snow .ql-toolbar button.ql-active .ql-stroke,
+.ql-snow.ql-toolbar .ql-picker-label:hover .ql-stroke,
+.ql-snow .ql-toolbar .ql-picker-label:hover .ql-stroke,
+.ql-snow.ql-toolbar .ql-picker-label.ql-active .ql-stroke,
+.ql-snow .ql-toolbar .ql-picker-label.ql-active .ql-stroke,
+.ql-snow.ql-toolbar .ql-picker-item:hover .ql-stroke,
+.ql-snow .ql-toolbar .ql-picker-item:hover .ql-stroke,
+.ql-snow.ql-toolbar .ql-picker-item.ql-selected .ql-stroke,
+.ql-snow .ql-toolbar .ql-picker-item.ql-selected .ql-stroke,
+.ql-snow.ql-toolbar button:hover .ql-stroke-miter,
+.ql-snow .ql-toolbar button:hover .ql-stroke-miter,
+.ql-snow.ql-toolbar button:focus .ql-stroke-miter,
+.ql-snow .ql-toolbar button:focus .ql-stroke-miter,
+.ql-snow.ql-toolbar button.ql-active .ql-stroke-miter,
+.ql-snow .ql-toolbar button.ql-active .ql-stroke-miter,
+.ql-snow.ql-toolbar .ql-picker-label:hover .ql-stroke-miter,
+.ql-snow .ql-toolbar .ql-picker-label:hover .ql-stroke-miter,
+.ql-snow.ql-toolbar .ql-picker-label.ql-active .ql-stroke-miter,
+.ql-snow .ql-toolbar .ql-picker-label.ql-active .ql-stroke-miter,
+.ql-snow.ql-toolbar .ql-picker-item:hover .ql-stroke-miter,
+.ql-snow .ql-toolbar .ql-picker-item:hover .ql-stroke-miter,
+.ql-snow.ql-toolbar .ql-picker-item.ql-selected .ql-stroke-miter,
+.ql-snow .ql-toolbar .ql-picker-item.ql-selected .ql-stroke-miter {
+  stroke: #06c;
+}
+@media (pointer: coarse) {
+  .ql-snow.ql-toolbar button:hover:not(.ql-active),
+  .ql-snow .ql-toolbar button:hover:not(.ql-active) {
+    color: #444;
+  }
+  .ql-snow.ql-toolbar button:hover:not(.ql-active) .ql-fill,
+  .ql-snow .ql-toolbar button:hover:not(.ql-active) .ql-fill,
+  .ql-snow.ql-toolbar button:hover:not(.ql-active) .ql-stroke.ql-fill,
+  .ql-snow .ql-toolbar button:hover:not(.ql-active) .ql-stroke.ql-fill {
+    fill: #444;
+  }
+  .ql-snow.ql-toolbar button:hover:not(.ql-active) .ql-stroke,
+  .ql-snow .ql-toolbar button:hover:not(.ql-active) .ql-stroke,
+  .ql-snow.ql-toolbar button:hover:not(.ql-active) .ql-stroke-miter,
+  .ql-snow .ql-toolbar button:hover:not(.ql-active) .ql-stroke-miter {
+    stroke: #444;
+  }
+}
+.ql-snow {
+  box-sizing: border-box;
+}
+.ql-snow * {
+  box-sizing: border-box;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-hidden {
+  display: none;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-out-bottom,
+.ql-snow .ql-out-top {
+  visibility: hidden;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-tooltip {
+  position: absolute;
+  transform: translateY(10px);
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-tooltip a {
+  cursor: pointer;
+  text-decoration: none;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-tooltip.ql-flip {
+  transform: translateY(-10px);
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-formats {
+  display: inline-block;
+  vertical-align: middle;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-formats:after {
+  clear: both;
+  content: '';
+  display: table;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-stroke {
+  fill: none;
+  stroke: #444;
+  stroke-linecap: round;
+  stroke-linejoin: round;
+  stroke-width: 2;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-stroke-miter {
+  fill: none;
+  stroke: #444;
+  stroke-miterlimit: 10;
+  stroke-width: 2;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-fill,
+.ql-snow .ql-stroke.ql-fill {
+  fill: #444;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-empty {
+  fill: none;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-even {
+  fill-rule: evenodd;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-thin,
+.ql-snow .ql-stroke.ql-thin {
+  stroke-width: 1;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-transparent {
+  opacity: 0.4;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-direction svg:last-child {
+  display: none;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-direction.ql-active svg:last-child {
+  display: inline;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-direction.ql-active svg:first-child {
+  display: none;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-editor h1 {
+  font-size: 2em;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-editor h2 {
+  font-size: 1.5em;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-editor h3 {
+  font-size: 1.17em;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-editor h4 {
+  font-size: 1em;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-editor h5 {
+  font-size: 0.83em;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-editor h6 {
+  font-size: 0.67em;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-editor a {
+  text-decoration: underline;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-editor blockquote {
+  border-left: 4px solid #ccc;
+  margin-bottom: 5px;
+  margin-top: 5px;
+  padding-left: 16px;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-editor code,
+.ql-snow .ql-editor pre {
+  background-color: #f0f0f0;
+  border-radius: 3px;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-editor pre {
+  white-space: pre-wrap;
+  margin-bottom: 5px;
+  margin-top: 5px;
+  padding: 5px 10px;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-editor code {
+  font-size: 85%;
+  padding: 2px 4px;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-editor pre.ql-syntax {
+  background-color: #23241f;
+  color: #f8f8f2;
+  overflow: visible;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-editor img {
+  max-width: 100%;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-picker {
+  color: #444;
+  display: inline-block;
+  float: left;
+  font-size: 14px;
+  font-weight: 500;
+  height: 24px;
+  position: relative;
+  vertical-align: middle;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-picker-label {
+  cursor: pointer;
+  display: inline-block;
+  height: 100%;
+  padding-left: 8px;
+  padding-right: 2px;
+  position: relative;
+  width: 100%;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-picker-label::before {
+  display: inline-block;
+  line-height: 22px;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-picker-options {
+  background-color: #fff;
+  display: none;
+  min-width: 100%;
+  padding: 4px 8px;
+  position: absolute;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-picker-options .ql-picker-item {
+  cursor: pointer;
+  display: block;
+  padding-bottom: 5px;
+  padding-top: 5px;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-expanded .ql-picker-label {
+  color: #ccc;
+  z-index: 2;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-expanded .ql-picker-label .ql-fill {
+  fill: #ccc;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-expanded .ql-picker-label .ql-stroke {
+  stroke: #ccc;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-expanded .ql-picker-options {
+  display: block;
+  margin-top: -1px;
+  top: 100%;
+  z-index: 1;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-color-picker,
+.ql-snow .ql-icon-picker {
+  width: 28px;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-color-picker .ql-picker-label,
+.ql-snow .ql-icon-picker .ql-picker-label {
+  padding: 2px 4px;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-color-picker .ql-picker-label svg,
+.ql-snow .ql-icon-picker .ql-picker-label svg {
+  right: 4px;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-icon-picker .ql-picker-options {
+  padding: 4px 0px;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-icon-picker .ql-picker-item {
+  height: 24px;
+  width: 24px;
+  padding: 2px 4px;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-color-picker .ql-picker-options {
+  padding: 3px 5px;
+  width: 152px;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-color-picker .ql-picker-item {
+  border: 1px solid transparent;
+  float: left;
+  height: 16px;
+  margin: 2px;
+  padding: 0px;
+  width: 16px;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-picker:not(.ql-color-picker):not(.ql-icon-picker) svg {
+  position: absolute;
+  margin-top: -9px;
+  right: 0;
+  top: 50%;
+  width: 18px;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-header .ql-picker-label[data-label]:not([data-label=''])::before,
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-font .ql-picker-label[data-label]:not([data-label=''])::before,
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-size .ql-picker-label[data-label]:not([data-label=''])::before,
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-header .ql-picker-item[data-label]:not([data-label=''])::before,
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-font .ql-picker-item[data-label]:not([data-label=''])::before,
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-size .ql-picker-item[data-label]:not([data-label=''])::before {
+  content: attr(data-label);
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-header {
+  width: 98px;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-header .ql-picker-label::before,
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-header .ql-picker-item::before {
+  content: 'Normal';
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-header .ql-picker-label[data-value="1"]::before,
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-header .ql-picker-item[data-value="1"]::before {
+  content: 'Heading 1';
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-header .ql-picker-label[data-value="2"]::before,
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-header .ql-picker-item[data-value="2"]::before {
+  content: 'Heading 2';
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-header .ql-picker-label[data-value="3"]::before,
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-header .ql-picker-item[data-value="3"]::before {
+  content: 'Heading 3';
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-header .ql-picker-label[data-value="4"]::before,
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-header .ql-picker-item[data-value="4"]::before {
+  content: 'Heading 4';
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-header .ql-picker-label[data-value="5"]::before,
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-header .ql-picker-item[data-value="5"]::before {
+  content: 'Heading 5';
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-header .ql-picker-label[data-value="6"]::before,
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-header .ql-picker-item[data-value="6"]::before {
+  content: 'Heading 6';
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-header .ql-picker-item[data-value="1"]::before {
+  font-size: 2em;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-header .ql-picker-item[data-value="2"]::before {
+  font-size: 1.5em;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-header .ql-picker-item[data-value="3"]::before {
+  font-size: 1.17em;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-header .ql-picker-item[data-value="4"]::before {
+  font-size: 1em;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-header .ql-picker-item[data-value="5"]::before {
+  font-size: 0.83em;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-header .ql-picker-item[data-value="6"]::before {
+  font-size: 0.67em;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-font {
+  width: 108px;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-font .ql-picker-label::before,
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-font .ql-picker-item::before {
+  content: 'Sans Serif';
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-font .ql-picker-label[data-value=serif]::before,
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-font .ql-picker-item[data-value=serif]::before {
+  content: 'Serif';
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-font .ql-picker-label[data-value=monospace]::before,
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-font .ql-picker-item[data-value=monospace]::before {
+  content: 'Monospace';
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-font .ql-picker-item[data-value=serif]::before {
+  font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-font .ql-picker-item[data-value=monospace]::before {
+  font-family: Monaco, Courier New, monospace;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-size {
+  width: 98px;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-size .ql-picker-label::before,
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-size .ql-picker-item::before {
+  content: 'Normal';
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-size .ql-picker-label[data-value=small]::before,
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-size .ql-picker-item[data-value=small]::before {
+  content: 'Small';
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-size .ql-picker-label[data-value=large]::before,
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-size .ql-picker-item[data-value=large]::before {
+  content: 'Large';
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-size .ql-picker-label[data-value=huge]::before,
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-size .ql-picker-item[data-value=huge]::before {
+  content: 'Huge';
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-size .ql-picker-item[data-value=small]::before {
+  font-size: 10px;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-size .ql-picker-item[data-value=large]::before {
+  font-size: 18px;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-size .ql-picker-item[data-value=huge]::before {
+  font-size: 32px;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-color-picker.ql-background .ql-picker-item {
+  background-color: #fff;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-color-picker.ql-color .ql-picker-item {
+  background-color: #000;
+}
+.ql-toolbar.ql-snow {
+  border: 1px solid #ccc;
+  box-sizing: border-box;
+  font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', 'Helvetica', 'Arial', sans-serif;
+  padding: 8px;
+}
+.ql-toolbar.ql-snow .ql-formats {
+  margin-right: 15px;
+}
+.ql-toolbar.ql-snow .ql-picker-label {
+  border: 1px solid transparent;
+}
+.ql-toolbar.ql-snow .ql-picker-options {
+  border: 1px solid transparent;
+  box-shadow: rgba(0,0,0,0.2) 0 2px 8px;
+}
+.ql-toolbar.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-expanded .ql-picker-label {
+  border-color: #ccc;
+}
+.ql-toolbar.ql-snow .ql-picker.ql-expanded .ql-picker-options {
+  border-color: #ccc;
+}
+.ql-toolbar.ql-snow .ql-color-picker .ql-picker-item.ql-selected,
+.ql-toolbar.ql-snow .ql-color-picker .ql-picker-item:hover {
+  border-color: #000;
+}
+.ql-toolbar.ql-snow + .ql-container.ql-snow {
+  border-top: 0px;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-tooltip {
+  background-color: #fff;
+  border: 1px solid #ccc;
+  box-shadow: 0px 0px 5px #ddd;
+  color: #444;
+  padding: 5px 12px;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-tooltip::before {
+  content: "Visit URL:";
+  line-height: 26px;
+  margin-right: 8px;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-tooltip input[type=text] {
+  display: none;
+  border: 1px solid #ccc;
+  font-size: 13px;
+  height: 26px;
+  margin: 0px;
+  padding: 3px 5px;
+  width: 170px;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-tooltip a.ql-preview {
+  display: inline-block;
+  max-width: 200px;
+  overflow-x: hidden;
+  text-overflow: ellipsis;
+  vertical-align: top;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-tooltip a.ql-action::after {
+  border-right: 1px solid #ccc;
+  content: 'Edit';
+  margin-left: 16px;
+  padding-right: 8px;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-tooltip a.ql-remove::before {
+  content: 'Remove';
+  margin-left: 8px;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-tooltip a {
+  line-height: 26px;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-tooltip.ql-editing a.ql-preview,
+.ql-snow .ql-tooltip.ql-editing a.ql-remove {
+  display: none;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-tooltip.ql-editing input[type=text] {
+  display: inline-block;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-tooltip.ql-editing a.ql-action::after {
+  border-right: 0px;
+  content: 'Save';
+  padding-right: 0px;
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-tooltip[data-mode=link]::before {
+  content: "Enter link:";
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-tooltip[data-mode=formula]::before {
+  content: "Enter formula:";
+}
+.ql-snow .ql-tooltip[data-mode=video]::before {
+  content: "Enter video:";
+}
+.ql-snow a {
+  color: #06c;
+}
+.ql-container.ql-snow {
+  border: 1px solid #ccc;
+}

internal/web/static_embed.go

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+package web
+
+// 静态资源内嵌进二进制：install.sh 只部署二进制 + templates，
+// 此前 internal/web/static/ 未被复制导致线上 /static 全部 404。
+// go:embed 使前端资源自包含，不再依赖部署目录与工作目录。
+
+import "embed"
+
+// staticFS 包含 internal/web/static/ 下的全部静态资源
+// （目前为本地化的 Quill 编辑器 css/js）。
+//
+//go:embed all:static
+var staticFS embed.FS

internal/web/static_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+package web
+
+// 回归测试：写邮件页的 Quill 编辑器必须由本服务同源提供静态资源
+// （CSP script-src/style-src 'self' 会拦截外部 CDN），否则正文无法输入。
+
+import (
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestQuillAssetsServedLocally(t *testing.T) {
+	ws, _ := newTestWebServer(t, "0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef")
+	srv := httptest.NewServer(ws.Handler())
+	defer srv.Close()
+
+	for _, path := range []string{
+		"/static/vendor/quill/quill.min.js",
+		"/static/vendor/quill/quill.snow.css",
+	} {
+		resp, err := http.Get(srv.URL + path)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("GET %s: %v", path, err)
+		}
+		body, _ := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+		resp.Body.Close()
+		if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+			t.Fatalf("GET %s status = %d, want 200", path, resp.StatusCode)
+		}
+		if len(body) < 1000 {
+			t.Fatalf("GET %s body too small (%d bytes), vendor file missing?", path, len(body))
+		}
+		if strings.HasPrefix(path, "/static/vendor/quill/quill.min.js") &&
+			!strings.Contains(string(body), "Quill") {
+			t.Fatalf("%s 不是 Quill 脚本", path)
+		}
+	}
+}

internal/web/templates/admin/bans.html

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 {{define "admin_bans"}}
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="zh-CN">
+<html lang="{{htmlLang .Lang}}">
 <head>
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, viewport-fit=cover">
-    <title>IP黑名单 - MailGo</title>
+    <title>{{t .Lang "IP黑名单"}} - MailGo</title>
     {{template "styles" .}}
 </head>
 <body>
@@ -12,32 +12,32 @@
     <div class="container">
         <div class="clearfix">
             <div class="sidebar">
-                <a href="/inbox">返回邮箱</a>
-                <a href="/admin" {{if eq .activeFolder "admin"}}class="active"{{end}}>控制面板</a>
-                <a href="/admin/domains" {{if eq .activeFolder "domains"}}class="active"{{end}}>域名管理</a>
-                <a href="/admin/users" {{if eq .activeFolder "users"}}class="active"{{end}}>用户管理</a>
-                <a href="/admin/mails" {{if eq .activeFolder "mails"}}class="active"{{end}}>所有邮件</a>
-                <a href="/admin/outbound" {{if eq .activeFolder "outbound"}}class="active"{{end}}>外发队列</a>
-                <a href="/admin/protocol-logs" {{if eq .activeFolder "protocol-logs"}}class="active"{{end}}>协议日志</a>
-                                <a href="/admin/connections" {{if eq .activeFolder "connections"}}class="active"{{end}}>当前连接</a>
-<a href="/admin/bans" {{if eq .activeFolder "bans"}}class="active"{{end}}>IP黑名单</a>
+                <a href="/inbox">{{t .Lang "返回邮箱"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin" {{if eq .activeFolder "admin"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "控制面板"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/domains" {{if eq .activeFolder "domains"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "域名管理"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/users" {{if eq .activeFolder "users"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "用户管理"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/mails" {{if eq .activeFolder "mails"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "所有邮件"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/outbound" {{if eq .activeFolder "outbound"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "外发队列"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/protocol-logs" {{if eq .activeFolder "protocol-logs"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "协议日志"}}</a>
+                                <a href="/admin/connections" {{if eq .activeFolder "connections"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "当前连接"}}</a>
+<a href="/admin/bans" {{if eq .activeFolder "bans"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "IP黑名单"}}</a>
             </div>
             <div class="content">
                 <div class="card">
                     <div style="display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;margin-bottom:16px;">
-                        <h2>IP 黑名单</h2>
-                        <span style="color:#7f8c8d;font-size:13px;">阶段性封禁：第 4 次触发起封禁，30分钟 → 3小时 → 3个月 → 半年（上限）</span>
+                        <h2>{{t .Lang "IP 黑名单"}}</h2>
+                        <span style="color:#7f8c8d;font-size:13px;">{{t .Lang "阶段性封禁：第 4 次触发起封禁，30分钟 → 3小时 → 3个月 → 半年（上限）"}}</span>
                     </div>
                     <table>
                         <thead>
                             <tr>
-                                <th>IP 地址</th>
-                                <th>状态</th>
-                                <th>封禁次数</th>
-                                <th>失败次数</th>
-                                <th>原因</th>
-                                <th>到期时间</th>
-                                <th>操作</th>
+                                <th>{{t .Lang "IP 地址"}}</th>
+                                <th>{{t .Lang "状态"}}</th>
+                                <th>{{t .Lang "封禁次数"}}</th>
+                                <th>{{t .Lang "失败次数"}}</th>
+                                <th>{{t .Lang "原因"}}</th>
+                                <th>{{t .Lang "到期时间"}}</th>
+                                <th>{{t .Lang "操作"}}</th>
                             </tr>
                         </thead>
                         <tbody>
@@ -45,21 +45,21 @@
                             <tr>
                                 <td>{{.IPAddress}}</td>
                                 <td>
-                                    {{if .Active}}<span class="badge" style="background:#e74c3c;color:#fff;">封禁中</span>
-                                    {{else}}<span class="badge" style="background:#95a5a6;color:#fff;">已过期</span>{{end}}
+                                    {{if .Active}}<span class="badge" style="background:#e74c3c;color:#fff;">{{t $.Lang "封禁中"}}</span>
+                                    {{else}}<span class="badge" style="background:#95a5a6;color:#fff;">{{t $.Lang "已过期"}}</span>{{end}}
                                 </td>
                                 <td>
                                     {{if .BanCount}}
-                                        {{if gt .BanCount 3}}第{{sub .BanCount 3}}次封禁{{else}}仅计数{{end}}
+                                        {{if gt .BanCount 3}}{{tf $.Lang "第 %d 次封禁" (sub .BanCount 3)}}{{else}}{{t $.Lang "仅计数"}}{{end}}
                                     {{else}}—{{end}}
                                 </td>
                                 <td>{{.FailCount}}</td>
-                                <td>{{if .Reason}}{{.Reason}}{{else}}—{{end}}</td>
-                                <td>{{.ExpiresAt.Format "2006-01-02 15:04:05"}}{{if not .Active}}（已过期）{{end}}</td>
+                                <td>{{if .Reason}}{{t $.Lang .Reason}}{{else}}—{{end}}</td>
+                                <td>{{time12 $.Lang .ExpiresAt}}{{if not .Active}}{{t $.Lang "（已过期）"}}{{end}}</td>
                                 <td>
                                     <form method="POST" action="/admin/bans/{{.ID}}/unban" style="display:inline;"
-                                          onsubmit="return confirm('确定要解封 IP {{.IPAddress}} 吗？解封后该 IP 的封禁档位将清零。');">
-                                        <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">解封</button>
+                                          onsubmit="return confirm('{{tf $.Lang "确定要解封 IP %s 吗？解封后该 IP 的封禁档位将清零。" .IPAddress}}');">
+                                        <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">{{t $.Lang "解封"}}</button>
                                     </form>
                                 </td>
                             </tr>
@@ -67,17 +67,17 @@
                         </tbody>
                     </table>
                     {{if not .rows}}
-                    <p style="color:#7f8c8d;text-align:center;padding:40px 0;">暂无封禁记录</p>
+                    <p style="color:#7f8c8d;text-align:center;padding:40px 0;">{{t $.Lang "暂无封禁记录"}}</p>
                     {{end}}
                 </div>
                 {{if .totalPages}}
                 <div class="pagination">
                     {{if gt .page 1}}
-                    <a href="/admin/bans?page={{sub .page 1}}">上一页</a>
+                    <a href="/admin/bans?page={{sub .page 1}}">{{t $.Lang "上一页"}}</a>
                     {{end}}
-                    <span>第 {{.page}} / {{.totalPages}} 页（共 {{.total}} 条）</span>
+                    <span>{{tf $.Lang "第 %d / %d 页（共 %d 条）" .page .totalPages .total}}</span>
                     {{if lt .page .totalPages}}
-                    <a href="/admin/bans?page={{add .page 1}}">下一页</a>
+                    <a href="/admin/bans?page={{add .page 1}}">{{t $.Lang "下一页"}}</a>
                     {{end}}
                 </div>
                 {{end}}

internal/web/templates/admin/connections.html

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 {{define "admin_connections"}}
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="zh-CN">
+<html lang="{{htmlLang .Lang}}">
 <head>
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, viewport-fit=cover">
-    <title>当前连接 - MailGo</title>
+    <title>{{t .Lang "当前连接"}} - MailGo</title>
     <meta http-equiv="refresh" content="5">
     {{template "styles" .}}
 </head>
@@ -13,26 +13,26 @@
     <div class="container">
         <div class="clearfix">
             <div class="sidebar">
-                <a href="/inbox">返回邮箱</a>
-                <a href="/admin" {{if eq .activeFolder "admin"}}class="active"{{end}}>控制面板</a>
-                <a href="/admin/domains" {{if eq .activeFolder "domains"}}class="active"{{end}}>域名管理</a>
-                <a href="/admin/users" {{if eq .activeFolder "users"}}class="active"{{end}}>用户管理</a>
-                <a href="/admin/mails" {{if eq .activeFolder "mails"}}class="active"{{end}}>所有邮件</a>
-                <a href="/admin/outbound" {{if eq .activeFolder "outbound"}}class="active"{{end}}>外发队列</a>
-                <a href="/admin/protocol-logs" {{if eq .activeFolder "protocol-logs"}}class="active"{{end}}>协议日志</a>
-                <a href="/admin/connections" {{if eq .activeFolder "connections"}}class="active"{{end}}>当前连接</a>
-                <a href="/admin/bans" {{if eq .activeFolder "bans"}}class="active"{{end}}>IP黑名单</a>
+                <a href="/inbox">{{t .Lang "返回邮箱"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin" {{if eq .activeFolder "admin"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "控制面板"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/domains" {{if eq .activeFolder "domains"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "域名管理"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/users" {{if eq .activeFolder "users"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "用户管理"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/mails" {{if eq .activeFolder "mails"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "所有邮件"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/outbound" {{if eq .activeFolder "outbound"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "外发队列"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/protocol-logs" {{if eq .activeFolder "protocol-logs"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "协议日志"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/connections" {{if eq .activeFolder "connections"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "当前连接"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/bans" {{if eq .activeFolder "bans"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "IP黑名单"}}</a>
             </div>
             <div class="content">
                 <div style="display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;margin-bottom:16px;">
-                    <h2>当前连接（SMTP / IMAP / POP3）</h2>
-                    <span style="color:#7f8c8d;font-size:13px;">每 5 秒自动刷新</span>
+                    <h2>{{t .Lang "当前连接（SMTP / IMAP / POP3）"}}</h2>
+                    <span style="color:#7f8c8d;font-size:13px;">{{t .Lang "每 5 秒自动刷新"}}</span>
                 </div>
 
                 <div style="margin-bottom:24px;">
                     <div class="stat-card">
                         <h3>{{.total}}</h3>
-                        <p>当前连接总数</p>
+                        <p>{{t .Lang "当前连接总数"}}</p>
                     </div>
                     <div class="stat-card">
                         <h3>{{.smtpCount}}</h3>
@@ -53,15 +53,15 @@
                         <thead>
                             <tr>
                                 <th>ID</th>
-                                <th>协议</th>
-                                <th>来源 IP</th>
-                                <th>端口</th>
-                                <th>用户名</th>
+                                <th>{{t .Lang "协议"}}</th>
+                                <th>{{t .Lang "来源 IP"}}</th>
+                                <th>{{t .Lang "端口"}}</th>
+                                <th>{{t .Lang "用户名"}}</th>
                                 <th>TLS</th>
-                                <th>连接时间</th>
-                                <th>时长</th>
-                                <th>最后活跃</th>
-                                <th>操作</th>
+                                <th>{{t .Lang "连接时间"}}</th>
+                                <th>{{t .Lang "时长"}}</th>
+                                <th>{{t .Lang "最后活跃"}}</th>
+                                <th>{{t .Lang "操作"}}</th>
                             </tr>
                         </thead>
                         <tbody>
@@ -76,19 +76,19 @@
                                 <td>{{.IP}}</td>
                                 <td>{{.Port}}</td>
                                 <td>{{if .User}}{{.User}}{{else}}—{{end}}</td>
-                                <td>{{if .TLS}}<span class="badge" style="background:#27ae60;color:#fff;">TLS</span>{{else}}<span class="badge" style="background:#95a5a6;color:#fff;">明文</span>{{end}}</td>
-                                <td>{{.Connected.Format "2006-01-02 15:04:05"}}</td>
+                                <td>{{if .TLS}}<span class="badge" style="background:#27ae60;color:#fff;">TLS</span>{{else}}<span class="badge" style="background:#95a5a6;color:#fff;">{{t $.Lang "明文"}}</span>{{end}}</td>
+                                <td>{{time12 $.Lang .Connected}}</td>
                                 <td>{{durationSeconds ($.now.Sub .Connected)}}s</td>
-                                <td>{{.LastActive.Format "2006-01-02 15:04:05"}}</td>
+                                <td>{{time12 $.Lang .LastActive}}</td>
                                 <td>
                                     <form method="POST" action="/admin/connections/{{.ID}}/disconnect" style="display:inline;"
-                                          onsubmit="return confirm('确定要断开 IP {{.IP}} 的所有连接并加入黑名单（180 天）吗？');">
-                                        <button type="submit" class="btn btn-sm btn-danger">断开并封禁</button>
+                                          onsubmit="return confirm('{{tf $.Lang "确定要断开 IP %s 的所有连接并加入黑名单（180 天）吗？" .IP}}');">
+                                        <button type="submit" class="btn btn-sm btn-danger">{{t $.Lang "断开并封禁"}}</button>
                                     </form>
                                 </td>
                             </tr>
                             {{else}}
-                            <tr><td colspan="10" style="text-align:center;color:#7f8c8d;">当前没有活动连接</td></tr>
+                            <tr><td colspan="10" style="text-align:center;color:#7f8c8d;">{{t $.Lang "当前没有活动连接"}}</td></tr>
                             {{end}}
                         </tbody>
                     </table>

internal/web/templates/admin/dashboard.html

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 {{define "admin_dashboard"}}
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="zh-CN">
+<html lang="{{htmlLang .Lang}}">
 <head>
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, viewport-fit=cover">
-    <title>管理后台 - MailGo</title>
+    <title>{{t .Lang "管理后台"}} - MailGo</title>
     {{template "styles" .}}
 </head>
 <body>
@@ -12,74 +12,74 @@
     <div class="container">
         <div class="clearfix">
             <div class="sidebar">
-                <a href="/inbox">返回邮箱</a>
-                <a href="/admin" {{if eq .activeFolder "admin"}}class="active"{{end}}>控制面板</a>
-                <a href="/admin/domains" {{if eq .activeFolder "domains"}}class="active"{{end}}>域名管理</a>
-                <a href="/admin/users" {{if eq .activeFolder "users"}}class="active"{{end}}>用户管理</a>
-                <a href="/admin/mails" {{if eq .activeFolder "mails"}}class="active"{{end}}>所有邮件</a>
-                <a href="/admin/outbound" {{if eq .activeFolder "outbound"}}class="active"{{end}}>外发队列</a>
-                                <a href="/admin/protocol-logs" {{if eq .activeFolder "protocol-logs"}}class="active"{{end}}>协议日志</a>
-                <a href="/admin/connections" {{if eq .activeFolder "connections"}}class="active"{{end}}>当前连接</a>
-<a href="/admin/bans" {{if eq .activeFolder "bans"}}class="active"{{end}}>IP黑名单</a>
+                <a href="/inbox">{{t .Lang "返回邮箱"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin" {{if eq .activeFolder "admin"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "控制面板"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/domains" {{if eq .activeFolder "domains"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "域名管理"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/users" {{if eq .activeFolder "users"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "用户管理"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/mails" {{if eq .activeFolder "mails"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "所有邮件"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/outbound" {{if eq .activeFolder "outbound"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "外发队列"}}</a>
+                                <a href="/admin/protocol-logs" {{if eq .activeFolder "protocol-logs"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "协议日志"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/connections" {{if eq .activeFolder "connections"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "当前连接"}}</a>
+<a href="/admin/bans" {{if eq .activeFolder "bans"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "IP黑名单"}}</a>
             </div>
             <div class="content">
-                <h2 style="margin-bottom:24px;">管理后台</h2>
+                <h2 style="margin-bottom:24px;">{{t .Lang "管理后台"}}</h2>
                 <div style="margin-bottom:24px;">
                     <div class="stat-card">
                         <h3>{{.domainCount}}</h3>
-                        <p>域名数</p>
+                        <p>{{t .Lang "域名数"}}</p>
                     </div>
                     <div class="stat-card">
                         <h3>{{.userCount}}</h3>
-                        <p>用户数</p>
+                        <p>{{t .Lang "用户数"}}</p>
                     </div>
                     <div class="stat-card">
                         <h3>{{.totalMails}}</h3>
-                        <p>邮件总数</p>
+                        <p>{{t .Lang "邮件总数"}}</p>
                     </div>
                     <div class="stat-card">
                         <h3>{{.banCount}}</h3>
-                        <p>被封IP</p>
+                        <p>{{t .Lang "被封IP"}}</p>
                     </div>
                 </div>
                 <div class="card">
-                    <h3>邮件分布</h3>
+                    <h3>{{t .Lang "邮件分布"}}</h3>
                     <table style="margin-top:12px;">
                         <thead>
                             <tr>
-                                <th>文件夹</th>
-                                <th>邮件数</th>
-                                <th>占用空间</th>
+                                <th>{{t .Lang "文件夹"}}</th>
+                                <th>{{t .Lang "邮件数"}}</th>
+                                <th>{{t .Lang "占用空间"}}</th>
                             </tr>
                         </thead>
                         <tbody>
-                            <tr><td>收件箱 (INBOX)</td><td>{{.inboxCount}}</td><td>{{formatBytes .inboxSize}}</td></tr>
-                            <tr><td>发件箱 (Sent)</td><td>{{.sentCount}}</td><td>{{formatBytes .sentSize}}</td></tr>
-                            <tr><td>草稿箱 (Drafts)</td><td>{{.draftsCount}}</td><td>—</td></tr>
-                            <tr><td>垃圾箱 (Trash)</td><td>{{.trashCount}}</td><td>—</td></tr>
-                            <tr style="font-weight:bold;"><td>合计</td><td>{{.totalMails}}</td><td>{{formatBytes .totalSize}}</td></tr>
+                            <tr><td>{{folderLabel .Lang "INBOX"}} (INBOX)</td><td>{{.inboxCount}}</td><td>{{formatBytes .inboxSize}}</td></tr>
+                            <tr><td>{{folderLabel .Lang "Sent"}} (Sent)</td><td>{{.sentCount}}</td><td>{{formatBytes .sentSize}}</td></tr>
+                            <tr><td>{{folderLabel .Lang "Drafts"}} (Drafts)</td><td>{{.draftsCount}}</td><td>—</td></tr>
+                            <tr><td>{{folderLabel .Lang "Trash"}} (Trash)</td><td>{{.trashCount}}</td><td>—</td></tr>
+                            <tr style="font-weight:bold;"><td>{{t .Lang "合计"}}</td><td>{{.totalMails}}</td><td>{{formatBytes .totalSize}}</td></tr>
                         </tbody>
                     </table>
                 </div>
                 <div class="card">
-                    <h3>收发统计</h3>
+                    <h3>{{t .Lang "收发统计"}}</h3>
                     <table style="margin-top:12px;">
                         <thead>
-                            <tr><th>时间段</th><th>收件</th><th>发件</th></tr>
+                            <tr><th>{{t .Lang "时间段"}}</th><th>{{t .Lang "收件"}}</th><th>{{t .Lang "发件"}}</th></tr>
                         </thead>
                         <tbody>
-                            <tr><td>今日</td><td>{{.todayReceived}}</td><td>{{.todaySent}}</td></tr>
-                            <tr><td>近 7 天</td><td>{{.weekReceived}}</td><td>{{.weekSent}}</td></tr>
+                            <tr><td>{{t .Lang "今日"}}</td><td>{{.todayReceived}}</td><td>{{.todaySent}}</td></tr>
+                            <tr><td>{{t .Lang "近 7 天"}}</td><td>{{.weekReceived}}</td><td>{{.weekSent}}</td></tr>
                         </tbody>
                     </table>
                 </div>
                 <div class="card">
-                    <h3>快捷操作</h3>
+                    <h3>{{t .Lang "快捷操作"}}</h3>
                     <p style="margin-top:12px;">
-                        <a href="/admin/domains/new" class="btn btn-primary">新增域名</a>
-                        <a href="/admin/users/new" class="btn btn-primary" style="margin-left:8px;">新增用户</a>
-                        <a href="/admin/mails" class="btn btn-primary" style="margin-left:8px;">查看所有邮件</a>
-                        <a href="/admin/bans" class="btn btn-primary" style="margin-left:8px;">IP黑名单</a>
+                        <a href="/admin/domains/new" class="btn btn-primary">{{t .Lang "新增域名"}}</a>
+                        <a href="/admin/users/new" class="btn btn-primary" style="margin-left:8px;">{{t .Lang "新增用户"}}</a>
+                        <a href="/admin/mails" class="btn btn-primary" style="margin-left:8px;">{{t .Lang "查看所有邮件"}}</a>
+                        <a href="/admin/bans" class="btn btn-primary" style="margin-left:8px;">{{t .Lang "IP黑名单"}}</a>
                     </p>
                 </div>
             </div>

internal/web/templates/admin/dns_hint.html

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 {{define "admin_dns_hint"}}
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="zh-CN">
+<html lang="{{htmlLang .Lang}}">
 <head>
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, viewport-fit=cover">
-    <title>DNS配置 - MailGo</title>
+    <title>{{t .Lang "DNS配置"}} - MailGo</title>
     {{template "styles" .}}
 </head>
 <body>
@@ -12,39 +12,39 @@
     <div class="container">
         <div class="clearfix">
             <div class="sidebar">
-                <a href="/inbox">返回邮箱</a>
-                <a href="/admin" {{if eq .activeFolder "admin"}}class="active"{{end}}>控制面板</a>
-                <a href="/admin/domains" {{if eq .activeFolder "domains"}}class="active"{{end}}>域名管理</a>
-                <a href="/admin/users" {{if eq .activeFolder "users"}}class="active"{{end}}>用户管理</a>
-                <a href="/admin/mails" {{if eq .activeFolder "mails"}}class="active"{{end}}>所有邮件</a>
-                <a href="/admin/outbound" {{if eq .activeFolder "outbound"}}class="active"{{end}}>外发队列</a>
-                                <a href="/admin/protocol-logs" {{if eq .activeFolder "protocol-logs"}}class="active"{{end}}>协议日志</a>
-                <a href="/admin/connections" {{if eq .activeFolder "connections"}}class="active"{{end}}>当前连接</a>
-<a href="/admin/bans" {{if eq .activeFolder "bans"}}class="active"{{end}}>IP黑名单</a>
+                <a href="/inbox">{{t .Lang "返回邮箱"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin" {{if eq .activeFolder "admin"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "控制面板"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/domains" {{if eq .activeFolder "domains"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "域名管理"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/users" {{if eq .activeFolder "users"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "用户管理"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/mails" {{if eq .activeFolder "mails"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "所有邮件"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/outbound" {{if eq .activeFolder "outbound"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "外发队列"}}</a>
+                                <a href="/admin/protocol-logs" {{if eq .activeFolder "protocol-logs"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "协议日志"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/connections" {{if eq .activeFolder "connections"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "当前连接"}}</a>
+<a href="/admin/bans" {{if eq .activeFolder "bans"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "IP黑名单"}}</a>
             </div>
             <div class="content">
                 <div class="card">
-                    <h2 style="margin-bottom:16px;">DNS 配置提示 — {{.domain.Name}}</h2>
-                    <p style="margin-bottom:16px;color:#7f8c8d;">请在您的 DNS 服务商处添加以下记录：</p>
+                    <h2 style="margin-bottom:16px;">{{tf .Lang "DNS 配置提示 — %s" .domain.Name}}</h2>
+                    <p style="margin-bottom:16px;color:#7f8c8d;">{{t .Lang "请在您的 DNS 服务商处添加以下记录："}}</p>
 
-                    <h4 style="margin-bottom:8px;">MX 记录</h4>
+                    <h4 style="margin-bottom:8px;">{{t .Lang "MX 记录"}}</h4>
                     <div class="dns-record">@ IN MX 10 mail.{{.domain.Name}}.</div>
 
-                    <h4 style="margin-bottom:8px;">SPF 记录 (TXT)</h4>
+                    <h4 style="margin-bottom:8px;">{{t .Lang "SPF 记录 (TXT)"}}</h4>
                     <div class="dns-record">@ IN TXT "v=spf1 mx -all"</div>
 
-                    <h4 style="margin-bottom:8px;">DKIM 记录 (TXT)</h4>
+                    <h4 style="margin-bottom:8px;">{{t .Lang "DKIM 记录 (TXT)"}}</h4>
                     {{if .domain.DkimPublicKey}}
                     <div class="dns-record">default._domainkey.{{.domain.Name}}. IN TXT "{{.dkimRecord}}"</div>
                     {{else}}
-                    <div class="dns-record" style="color:#e67e22;">⚠️ DKIM 密钥尚未生成，请编辑域名重新生成。</div>
+                    <div class="dns-record" style="color:#e67e22;">{{t .Lang "⚠️ DKIM 密钥尚未生成，请编辑域名重新生成。"}}</div>
                     {{end}}
 
-                    <h4 style="margin-bottom:8px;">DMARC 记录</h4>
+                    <h4 style="margin-bottom:8px;">{{t .Lang "DMARC 记录"}}</h4>
                     <div class="dns-record">_dmarc.{{.domain.Name}}. IN TXT "v=DMARC1; p=none; rua=mailto:postmaster@{{.domain.Name}}"</div>
 
                     <div style="margin-top:24px;">
-                        <a href="/admin/domains" class="btn" style="background:#bdc3c7;color:#fff;">返回域名列表</a>
+                        <a href="/admin/domains" class="btn" style="background:#bdc3c7;color:#fff;">{{t .Lang "返回域名列表"}}</a>
                     </div>
                 </div>
             </div>

internal/web/templates/admin/domain_form.html

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 {{define "admin_domain_form"}}
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="zh-CN">
+<html lang="{{htmlLang .Lang}}">
 <head>
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, viewport-fit=cover">
-    <title>{{if .isEdit}}编辑域名{{else}}新增域名{{end}} - MailGo</title>
+    <title>{{if .isEdit}}{{t .Lang "编辑域名"}}{{else}}{{t .Lang "新增域名"}}{{end}} - MailGo</title>
     {{template "styles" .}}
 </head>
 <body>
@@ -12,24 +12,24 @@
     <div class="container">
         <div class="clearfix">
             <div class="sidebar">
-                <a href="/inbox">返回邮箱</a>
-                <a href="/admin" {{if eq .activeFolder "admin"}}class="active"{{end}}>控制面板</a>
-                <a href="/admin/domains" {{if eq .activeFolder "domains"}}class="active"{{end}}>域名管理</a>
-                <a href="/admin/users" {{if eq .activeFolder "users"}}class="active"{{end}}>用户管理</a>
-                <a href="/admin/mails" {{if eq .activeFolder "mails"}}class="active"{{end}}>所有邮件</a>
-                <a href="/admin/outbound" {{if eq .activeFolder "outbound"}}class="active"{{end}}>外发队列</a>
-                                <a href="/admin/protocol-logs" {{if eq .activeFolder "protocol-logs"}}class="active"{{end}}>协议日志</a>
-                <a href="/admin/connections" {{if eq .activeFolder "connections"}}class="active"{{end}}>当前连接</a>
-<a href="/admin/bans" {{if eq .activeFolder "bans"}}class="active"{{end}}>IP黑名单</a>
+                <a href="/inbox">{{t .Lang "返回邮箱"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin" {{if eq .activeFolder "admin"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "控制面板"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/domains" {{if eq .activeFolder "domains"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "域名管理"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/users" {{if eq .activeFolder "users"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "用户管理"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/mails" {{if eq .activeFolder "mails"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "所有邮件"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/outbound" {{if eq .activeFolder "outbound"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "外发队列"}}</a>
+                                <a href="/admin/protocol-logs" {{if eq .activeFolder "protocol-logs"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "协议日志"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/connections" {{if eq .activeFolder "connections"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "当前连接"}}</a>
+<a href="/admin/bans" {{if eq .activeFolder "bans"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "IP黑名单"}}</a>
             </div>
             <div class="content">
                 <div class="card">
-                    <h2 style="margin-bottom:16px;">{{if .isEdit}}编辑域名{{else}}新增域名{{end}}</h2>
+                    <h2 style="margin-bottom:16px;">{{if .isEdit}}{{t .Lang "编辑域名"}}{{else}}{{t .Lang "新增域名"}}{{end}}</h2>
                     {{if .error}}<div class="alert alert-error">{{.error}}</div>{{end}}
                     {{if .caddyMsg}}<div class="alert {{if eq .caddyMsgType "success"}}alert-success{{else}}alert-error{{end}}">{{.caddyMsg}}</div>{{end}}
                     <form method="POST" action="{{if .isEdit}}/admin/domains/{{.domain.ID}}{{else}}/admin/domains{{end}}">
                         <div class="form-group">
-                            <label>域名</label>
+                            <label>{{t .Lang "域名"}}</label>
                             {{if .isEdit}}
                             <input type="text" name="name" value="{{.domain.Name}}" disabled style="background:#f5f5f5;">
                             {{else}}
@@ -37,45 +37,45 @@
                             {{end}}
                         </div>
                         <div class="form-group">
-                            <label>SMTP 端口</label>
+                            <label>{{t .Lang "SMTP 端口"}}</label>
                             <input type="number" name="smtp_port" value="{{.domain.SmtpPort}}" placeholder="25">
                         </div>
                         <div class="form-group">
-                            <label>IMAP 端口</label>
+                            <label>{{t .Lang "IMAP 端口"}}</label>
                             <input type="number" name="imap_port" value="{{.domain.ImapPort}}" placeholder="143">
                         </div>
                         <div class="form-group">
-                            <label>POP3 端口</label>
+                            <label>{{t .Lang "POP3 端口"}}</label>
                             <input type="number" name="pop3_port" value="{{.domain.Pop3Port}}" placeholder="110">
                         </div>
                         <div class="form-group">
                             <label>
                                 <input type="checkbox" name="tls_enabled" id="tls_enabled" {{if .domain.TlsEnabled}}checked{{end}} onchange="togglePorts()">
-                                启用 TLS
+                                {{t .Lang "启用 TLS"}}
                             </label>
-                            <p style="color:#7f8c8d;font-size:12px;margin-top:4px;">勾选后端口将自动切换为 SSL/TLS 标准端口</p>
+                            <p style="color:#7f8c8d;font-size:12px;margin-top:4px;">{{t .Lang "勾选后端口将自动切换为 SSL/TLS 标准端口"}}</p>
                         </div>
                         {{if .isEdit}}
                         <div id="tls_cert_fields" style="display:none;">
                             <div class="form-group">
-                                <label>TLS 私钥 PEM</label>
+                                <label>{{t .Lang "TLS 私钥 PEM"}}</label>
                                 <textarea name="tls_private_key" rows="8" placeholder="-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----&#10;...&#10;-----END PRIVATE KEY-----" style="font-family:monospace;"></textarea>
-                                <p style="color:#7f8c8d;font-size:12px;margin-top:4px;">私钥不会回显；留空则保留现有私钥。</p>
+                                <p style="color:#7f8c8d;font-size:12px;margin-top:4px;">{{t .Lang "私钥不会回显；留空则保留现有私钥。"}}</p>
                             </div>
                             <div class="form-group">
-                                <label>TLS 公钥证书 PEM</label>
+                                <label>{{t .Lang "TLS 公钥证书 PEM"}}</label>
                                 <textarea name="tls_public_cert" rows="8" placeholder="-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----&#10;...&#10;-----END CERTIFICATE-----" style="font-family:monospace;">{{.tlsPublicCert}}</textarea>
                                 {{if .tlsCertConfigured}}
-                                <p style="color:#27ae60;font-size:12px;margin-top:4px;">✅ TLS 证书已配置；上传新证书后自动热加载生效。</p>
+                                <p style="color:#27ae60;font-size:12px;margin-top:4px;">{{t .Lang "✅ TLS 证书已配置；上传新证书后自动热加载生效。"}}</p>
                                 {{else}}
-                                <p style="color:#e67e22;font-size:12px;margin-top:4px;">⚠️ TLS 证书未配置，启用 TLS 时必须同时填写私钥和证书。</p>
+                                <p style="color:#e67e22;font-size:12px;margin-top:4px;">{{t .Lang "⚠️ TLS 证书未配置，启用 TLS 时必须同时填写私钥和证书。"}}</p>
                                 {{end}}
                             </div>
                         </div>
                         <div class="form-group" style="margin-top:4px;">
-                            <label>从 Caddy 获取证书</label>
-                            <p style="color:#7f8c8d;font-size:12px;margin-top:2px;margin-bottom:8px;">若该域名已由本机 Caddy 托管 HTTPS（自动签发证书），可一键导入其证书与私钥，并自动启用 TLS；证书热加载，无需重启服务。</p>
-                            <button type="button" class="btn" id="btn_fetch_caddy" onclick="fetchCaddyCert()" style="background:#2e86de;color:#fff;">🔒 从 Caddy 获取证书</button>
+                            <label>{{t .Lang "从 Caddy 获取证书"}}</label>
+                            <p style="color:#7f8c8d;font-size:12px;margin-top:2px;margin-bottom:8px;">{{t .Lang "若该域名已由本机 Caddy 托管 HTTPS（自动签发证书），可一键导入其证书与私钥，并自动启用 TLS；证书热加载，无需重启服务。"}}</p>
+                            <button type="button" class="btn" id="btn_fetch_caddy" onclick="fetchCaddyCert()" style="background:#2e86de;color:#fff;">{{t .Lang "🔒 从 Caddy 获取证书"}}</button>
                             <span id="caddy_fetch_msg" style="margin-left:10px;font-size:12px;color:#7f8c8d;"></span>
                             <script>
                             async function fetchCaddyCert() {
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@
                                 var msg = document.getElementById('caddy_fetch_msg');
                                 btn.disabled = true;
                                 var oldText = btn.textContent;
-                                btn.textContent = '获取中…';
+                                btn.textContent = '{{t .Lang "获取中…"}}';
                                 msg.textContent = '';
                                 try {
                                     var resp = await fetch('/admin/domains/{{.domain.ID}}/fetch-caddy-cert', { method: 'POST' });
@@ -91,9 +91,9 @@
                                         window.location.href = resp.url;
                                         return;
                                     }
-                                    msg.textContent = '获取失败: ' + await resp.text();
+                                    msg.textContent = '{{t .Lang "获取失败"}}: ' + await resp.text();
                                 } catch (e) {
-                                    msg.textContent = '请求失败: ' + e;
+                                    msg.textContent = '{{t .Lang "请求失败"}}: ' + e;
                                 }
                                 btn.disabled = false;
                                 btn.textContent = oldText;
@@ -118,17 +118,17 @@
                         <div class="form-group">
                             <label>
                                 <input type="checkbox" name="regenerate_dkim">
-                                重新生成 DKIM 密钥
+                                {{t .Lang "重新生成 DKIM 密钥"}}
                             </label>
                             {{if .domain.DkimPublicKey}}
-                            <p style="color:#27ae60;font-size:12px;margin-top:4px;">✅ DKIM 密钥已配置</p>
+                            <p style="color:#27ae60;font-size:12px;margin-top:4px;">{{t .Lang "✅ DKIM 密钥已配置"}}</p>
                             {{else}}
-                            <p style="color:#e67e22;font-size:12px;margin-top:4px;">⚠️ DKIM 密钥未配置</p>
+                            <p style="color:#e67e22;font-size:12px;margin-top:4px;">{{t .Lang "⚠️ DKIM 密钥未配置"}}</p>
                             {{end}}
                         </div>
                         {{end}}
-                        <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">{{if .isEdit}}保存更改{{else}}创建域名{{end}}</button>
-                        <a href="/admin/domains" class="btn" style="margin-left:8px;background:#bdc3c7;color:#fff;">取消</a>
+                        <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">{{if .isEdit}}{{t .Lang "保存更改"}}{{else}}{{t .Lang "创建域名"}}{{end}}</button>
+                        <a href="/admin/domains" class="btn" style="margin-left:8px;background:#bdc3c7;color:#fff;">{{t .Lang "取消"}}</a>
                     </form>
                 </div>
             </div>

internal/web/templates/admin/domains.html

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 {{define "admin_domains"}}
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="zh-CN">
+<html lang="{{htmlLang .Lang}}">
 <head>
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, viewport-fit=cover">
-    <title>域名管理 - MailGo</title>
+    <title>{{t .Lang "域名管理"}} - MailGo</title>
     {{template "styles" .}}
 </head>
 <body>
@@ -12,35 +12,35 @@
     <div class="container">
         <div class="clearfix">
             <div class="sidebar">
-                <a href="/inbox">返回邮箱</a>
-                <a href="/admin" {{if eq .activeFolder "admin"}}class="active"{{end}}>控制面板</a>
-                <a href="/admin/domains" {{if eq .activeFolder "domains"}}class="active"{{end}}>域名管理</a>
-                <a href="/admin/users" {{if eq .activeFolder "users"}}class="active"{{end}}>用户管理</a>
-                <a href="/admin/mails" {{if eq .activeFolder "mails"}}class="active"{{end}}>所有邮件</a>
-                <a href="/admin/outbound" {{if eq .activeFolder "outbound"}}class="active"{{end}}>外发队列</a>
-                                <a href="/admin/protocol-logs" {{if eq .activeFolder "protocol-logs"}}class="active"{{end}}>协议日志</a>
-                <a href="/admin/connections" {{if eq .activeFolder "connections"}}class="active"{{end}}>当前连接</a>
-<a href="/admin/bans" {{if eq .activeFolder "bans"}}class="active"{{end}}>IP黑名单</a>
+                <a href="/inbox">{{t .Lang "返回邮箱"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin" {{if eq .activeFolder "admin"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "控制面板"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/domains" {{if eq .activeFolder "domains"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "域名管理"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/users" {{if eq .activeFolder "users"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "用户管理"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/mails" {{if eq .activeFolder "mails"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "所有邮件"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/outbound" {{if eq .activeFolder "outbound"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "外发队列"}}</a>
+                                <a href="/admin/protocol-logs" {{if eq .activeFolder "protocol-logs"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "协议日志"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/connections" {{if eq .activeFolder "connections"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "当前连接"}}</a>
+<a href="/admin/bans" {{if eq .activeFolder "bans"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "IP黑名单"}}</a>
             </div>
             <div class="content">
                 <div class="card">
                     <div style="display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;margin-bottom:16px;">
-                        <h2>域名列表</h2>
-                        <a href="/admin/domains/new" class="btn btn-primary">新增域名</a>
+                        <h2>{{t .Lang "域名列表"}}</h2>
+                        <a href="/admin/domains/new" class="btn btn-primary">{{t .Lang "新增域名"}}</a>
                     </div>
                     {{if not .domains}}
-                    <p style="color:#7f8c8d;text-align:center;padding:40px 0;">暂无域名</p>
+                    <p style="color:#7f8c8d;text-align:center;padding:40px 0;">{{t $.Lang "暂无域名"}}</p>
                     {{else}}
                     <table>
                         <thead>
                             <tr>
                                 <th>ID</th>
-                                <th>域名</th>
+                                <th>{{t $.Lang "域名"}}</th>
                                 <th>SMTP</th>
                                 <th>IMAP</th>
                                 <th>POP3</th>
                                 <th>TLS</th>
-                                <th>操作</th>
+                                <th>{{t $.Lang "操作"}}</th>
                             </tr>
                         </thead>
                         <tbody>
@@ -53,11 +53,11 @@
                                 <td>{{.Pop3Port}}</td>
                                 <td>{{if .TlsEnabled}}✅{{else}}❌{{end}}</td>
                                 <td>
-                                    <a href="/admin/domains/{{.ID}}/edit" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">编辑</a>
+                                    <a href="/admin/domains/{{.ID}}/edit" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">{{t $.Lang "编辑"}}</a>
                                     <a href="/admin/domains/{{.ID}}/dns" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">DNS</a>
                                     <form method="POST" action="/admin/domains/{{.ID}}/delete" style="display:inline;"
-                                          onsubmit="return confirm('确定要删除域名 {{.Name}} 吗？删除域名将导致关联用户无法收发邮件！');">
-                                        <button type="submit" class="btn btn-danger btn-sm">删除</button>
+                                          onsubmit="return confirm('{{tf $.Lang "确定要删除域名 %s 吗？删除域名将导致关联用户无法收发邮件！" .Name}}');">
+                                        <button type="submit" class="btn btn-danger btn-sm">{{t $.Lang "删除"}}</button>
                                     </form>
                                 </td>
                             </tr>
@@ -69,11 +69,11 @@
                 {{if .totalPages}}
                 <div class="pagination">
                     {{if gt .page 1}}
-                    <a href="/admin/domains?page={{sub .page 1}}">上一页</a>
+                    <a href="/admin/domains?page={{sub .page 1}}">{{t $.Lang "上一页"}}</a>
                     {{end}}
-                    <span>第 {{.page}} / {{.totalPages}} 页</span>
+                    <span>{{tf $.Lang "第 %d / %d 页" .page .totalPages}}</span>
                     {{if lt .page .totalPages}}
-                    <a href="/admin/domains?page={{add .page 1}}">下一页</a>
+                    <a href="/admin/domains?page={{add .page 1}}">{{t $.Lang "下一页"}}</a>
                     {{end}}
                 </div>
                 {{end}}

internal/web/templates/admin/mail_view.html

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 {{define "admin_mail_view"}}
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="zh-CN">
+<html lang="{{htmlLang .Lang}}">
 <head>
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, viewport-fit=cover">
-    <title>查看邮件 - MailGo 管理后台</title>
+    <title>{{t .Lang "查看邮件"}} - MailGo {{t .Lang "管理后台"}}</title>
     {{template "styles" .}}
     <style>
         .mail-body-iframe {
@@ -21,29 +21,29 @@
     <div class="container">
         <div class="clearfix">
             <div class="sidebar">
-                <a href="/inbox">返回邮箱</a>
-                <a href="/admin" {{if eq .activeFolder "admin"}}class="active"{{end}}>控制面板</a>
-                <a href="/admin/domains" {{if eq .activeFolder "domains"}}class="active"{{end}}>域名管理</a>
-                <a href="/admin/users" {{if eq .activeFolder "users"}}class="active"{{end}}>用户管理</a>
-                <a href="/admin/mails" class="active">所有邮件</a>
-                <a href="/admin/outbound" {{if eq .activeFolder "outbound"}}class="active"{{end}}>外发队列</a>
-                                <a href="/admin/protocol-logs" {{if eq .activeFolder "protocol-logs"}}class="active"{{end}}>协议日志</a>
-                <a href="/admin/connections" {{if eq .activeFolder "connections"}}class="active"{{end}}>当前连接</a>
-<a href="/admin/bans" {{if eq .activeFolder "bans"}}class="active"{{end}}>IP黑名单</a>
+                <a href="/inbox">{{t .Lang "返回邮箱"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin" {{if eq .activeFolder "admin"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "控制面板"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/domains" {{if eq .activeFolder "domains"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "域名管理"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/users" {{if eq .activeFolder "users"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "用户管理"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/mails" class="active">{{t .Lang "所有邮件"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/outbound" {{if eq .activeFolder "outbound"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "外发队列"}}</a>
+                                <a href="/admin/protocol-logs" {{if eq .activeFolder "protocol-logs"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "协议日志"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/connections" {{if eq .activeFolder "connections"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "当前连接"}}</a>
+<a href="/admin/bans" {{if eq .activeFolder "bans"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "IP黑名单"}}</a>
             </div>
             <div class="content">
                 <div class="card">
                     <div style="margin-bottom:16px;">
-                        <a href="/admin/mails" class="btn" style="background:#bdc3c7;color:#fff;">返回邮件列表</a>
+                        <a href="/admin/mails" class="btn" style="background:#bdc3c7;color:#fff;">{{t .Lang "返回邮件列表"}}</a>
                     </div>
-                    <h2>{{if .message.Subject}}{{.message.Subject}}{{else}}(无主题){{end}}</h2>
+                    <h2>{{if .message.Subject}}{{.message.Subject}}{{else}}{{t .Lang "(无主题)"}}{{end}}</h2>
                     <div class="mail-meta" style="margin-top:12px;">
-                        <p><strong>发件人:</strong> {{decodeHeader .message.FromAddr}}</p>
-                        <p><strong>收件人:</strong> {{.message.ToAddr}}</p>
-                        {{if .message.CcAddr}}<p><strong>抄送:</strong> {{.message.CcAddr}}</p>{{end}}
-                        <p><strong>所属用户:</strong> {{if .message.User.ID}}{{.message.User.Username}}{{else}}—{{end}}</p>
-                        <p><strong>文件夹:</strong> {{.message.Folder}}</p>
-                        <p><strong>时间:</strong> {{.message.Date.Format "2006-01-02 15:04:05"}}</p>
+                        <p><strong>{{t .Lang "发件人:"}}</strong> {{decodeHeader .message.FromAddr}}</p>
+                        <p><strong>{{t .Lang "收件人:"}}</strong> {{.message.ToAddr}}</p>
+                        {{if .message.CcAddr}}<p><strong>{{t .Lang "抄送:"}}</strong> {{.message.CcAddr}}</p>{{end}}
+                        <p><strong>{{t .Lang "所属用户:"}}</strong> {{if .message.User.ID}}{{.message.User.Username}}{{else}}—{{end}}</p>
+                        <p><strong>{{t .Lang "文件夹:"}}</strong> {{.message.Folder}}</p>
+                        <p><strong>{{t .Lang "时间:"}}</strong> {{time12 .Lang .message.Date}}</p>
                     </div>
                     <div class="mail-body">
                         {{if .message.HtmlBody}}
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
                     </div>
                     {{if .attachments}}
                     <div class="attachment-list">
-                        <h4 style="margin-bottom:8px;">附件</h4>
+                        <h4 style="margin-bottom:8px;">{{t .Lang "附件列表"}}</h4>
                         {{range .attachments}}
                         <div class="attachment-item">
                             📎 <a href="/admin/attachment/{{.ID}}">{{.FileName}}</a>

internal/web/templates/admin/mails.html

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 {{define "admin_mails"}}
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="zh-CN">
+<html lang="{{htmlLang .Lang}}">
 <head>
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, viewport-fit=cover">
-    <title>所有邮件 - MailGo</title>
+    <title>{{t .Lang "所有邮件"}} - MailGo</title>
     {{template "styles" .}}
 </head>
 <body>
@@ -12,38 +12,38 @@
     <div class="container">
         <div class="clearfix">
             <div class="sidebar">
-                <a href="/inbox">返回邮箱</a>
-                <a href="/admin" {{if eq .activeFolder "admin"}}class="active"{{end}}>控制面板</a>
-                <a href="/admin/domains" {{if eq .activeFolder "domains"}}class="active"{{end}}>域名管理</a>
-                <a href="/admin/users" {{if eq .activeFolder "users"}}class="active"{{end}}>用户管理</a>
-                <a href="/admin/mails" {{if eq .activeFolder "mails"}}class="active"{{end}}>所有邮件</a>
-                <a href="/admin/outbound" {{if eq .activeFolder "outbound"}}class="active"{{end}}>外发队列</a>
-                                <a href="/admin/protocol-logs" {{if eq .activeFolder "protocol-logs"}}class="active"{{end}}>协议日志</a>
-                <a href="/admin/connections" {{if eq .activeFolder "connections"}}class="active"{{end}}>当前连接</a>
-<a href="/admin/bans" {{if eq .activeFolder "bans"}}class="active"{{end}}>IP黑名单</a>
+                <a href="/inbox">{{t .Lang "返回邮箱"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin" {{if eq .activeFolder "admin"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "控制面板"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/domains" {{if eq .activeFolder "domains"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "域名管理"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/users" {{if eq .activeFolder "users"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "用户管理"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/mails" {{if eq .activeFolder "mails"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "所有邮件"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/outbound" {{if eq .activeFolder "outbound"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "外发队列"}}</a>
+                                <a href="/admin/protocol-logs" {{if eq .activeFolder "protocol-logs"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "协议日志"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/connections" {{if eq .activeFolder "connections"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "当前连接"}}</a>
+<a href="/admin/bans" {{if eq .activeFolder "bans"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "IP黑名单"}}</a>
             </div>
             <div class="content">
                 <div class="card">
-                    <h2 style="margin-bottom:16px;">所有邮件</h2>
+                    <h2 style="margin-bottom:16px;">{{t .Lang "所有邮件"}}</h2>
                     <div style="margin-bottom:16px;">
-                        <a href="/admin/mails" {{if eq .folder ""}}class="btn btn-primary"{{else}}class="btn" style="background:#ecf0f1;color:#333;"{{end}}>全部</a>
+                        <a href="/admin/mails" {{if eq .folder ""}}class="btn btn-primary"{{else}}class="btn" style="background:#ecf0f1;color:#333;"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "全部"}}</a>
                         <a href="/admin/mails?folder=INBOX" {{if eq .folder "INBOX"}}class="btn btn-primary"{{else}}class="btn" style="background:#ecf0f1;color:#333;"{{end}}>INBOX</a>
                         <a href="/admin/mails?folder=Sent" {{if eq .folder "Sent"}}class="btn btn-primary"{{else}}class="btn" style="background:#ecf0f1;color:#333;"{{end}}>Sent</a>
                         <a href="/admin/mails?folder=Drafts" {{if eq .folder "Drafts"}}class="btn btn-primary"{{else}}class="btn" style="background:#ecf0f1;color:#333;"{{end}}>Drafts</a>
                         <a href="/admin/mails?folder=Trash" {{if eq .folder "Trash"}}class="btn btn-primary"{{else}}class="btn" style="background:#ecf0f1;color:#333;"{{end}}>Trash</a>
                     </div>
                     {{if not .messages}}
-                    <p style="color:#7f8c8d;text-align:center;padding:40px 0;">暂无邮件</p>
+                    <p style="color:#7f8c8d;text-align:center;padding:40px 0;">{{t $.Lang "暂无邮件"}}</p>
                     {{else}}
                     <table>
                         <thead>
                             <tr>
-                                <th>发件人</th>
-                                <th>收件人</th>
-                                <th>主题</th>
-                                <th>所属用户</th>
-                                <th>文件夹</th>
-                                <th>日期</th>
+                                <th>{{t $.Lang "发件人"}}</th>
+                                <th>{{t $.Lang "收件人"}}</th>
+                                <th>{{t $.Lang "主题"}}</th>
+                                <th>{{t $.Lang "所属用户"}}</th>
+                                <th>{{t $.Lang "文件夹"}}</th>
+                                <th>{{t $.Lang "日期"}}</th>
                             </tr>
                         </thead>
                         <tbody>
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
                                 <td>{{.Subject}}</td>
                                 <td>{{if .User.ID}}{{.User.Username}}{{else}}—{{end}}</td>
                                 <td>{{.Folder}}</td>
-                                <td>{{.Date.Format "2006-01-02 15:04"}}</td>
+                                <td>{{time12m $.Lang .Date}}</td>
                             </tr>
                         {{end}}
                         </tbody>
@@ -64,11 +64,11 @@
                 {{if .totalPages}}
                 <div class="pagination">
                     {{if gt .page 1}}
-                    <a href="/admin/mails?page={{sub .page 1}}{{if .folder}}&folder={{.folder}}{{end}}">上一页</a>
+                    <a href="/admin/mails?page={{sub .page 1}}{{if .folder}}&folder={{.folder}}{{end}}">{{t $.Lang "上一页"}}</a>
                     {{end}}
-                    <span>第 {{.page}} / {{.totalPages}} 页</span>
+                    <span>{{tf $.Lang "第 %d / %d 页" .page .totalPages}}</span>
                     {{if lt .page .totalPages}}
-                    <a href="/admin/mails?page={{add .page 1}}{{if .folder}}&folder={{.folder}}{{end}}">下一页</a>
+                    <a href="/admin/mails?page={{add .page 1}}{{if .folder}}&folder={{.folder}}{{end}}">{{t $.Lang "下一页"}}</a>
                     {{end}}
                 </div>
                 {{end}}

internal/web/templates/admin/outbound.html

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 {{define "admin_outbound"}}
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="zh-CN">
+<html lang="{{htmlLang .Lang}}">
 <head>
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, viewport-fit=cover">
-    <title>外发队列 - MailGo</title>
+    <title>{{t .Lang "外发队列"}} - MailGo</title>
     {{template "styles" .}}
 </head>
 <body>
@@ -12,60 +12,60 @@
     <div class="container">
         <div class="clearfix">
             <div class="sidebar">
-                <a href="/inbox">返回邮箱</a>
-                <a href="/admin" {{if eq .activeFolder "admin"}}class="active"{{end}}>控制面板</a>
-                <a href="/admin/domains" {{if eq .activeFolder "domains"}}class="active"{{end}}>域名管理</a>
-                <a href="/admin/users" {{if eq .activeFolder "users"}}class="active"{{end}}>用户管理</a>
-                <a href="/admin/mails" {{if eq .activeFolder "mails"}}class="active"{{end}}>所有邮件</a>
-                <a href="/admin/outbound" {{if eq .activeFolder "outbound"}}class="active"{{end}}>外发队列</a>
-                                <a href="/admin/protocol-logs" {{if eq .activeFolder "protocol-logs"}}class="active"{{end}}>协议日志</a>
-                <a href="/admin/connections" {{if eq .activeFolder "connections"}}class="active"{{end}}>当前连接</a>
-<a href="/admin/bans" {{if eq .activeFolder "bans"}}class="active"{{end}}>IP黑名单</a>
+                <a href="/inbox">{{t .Lang "返回邮箱"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin" {{if eq .activeFolder "admin"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "控制面板"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/domains" {{if eq .activeFolder "domains"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "域名管理"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/users" {{if eq .activeFolder "users"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "用户管理"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/mails" {{if eq .activeFolder "mails"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "所有邮件"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/outbound" {{if eq .activeFolder "outbound"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "外发队列"}}</a>
+                                <a href="/admin/protocol-logs" {{if eq .activeFolder "protocol-logs"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "协议日志"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/connections" {{if eq .activeFolder "connections"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "当前连接"}}</a>
+<a href="/admin/bans" {{if eq .activeFolder "bans"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "IP黑名单"}}</a>
             </div>
             <div class="content">
-                <h2 style="margin-bottom:24px;">外发队列</h2>
+                <h2 style="margin-bottom:24px;">{{t .Lang "外发队列"}}</h2>
 
                 <div style="margin-bottom:24px;">
                     <div class="stat-card">
                         <h3>{{index .statCounts "pending"}}</h3>
-                        <p>待发送</p>
+                        <p>{{t .Lang "待发送"}}</p>
                     </div>
                     <div class="stat-card">
                         <h3>{{index .statCounts "deferred"}}</h3>
-                        <p>等待重试</p>
+                        <p>{{t .Lang "等待重试"}}</p>
                     </div>
                     <div class="stat-card">
                         <h3>{{index .statCounts "sent"}}</h3>
-                        <p>已送达</p>
+                        <p>{{t .Lang "已送达"}}</p>
                     </div>
                     <div class="stat-card">
                         <h3>{{index .statCounts "failed"}}</h3>
-                        <p>失败</p>
+                        <p>{{t .Lang "失败"}}</p>
                     </div>
                 </div>
 
                 <div class="card">
                     <div style="margin-bottom:12px;">
-                        <a href="/admin/outbound" class="btn btn-sm {{if eq .status ""}}btn-primary{{end}}" style="background:{{if eq .status ""}}#3498db{{else}}#ecf0f1{{end}};color:{{if eq .status ""}}#fff{{else}}#333{{end}};">全部</a>
-                        <a href="/admin/outbound?status=pending" class="btn btn-sm">待发送</a>
-                        <a href="/admin/outbound?status=deferred" class="btn btn-sm">等待重试</a>
-                        <a href="/admin/outbound?status=sent" class="btn btn-sm">已送达</a>
-                        <a href="/admin/outbound?status=failed" class="btn btn-sm">失败</a>
-                        <a href="/admin/outbound?status=canceled" class="btn btn-sm">已取消</a>
+                        <a href="/admin/outbound" class="btn btn-sm {{if eq .status ""}}btn-primary{{end}}" style="background:{{if eq .status ""}}#3498db{{else}}#ecf0f1{{end}};color:{{if eq .status ""}}#fff{{else}}#333{{end}};">{{t .Lang "全部"}}</a>
+                        <a href="/admin/outbound?status=pending" class="btn btn-sm">{{t .Lang "待发送"}}</a>
+                        <a href="/admin/outbound?status=deferred" class="btn btn-sm">{{t .Lang "等待重试"}}</a>
+                        <a href="/admin/outbound?status=sent" class="btn btn-sm">{{t .Lang "已送达"}}</a>
+                        <a href="/admin/outbound?status=failed" class="btn btn-sm">{{t .Lang "失败"}}</a>
+                        <a href="/admin/outbound?status=canceled" class="btn btn-sm">{{t .Lang "已取消"}}</a>
                     </div>
 
                     <table>
                         <thead>
                             <tr>
                                 <th>ID</th>
-                                <th>发件人</th>
-                                <th>收件人</th>
-                                <th>状态</th>
-                                <th>尝试次数</th>
-                                <th>下次重试</th>
-                                <th>最后响应 / 错误</th>
-                                <th>创建时间</th>
-                                <th>操作</th>
+                                <th>{{t .Lang "发件人"}}</th>
+                                <th>{{t .Lang "收件人"}}</th>
+                                <th>{{t .Lang "状态"}}</th>
+                                <th>{{t .Lang "尝试次数"}}</th>
+                                <th>{{t .Lang "下次重试"}}</th>
+                                <th>{{t .Lang "最后响应 / 错误"}}</th>
+                                <th>{{t .Lang "创建时间"}}</th>
+                                <th>{{t .Lang "操作"}}</th>
                             </tr>
                         </thead>
                         <tbody>
@@ -75,40 +75,40 @@
                                 <td>{{.FromAddr}}</td>
                                 <td>{{.ToAddr}}</td>
                                 <td>
-                                    {{if eq .Status "pending"}}<span class="badge" style="background:#f39c12;color:#fff;">{{call $.statusText .Status}}</span>
-                                    {{else if eq .Status "deferred"}}<span class="badge" style="background:#e67e22;color:#fff;">{{call $.statusText .Status}}</span>
-                                    {{else if eq .Status "sent"}}<span class="badge" style="background:#27ae60;color:#fff;">{{call $.statusText .Status}}</span>
-                                    {{else if eq .Status "failed"}}<span class="badge badge-unread">{{call $.statusText .Status}}</span>
-                                    {{else}}<span class="badge" style="background:#95a5a6;color:#fff;">{{call $.statusText .Status}}</span>{{end}}
+                                    {{if eq .Status "pending"}}<span class="badge" style="background:#f39c12;color:#fff;">{{t $.Lang (call $.statusText .Status)}}</span>
+                                    {{else if eq .Status "deferred"}}<span class="badge" style="background:#e67e22;color:#fff;">{{t $.Lang (call $.statusText .Status)}}</span>
+                                    {{else if eq .Status "sent"}}<span class="badge" style="background:#27ae60;color:#fff;">{{t $.Lang (call $.statusText .Status)}}</span>
+                                    {{else if eq .Status "failed"}}<span class="badge badge-unread">{{t $.Lang (call $.statusText .Status)}}</span>
+                                    {{else}}<span class="badge" style="background:#95a5a6;color:#fff;">{{t $.Lang (call $.statusText .Status)}}</span>{{end}}
                                 </td>
                                 <td>{{.Attempts}}</td>
-                                <td>{{if or (eq .Status "pending") (eq .Status "deferred")}}{{.NextAttemptAt.Format "2006-01-02 15:04"}}{{else}}—{{end}}</td>
+                                <td>{{if or (eq .Status "pending") (eq .Status "deferred")}}{{time12m $.Lang .NextAttemptAt}}{{else}}—{{end}}</td>
                                 <td style="max-width:280px;word-break:break-all;">{{if .LastResponse}}{{.LastResponse}}{{else}}{{.LastError}}{{end}}</td>
-                                <td>{{.CreatedAt.Format "2006-01-02 15:04"}}</td>
+                                <td>{{time12m $.Lang .CreatedAt}}</td>
                                 <td>
                                     {{if or (eq .Status "failed") (eq .Status "deferred") (eq .Status "canceled") (eq .Status "pending")}}
                                     <form method="POST" action="/admin/outbound/{{.ID}}/retry" style="display:inline;">
-                                        <button type="submit" class="btn btn-sm btn-primary">重试</button>
+                                        <button type="submit" class="btn btn-sm btn-primary">{{t $.Lang "重试"}}</button>
                                     </form>
                                     {{end}}
                                     {{if or (eq .Status "pending") (eq .Status "deferred")}}
-                                    <form method="POST" action="/admin/outbound/{{.ID}}/cancel" style="display:inline;" onsubmit="return confirm('确认取消该投递任务？');">
-                                        <button type="submit" class="btn btn-sm btn-danger">取消</button>
+                                    <form method="POST" action="/admin/outbound/{{.ID}}/cancel" style="display:inline;" onsubmit="return confirm('{{t $.Lang "确认取消该投递任务？"}}');">
+                                        <button type="submit" class="btn btn-sm btn-danger">{{t $.Lang "取消"}}</button>
                                     </form>
                                     {{end}}
                                 </td>
                             </tr>
                             {{else}}
-                            <tr><td colspan="9" style="text-align:center;color:#7f8c8d;">队列为空</td></tr>
+                            <tr><td colspan="9" style="text-align:center;color:#7f8c8d;">{{t $.Lang "队列为空"}}</td></tr>
                             {{end}}
                         </tbody>
                     </table>
 
                     {{if gt .totalPages 1}}
                     <div class="pagination">
-                        {{if gt .page 1}}<a href="/admin/outbound?page={{sub .page 1}}&status={{.status}}">上一页</a>{{end}}
-                        <span class="current">第 {{.page}} / {{.totalPages}} 页</span>
-                        {{if lt .page .totalPages}}<a href="/admin/outbound?page={{add .page 1}}&status={{.status}}">下一页</a>{{end}}
+                        {{if gt .page 1}}<a href="/admin/outbound?page={{sub .page 1}}&status={{.status}}">{{t $.Lang "上一页"}}</a>{{end}}
+                        <span class="current">{{tf $.Lang "第 %d / %d 页" .page .totalPages}}</span>
+                        {{if lt .page .totalPages}}<a href="/admin/outbound?page={{add .page 1}}&status={{.status}}">{{t $.Lang "下一页"}}</a>{{end}}
                     </div>
                     {{end}}
                 </div>

internal/web/templates/admin/protocol_logs.html

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 {{define "admin_protocol_logs"}}
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="zh-CN">
+<html lang="{{htmlLang .Lang}}">
 <head>
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, viewport-fit=cover">
-    <title>协议日志 - MailGo</title>
+    <title>{{t .Lang "协议日志"}} - MailGo</title>
     {{template "styles" .}}
 </head>
 <body>
@@ -12,41 +12,41 @@
     <div class="container">
         <div class="clearfix">
             <div class="sidebar">
-                <a href="/inbox">返回邮箱</a>
-                <a href="/admin" {{if eq .activeFolder "admin"}}class="active"{{end}}>控制面板</a>
-                <a href="/admin/domains" {{if eq .activeFolder "domains"}}class="active"{{end}}>域名管理</a>
-                <a href="/admin/users" {{if eq .activeFolder "users"}}class="active"{{end}}>用户管理</a>
-                <a href="/admin/mails" {{if eq .activeFolder "mails"}}class="active"{{end}}>所有邮件</a>
-                <a href="/admin/outbound" {{if eq .activeFolder "outbound"}}class="active"{{end}}>外发队列</a>
-                <a href="/admin/protocol-logs" {{if eq .activeFolder "protocol-logs"}}class="active"{{end}}>协议日志</a>
-                                <a href="/admin/connections" {{if eq .activeFolder "connections"}}class="active"{{end}}>当前连接</a>
-<a href="/admin/bans" {{if eq .activeFolder "bans"}}class="active"{{end}}>IP黑名单</a>
+                <a href="/inbox">{{t .Lang "返回邮箱"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin" {{if eq .activeFolder "admin"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "控制面板"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/domains" {{if eq .activeFolder "domains"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "域名管理"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/users" {{if eq .activeFolder "users"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "用户管理"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/mails" {{if eq .activeFolder "mails"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "所有邮件"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/outbound" {{if eq .activeFolder "outbound"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "外发队列"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/protocol-logs" {{if eq .activeFolder "protocol-logs"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "协议日志"}}</a>
+                                <a href="/admin/connections" {{if eq .activeFolder "connections"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "当前连接"}}</a>
+<a href="/admin/bans" {{if eq .activeFolder "bans"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "IP黑名单"}}</a>
             </div>
             <div class="content">
                 <div style="display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;margin-bottom:16px;">
-                    <h2>协议日志（SMTP / IMAP / POP3）</h2>
+                    <h2>{{t .Lang "协议日志（SMTP / IMAP / POP3）"}}</h2>
                     <form method="POST" action="/admin/protocol-logs/cleanup" style="display:inline;"
-                          onsubmit="return confirm('确认清理 {{.keepDays}} 天前的协议日志？');">
-                        <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">清理旧日志</button>
+                          onsubmit="return confirm('{{tf .Lang "确认清理 %d 天前的协议日志？" .keepDays}}');">
+                        <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">{{t .Lang "清理旧日志"}}</button>
                     </form>
                 </div>
 
                 <div style="margin-bottom:24px;">
                     <div class="stat-card">
                         <h3>{{index .todayStats "smtp" "fail"}}</h3>
-                        <p>今日 SMTP 失败</p>
+                        <p>{{t .Lang "今日 SMTP 失败"}}</p>
                     </div>
                     <div class="stat-card">
                         <h3>{{index .todayStats "imap" "fail"}}</h3>
-                        <p>今日 IMAP 失败</p>
+                        <p>{{t .Lang "今日 IMAP 失败"}}</p>
                     </div>
                     <div class="stat-card">
                         <h3>{{index .todayStats "pop3" "fail"}}</h3>
-                        <p>今日 POP3 失败</p>
+                        <p>{{t .Lang "今日 POP3 失败"}}</p>
                     </div>
                     <div class="stat-card">
                         <h3>{{add (add (index .allStats "smtp" "fail") (index .allStats "imap" "fail")) (index .allStats "pop3" "fail")}}</h3>
-                        <p>历史失败（全部）</p>
+                        <p>{{t .Lang "历史失败（全部）"}}</p>
                     </div>
                 </div>
 
@@ -54,45 +54,45 @@
                     <form method="GET" action="/admin/protocol-logs" style="margin-bottom:16px;">
                         <div style="display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:12px;align-items:center;">
                             <select name="protocol" style="padding:6px 10px;">
-                                <option value="">全部协议</option>
+                                <option value="">{{t .Lang "全部协议"}}</option>
                                 <option value="smtp" {{if eq .filter.protocol "smtp"}}selected{{end}}>SMTP</option>
                                 <option value="imap" {{if eq .filter.protocol "imap"}}selected{{end}}>IMAP</option>
                                 <option value="pop3" {{if eq .filter.protocol "pop3"}}selected{{end}}>POP3</option>
                             </select>
                             <select name="success" style="padding:6px 10px;">
-                                <option value="">全部状态</option>
-                                <option value="success" {{if eq .filter.success "success"}}selected{{end}}>成功</option>
-                                <option value="fail" {{if eq .filter.success "fail"}}selected{{end}}>失败</option>
+                                <option value="">{{t .Lang "全部状态"}}</option>
+                                <option value="success" {{if eq .filter.success "success"}}selected{{end}}>{{t .Lang "成功"}}</option>
+                                <option value="fail" {{if eq .filter.success "fail"}}selected{{end}}>{{t .Lang "失败"}}</option>
                             </select>
-                            <input type="text" name="ip" placeholder="来源 IP（模糊）" value="{{.filter.ip}}" style="padding:6px 10px;width:160px;">
-                            <input type="text" name="username" placeholder="用户名（模糊）" value="{{.filter.username}}" style="padding:6px 10px;width:160px;">
+                            <input type="text" name="ip" placeholder="{{t .Lang "来源 IP（模糊）"}}" value="{{.filter.ip}}" style="padding:6px 10px;width:160px;">
+                            <input type="text" name="username" placeholder="{{t .Lang "用户名（模糊）"}}" value="{{.filter.username}}" style="padding:6px 10px;width:160px;">
                             <input type="date" name="from" value="{{.filter.from}}" style="padding:6px 10px;">
-                            <span>至</span>
+                            <span>{{t .Lang "至"}}</span>
                             <input type="date" name="to" value="{{.filter.to}}" style="padding:6px 10px;">
-                            <button type="submit" class="btn btn-sm btn-primary">筛选</button>
-                            <a href="/admin/protocol-logs" class="btn btn-sm">重置</a>
+                            <button type="submit" class="btn btn-sm btn-primary">{{t .Lang "筛选"}}</button>
+                            <a href="/admin/protocol-logs" class="btn btn-sm">{{t .Lang "重置"}}</a>
                         </div>
                     </form>
 
                     <table>
                         <thead>
                             <tr>
-                                <th>时间</th>
-                                <th>协议</th>
-                                <th>端口</th>
-                                <th>来源 IP</th>
-                                <th>用户名</th>
-                                <th>状态</th>
-                                <th>失败原因</th>
-                                <th>操作摘要</th>
-                                <th>消息数</th>
-                                <th>时长</th>
+                                <th>{{t .Lang "时间"}}</th>
+                                <th>{{t .Lang "协议"}}</th>
+                                <th>{{t .Lang "端口"}}</th>
+                                <th>{{t .Lang "来源 IP"}}</th>
+                                <th>{{t .Lang "用户名"}}</th>
+                                <th>{{t .Lang "状态"}}</th>
+                                <th>{{t .Lang "失败原因"}}</th>
+                                <th>{{t .Lang "操作摘要"}}</th>
+                                <th>{{t .Lang "消息数"}}</th>
+                                <th>{{t .Lang "时长"}}</th>
                             </tr>
                         </thead>
                         <tbody>
                             {{range .logs}}
                             <tr>
-                                <td style="white-space:nowrap;">{{.CreatedAt.Format "2006-01-02 15:04:05"}}</td>
+                                <td style="white-space:nowrap;">{{time12 $.Lang .CreatedAt}}</td>
                                 <td>
                                     {{if eq .Protocol "smtp"}}<span class="badge" style="background:#3498db;color:#fff;">SMTP</span>
                                     {{else if eq .Protocol "imap"}}<span class="badge" style="background:#9b59b6;color:#fff;">IMAP</span>
@@ -102,8 +102,8 @@
                                 <td>{{.ClientIP}}</td>
                                 <td>{{if .Username}}{{.Username}}{{else}}—{{end}}</td>
                                 <td>
-                                    {{if .Success}}<span class="badge" style="background:#27ae60;color:#fff;">成功</span>
-                                    {{else}}<span class="badge badge-unread">失败</span>{{end}}
+                                    {{if .Success}}<span class="badge" style="background:#27ae60;color:#fff;">{{t $.Lang "成功"}}</span>
+                                    {{else}}<span class="badge badge-unread">{{t $.Lang "失败"}}</span>{{end}}
                                 </td>
                                 <td style="max-width:200px;">{{if .FailReason}}{{.FailReason}}{{else}}—{{end}}</td>
                                 <td style="max-width:320px;word-break:break-all;font-size:13px;color:#555;">{{.Detail}}</td>
@@ -111,16 +111,16 @@
                                 <td>{{if .DurationMs}}{{div .DurationMs 1000}}s{{else}}—{{end}}</td>
                             </tr>
                             {{else}}
-                            <tr><td colspan="10" style="text-align:center;color:#7f8c8d;">暂无记录</td></tr>
+                            <tr><td colspan="10" style="text-align:center;color:#7f8c8d;">{{t $.Lang "暂无记录"}}</td></tr>
                             {{end}}
                         </tbody>
                     </table>
 
                     {{if gt .totalPages 1}}
                     <div class="pagination">
-                        {{if gt .page 1}}<a href="/admin/protocol-logs?page={{sub .page 1}}&protocol={{.filter.protocol}}&success={{.filter.success}}&ip={{.filter.ip}}&username={{.filter.username}}&from={{.filter.from}}&to={{.filter.to}}">上一页</a>{{end}}
-                        <span class="current">第 {{.page}} / {{.totalPages}} 页（共 {{.total}} 条）</span>
-                        {{if lt .page .totalPages}}<a href="/admin/protocol-logs?page={{add .page 1}}&protocol={{.filter.protocol}}&success={{.filter.success}}&ip={{.filter.ip}}&username={{.filter.username}}&from={{.filter.from}}&to={{.filter.to}}">下一页</a>{{end}}
+                        {{if gt .page 1}}<a href="/admin/protocol-logs?page={{sub .page 1}}&protocol={{.filter.protocol}}&success={{.filter.success}}&ip={{.filter.ip}}&username={{.filter.username}}&from={{.filter.from}}&to={{.filter.to}}">{{t $.Lang "上一页"}}</a>{{end}}
+                        <span class="current">{{tf $.Lang "第 %d / %d 页（共 %d 条）" .page .totalPages .total}}</span>
+                        {{if lt .page .totalPages}}<a href="/admin/protocol-logs?page={{add .page 1}}&protocol={{.filter.protocol}}&success={{.filter.success}}&ip={{.filter.ip}}&username={{.filter.username}}&from={{.filter.from}}&to={{.filter.to}}">{{t $.Lang "下一页"}}</a>{{end}}
                     </div>
                     {{end}}
                 </div>

internal/web/templates/admin/user_form.html

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 {{define "admin_user_form"}}
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="zh-CN">
+<html lang="{{htmlLang .Lang}}">
 <head>
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, viewport-fit=cover">
-    <title>{{if .isEdit}}编辑用户{{else}}新增用户{{end}} - MailGo</title>
+    <title>{{if .isEdit}}{{t .Lang "编辑用户"}}{{else}}{{t .Lang "新增用户"}}{{end}} - MailGo</title>
     {{template "styles" .}}
 </head>
 <body>
@@ -12,58 +12,67 @@
     <div class="container">
         <div class="clearfix">
             <div class="sidebar">
-                <a href="/inbox">返回邮箱</a>
-                <a href="/admin" {{if eq .activeFolder "admin"}}class="active"{{end}}>控制面板</a>
-                <a href="/admin/domains" {{if eq .activeFolder "domains"}}class="active"{{end}}>域名管理</a>
-                <a href="/admin/users" {{if eq .activeFolder "users"}}class="active"{{end}}>用户管理</a>
-                <a href="/admin/mails" {{if eq .activeFolder "mails"}}class="active"{{end}}>所有邮件</a>
-                <a href="/admin/outbound" {{if eq .activeFolder "outbound"}}class="active"{{end}}>外发队列</a>
-                                <a href="/admin/protocol-logs" {{if eq .activeFolder "protocol-logs"}}class="active"{{end}}>协议日志</a>
-                <a href="/admin/connections" {{if eq .activeFolder "connections"}}class="active"{{end}}>当前连接</a>
-<a href="/admin/bans" {{if eq .activeFolder "bans"}}class="active"{{end}}>IP黑名单</a>
+                <a href="/inbox">{{t .Lang "返回邮箱"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin" {{if eq .activeFolder "admin"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "控制面板"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/domains" {{if eq .activeFolder "domains"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "域名管理"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/users" {{if eq .activeFolder "users"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "用户管理"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/mails" {{if eq .activeFolder "mails"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "所有邮件"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/outbound" {{if eq .activeFolder "outbound"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "外发队列"}}</a>
+                                <a href="/admin/protocol-logs" {{if eq .activeFolder "protocol-logs"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "协议日志"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/connections" {{if eq .activeFolder "connections"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "当前连接"}}</a>
+<a href="/admin/bans" {{if eq .activeFolder "bans"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "IP黑名单"}}</a>
             </div>
             <div class="content">
                 <div class="card">
-                    <h2 style="margin-bottom:16px;">{{if .isEdit}}编辑用户{{else}}新增用户{{end}}</h2>
+                    <h2 style="margin-bottom:16px;">{{if .isEdit}}{{t .Lang "编辑用户"}}{{else}}{{t .Lang "新增用户"}}{{end}}</h2>
                     {{if .error}}<div class="alert alert-error">{{.error}}</div>{{end}}
                     <form method="POST" action="{{if .isEdit}}/admin/users/{{.user.ID}}{{else}}/admin/users{{end}}">
                         <div class="form-group">
-                            <label>用户名</label>
+                            <label>{{t .Lang "用户名"}}</label>
                             <input type="text" name="username" required value="{{.user.Username}}" placeholder="username">
                         </div>
                         <div class="form-group">
-                            <label>{{if .isEdit}}新密码（留空则不修改）{{else}}密码{{end}}</label>
-                            <input type="password" name="password" {{if not .isEdit}}required{{end}} placeholder="请输入密码">
+                            <label>{{if .isEdit}}{{t .Lang "新密码（留空则不修改）"}}{{else}}{{t .Lang "密码"}}{{end}}</label>
+                            <input type="password" name="password" {{if not .isEdit}}required{{end}} placeholder="{{t .Lang "请输入密码"}}">
                         </div>
                         <div class="form-group">
-                            <label>域名</label>
+                            <label>{{t .Lang "界面语言"}}</label>
+                            <select name="language">
+                                <option value="auto" {{if eq .user.Language "auto"}}selected{{end}}>{{t .Lang "自动（跟随浏览器）"}}</option>
+                                <option value="en" {{if eq .user.Language "en"}}selected{{end}}>English</option>
+                                <option value="zh" {{if eq .user.Language "zh"}}selected{{end}}>中文</option>
+                                <option value="ja" {{if eq .user.Language "ja"}}selected{{end}}>日本語</option>
+                            </select>
+                        </div>
+                        <div class="form-group">
+                            <label>{{t .Lang "域名"}}</label>
                             <select name="domain_id" required>
-                                <option value="">请选择域名</option>
+                                <option value="">{{t .Lang "请选择域名"}}</option>
                                 {{range .domains}}
                                 <option value="{{.ID}}" {{if eq .ID $.user.DomainID}}selected{{end}}>{{.Name}}</option>
                                 {{end}}
                             </select>
                         </div>
                         <div class="form-group">
-                            <label>配额 (GB)</label>
+                            <label>{{t .Lang "配额 (GB)"}}</label>
                             <input type="number" name="quota_gb" min="1" value="5" placeholder="5">
                         </div>
                         <div class="form-group">
                             <label>
                                 <input type="checkbox" name="is_admin" {{if .user.IsAdmin}}checked{{end}}>
-                                管理员
+                                {{t .Lang "管理员"}}
                             </label>
                         </div>
                         {{if .isEdit}}
                         <div class="form-group">
                             <label>
                                 <input type="checkbox" name="is_active" {{if .user.IsActive}}checked{{end}}>
-                                启用账户
+                                {{t .Lang "启用账户"}}
                             </label>
                         </div>
                         {{end}}
-                        <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">{{if .isEdit}}保存更改{{else}}创建用户{{end}}</button>
-                        <a href="/admin/users" class="btn" style="margin-left:8px;background:#bdc3c7;color:#fff;">取消</a>
+                        <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">{{if .isEdit}}{{t .Lang "保存更改"}}{{else}}{{t .Lang "创建用户"}}{{end}}</button>
+                        <a href="/admin/users" class="btn" style="margin-left:8px;background:#bdc3c7;color:#fff;">{{t .Lang "取消"}}</a>
                     </form>
                 </div>
             </div>

internal/web/templates/admin/users.html

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 {{define "admin_users"}}
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="zh-CN">
+<html lang="{{htmlLang .Lang}}">
 <head>
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, viewport-fit=cover">
-    <title>用户管理 - MailGo</title>
+    <title>{{t .Lang "用户管理"}} - MailGo</title>
     {{template "styles" .}}
 </head>
 <body>
@@ -12,36 +12,36 @@
     <div class="container">
         <div class="clearfix">
             <div class="sidebar">
-                <a href="/inbox">返回邮箱</a>
-                <a href="/admin" {{if eq .activeFolder "admin"}}class="active"{{end}}>控制面板</a>
-                <a href="/admin/domains" {{if eq .activeFolder "domains"}}class="active"{{end}}>域名管理</a>
-                <a href="/admin/users" {{if eq .activeFolder "users"}}class="active"{{end}}>用户管理</a>
-                <a href="/admin/mails" {{if eq .activeFolder "mails"}}class="active"{{end}}>所有邮件</a>
-                <a href="/admin/outbound" {{if eq .activeFolder "outbound"}}class="active"{{end}}>外发队列</a>
-                                <a href="/admin/protocol-logs" {{if eq .activeFolder "protocol-logs"}}class="active"{{end}}>协议日志</a>
-                <a href="/admin/connections" {{if eq .activeFolder "connections"}}class="active"{{end}}>当前连接</a>
-<a href="/admin/bans" {{if eq .activeFolder "bans"}}class="active"{{end}}>IP黑名单</a>
+                <a href="/inbox">{{t .Lang "返回邮箱"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin" {{if eq .activeFolder "admin"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "控制面板"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/domains" {{if eq .activeFolder "domains"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "域名管理"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/users" {{if eq .activeFolder "users"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "用户管理"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/mails" {{if eq .activeFolder "mails"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "所有邮件"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/outbound" {{if eq .activeFolder "outbound"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "外发队列"}}</a>
+                                <a href="/admin/protocol-logs" {{if eq .activeFolder "protocol-logs"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "协议日志"}}</a>
+                <a href="/admin/connections" {{if eq .activeFolder "connections"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "当前连接"}}</a>
+<a href="/admin/bans" {{if eq .activeFolder "bans"}}class="active"{{end}}>{{t .Lang "IP黑名单"}}</a>
             </div>
             <div class="content">
                 <div class="card">
                     <div style="display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;margin-bottom:16px;">
-                        <h2>用户列表</h2>
-                        <a href="/admin/users/new" class="btn btn-primary">新增用户</a>
+                        <h2>{{t .Lang "用户列表"}}</h2>
+                        <a href="/admin/users/new" class="btn btn-primary">{{t .Lang "新增用户"}}</a>
                     </div>
                     {{if not .users}}
-                    <p style="color:#7f8c8d;text-align:center;padding:40px 0;">暂无用户</p>
+                    <p style="color:#7f8c8d;text-align:center;padding:40px 0;">{{t $.Lang "暂无用户"}}</p>
                     {{else}}
                     <table>
                         <thead>
                             <tr>
                                 <th>ID</th>
-                                <th>用户名</th>
-                                <th>域名ID</th>
-                                <th>配额</th>
-                                <th>已用</th>
-                                <th>状态</th>
-                                <th>管理员</th>
-                                <th>操作</th>
+                                <th>{{t $.Lang "用户名"}}</th>
+                                <th>{{t $.Lang "域名ID"}}</th>
+                                <th>{{t $.Lang "配额"}}</th>
+                                <th>{{t $.Lang "已用"}}</th>
+                                <th>{{t $.Lang "状态"}}</th>
+                                <th>{{t $.Lang "管理员"}}</th>
+                                <th>{{t $.Lang "操作"}}</th>
                             </tr>
                         </thead>
                         <tbody>
@@ -55,10 +55,10 @@
                                 <td>{{if .IsActive}}✅{{else}}❌{{end}}</td>
                                 <td>{{if .IsAdmin}}✅{{else}}—{{end}}</td>
                                 <td>
-                                    <a href="/admin/users/{{.ID}}/edit" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">编辑</a>
+                                    <a href="/admin/users/{{.ID}}/edit" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">{{t $.Lang "编辑"}}</a>
                                     <form method="POST" action="/admin/users/{{.ID}}/delete" style="display:inline;"
-                                          onsubmit="return confirm('确定要删除用户 {{.Username}} 吗？');">
-                                        <button type="submit" class="btn btn-danger btn-sm">删除</button>
+                                          onsubmit="return confirm('{{tf $.Lang "确定要删除用户 %s 吗？" .Username}}');">
+                                        <button type="submit" class="btn btn-danger btn-sm">{{t $.Lang "删除"}}</button>
                                     </form>
                                 </td>
                             </tr>
@@ -70,11 +70,11 @@
                 {{if .totalPages}}
                 <div class="pagination">
                     {{if gt .page 1}}
-                    <a href="/admin/users?page={{sub .page 1}}">上一页</a>
+                    <a href="/admin/users?page={{sub .page 1}}">{{t $.Lang "上一页"}}</a>
                     {{end}}
-                    <span>第 {{.page}} / {{.totalPages}} 页</span>
+                    <span>{{tf $.Lang "第 %d / %d 页" .page .totalPages}}</span>
                     {{if lt .page .totalPages}}
-                    <a href="/admin/users?page={{add .page 1}}">下一页</a>
+                    <a href="/admin/users?page={{add .page 1}}">{{t $.Lang "下一页"}}</a>
                     {{end}}
                 </div>
                 {{end}}

internal/web/templates/banned.html

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 {{define "banned"}}
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="zh-CN">
+<html lang="{{htmlLang .Lang}}">
 <head>
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, viewport-fit=cover">
-    <title>访问被禁止 - MailGo</title>
+    <title>{{t .Lang "访问被禁止"}} - MailGo</title>
     <style>
         * { margin: 0; padding: 0; box-sizing: border-box; }
         body {
@@ -43,34 +43,34 @@
 <body>
     <div class="banned-card">
         <div class="banned-icon">🚫</div>
-        <h1>您的 IP 已被暂时禁止访问</h1>
-        <p>由于登录失败次数过多，您的 IP 地址已被暂时封禁。</p>
+        <h1>{{t .Lang "您的 IP 已被暂时禁止访问"}}</h1>
+        <p>{{t .Lang "由于登录失败次数过多，您的 IP 地址已被暂时封禁。"}}</p>
         {{if .entry}}
         <div class="detail">
             <div class="detail-row">
-                <span class="detail-label">IP 地址</span>
+                <span class="detail-label">{{t .Lang "IP 地址"}}</span>
                 <span class="detail-value">{{.entry.IPAddress}}</span>
             </div>
             <div class="detail-row">
-                <span class="detail-label">封禁档位</span>
-                <span class="detail-value">{{if gt .entry.BanCount 3}}第 {{sub .entry.BanCount 3}} 次封禁{{else}}—{{end}}</span>
+                <span class="detail-label">{{t .Lang "封禁档位"}}</span>
+                <span class="detail-value">{{if gt .entry.BanCount 3}}{{tf .Lang "第 %d 次封禁" (sub .entry.BanCount 3)}}{{else}}—{{end}}</span>
             </div>
             <div class="detail-row">
-                <span class="detail-label">原因</span>
-                <span class="detail-value">{{.entry.Reason}}</span>
+                <span class="detail-label">{{t .Lang "原因"}}</span>
+                <span class="detail-value">{{t .Lang .entry.Reason}}</span>
             </div>
             <div class="detail-row">
-                <span class="detail-label">失败次数</span>
-                <span class="detail-value">{{.entry.FailCount}} 次</span>
+                <span class="detail-label">{{t .Lang "失败次数"}}</span>
+                <span class="detail-value">{{tf .Lang "%d 次" .entry.FailCount}}</span>
             </div>
             <div class="detail-row">
-                <span class="detail-label">解封时间</span>
-                <span class="detail-value">{{.entry.ExpiresAt.Format "2006-01-02 15:04:05"}}</span>
+                <span class="detail-label">{{t .Lang "解封时间"}}</span>
+                <span class="detail-value">{{time12 .Lang .entry.ExpiresAt}}</span>
             </div>
         </div>
         {{end}}
-        <p style="font-size:13px;">请在解封时间后重试，或联系管理员。</p>
-        <a href="/login" class="back-link">返回登录页</a>
+        <p style="font-size:13px;">{{t .Lang "请在解封时间后重试，或联系管理员。"}}</p>
+        <a href="/login" class="back-link">{{t .Lang "返回登录页"}}</a>
     </div>
 </body>
 </html>

internal/web/templates/base.html

@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@
         font-size: 12.5px; color: var(--text-3);
     }
     .cell-date {
-        width: 78px; flex-shrink: 0; text-align: right;
+        flex: 0 0 auto; white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;
         font-size: 12.5px; color: var(--text-3);
     }
     .mail-row.unread .cell-date { color: var(--text-2); }
@@ -353,11 +353,12 @@
         .folder {
             flex: 1; flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; gap: 2px;
             height: 46px; padding: 0; border-radius: 8px; font-size: 10.5px;
-            position: relative;
+            position: relative; order: 7; /* 自定义文件夹排在最后 */
         }
         .folder-nav .folder:nth-child(1) { order: 1; }
         .folder-nav .folder:nth-child(2) { order: 2; }
         .folder-nav .folder:nth-child(3) { order: 4; }
+        .folder-nav .folder:nth-child(4) { order: 6; }
         .folder svg { width: 19px; height: 19px; }
         .folder.active::before { display: none; }
         .folder .badge {
@@ -376,7 +377,7 @@
         .compose-btn svg { width: 20px; height: 20px; }
         .sidebar-footer {
             margin: 0; border: none; padding: 0;
-            flex-direction: row; gap: 2px; order: 5;
+            flex-direction: row; gap: 2px; order: 8;
         }
         .mail-main { padding-bottom: calc(58px + env(safe-area-inset-bottom)); }
 
@@ -387,11 +388,11 @@
         .page-info { font-size: 12px; }
         .mail-row { padding: 0 10px; height: 60px; gap: 8px; }
         .avatar { width: 32px; height: 32px; font-size: 13px; }
-        .cell-from { width: 88px; font-size: 13px; }
+        .cell-from { width: 76px; font-size: 13px; }
         .cell-subject-wrap { flex: 1; min-width: 0; }
         .cell-subject { font-size: 13px; }
         .cell-snippet { display: none; }
-        .cell-date { width: 56px; font-size: 11.5px; }
+        .cell-date { width: auto; font-size: 10.5px; }
         .row-del { opacity: 1; }
         .list-footer { padding: 8px 10px; }
         .pager { margin-left: auto; gap: 4px; }
@@ -432,22 +433,22 @@
     <div class="topbar-left">
         <a class="logo" href="/inbox">
             <span class="logo-icon">✉</span>
-            <span class="logo-text">MailGo<em>邮箱</em></span>
+            <span class="logo-text">MailGo<em>{{t .Lang "邮箱"}}</em></span>
         </a>
     </div>
     <div class="topbar-search">
         <svg width="15" height="15" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><circle cx="11" cy="11" r="8"/><line x1="21" y1="21" x2="16.65" y2="16.65"/></svg>
-        <input id="mail-search" type="text" placeholder="搜索邮件（发件人 / 主题）" autocomplete="off">
+        <input id="mail-search" type="text" placeholder="{{t .Lang "搜索邮件（发件人 / 主题）"}}" autocomplete="off">
     </div>
     <div class="topbar-right">
-        {{if .currentUser.IsAdmin}}<a class="topbar-link" href="/admin">管理后台</a>{{end}}
-        <a class="topbar-link" href="/settings">设置</a>
+        {{if .currentUser.IsAdmin}}<a class="topbar-link" href="/admin">{{t .Lang "管理后台"}}</a>{{end}}
+        <a class="topbar-link" href="/settings">{{t .Lang "设置"}}</a>
         <span class="user-chip">
             <span class="avatar avatar-sm" style="{{avatarStyle .currentUser.Username}}">{{initial .currentUser.Username}}</span>
             <span class="user-email" title="{{.currentUser.Username}}@{{.currentUser.Domain.Name}}">{{.currentUser.Username}}@{{.currentUser.Domain.Name}}</span>
         </span>
         <form method="POST" action="/logout" class="logout-form">
-            <button type="submit" class="icon-btn" title="退出登录">
+            <button type="submit" class="icon-btn" title="{{t .Lang "退出登录"}}">
                 <svg width="15" height="15" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M9 21H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h4"/><polyline points="16 17 21 12 16 7"/><line x1="21" y1="12" x2="9" y2="12"/></svg>
             </button>
         </form>
@@ -460,30 +461,34 @@
 <aside class="mail-sidebar">
     <a href="/compose" class="compose-btn">
         <svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7"/><path d="M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z"/></svg>
-        写信
+        {{t .Lang "写信"}}
     </a>
     <nav class="folder-nav">
-        <a class="folder {{if eq .activeFolder `inbox`}}active{{end}}" href="/inbox">
-            <svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><polyline points="22 12 16 12 14 15 10 15 8 12 2 12"/><path d="M5.45 5.11L2 12v6a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h16a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-6l-3.45-6.89A2 2 0 0 0 16.76 4H7.24a2 2 0 0 0-1.79 1.11z"/></svg>
-            收件箱
-            {{if .inboxUnread}}<span class="badge">{{.inboxUnread}}</span>{{end}}
-        </a>
-        <a class="folder {{if eq .activeFolder `drafts`}}active{{end}}" href="/drafts">
-            <svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M14 2H6a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v16a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h12a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V8z"/><polyline points="14 2 14 8 20 8"/><line x1="16" y1="13" x2="8" y2="13"/><line x1="16" y1="17" x2="8" y2="17"/></svg>
-            草稿箱
-            {{if .draftsTotal}}<span class="count">{{.draftsTotal}}</span>{{end}}
-        </a>
-        <a class="folder {{if eq .activeFolder `sent`}}active{{end}}" href="/sent">
+        {{range .folders}}
+        <a class="folder {{if eq $.activeFolder .Name}}active{{end}}" href="/folder/{{urlPath .Name}}">
+            {{if eq .SpecialUse "Sent"}}
             <svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><line x1="22" y1="2" x2="11" y2="13"/><polygon points="22 2 15 22 11 13 2 9 22 2"/></svg>
-            已发送
-            {{if .sentTotal}}<span class="count">{{.sentTotal}}</span>{{end}}
+            {{else if eq .SpecialUse "Drafts"}}
+            <svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M14 2H6a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v16a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h12a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V8z"/><polyline points="14 2 14 8 20 8"/><line x1="16" y1="13" x2="8" y2="13"/><line x1="16" y1="17" x2="8" y2="17"/></svg>
+            {{else if eq .SpecialUse "Trash"}}
+            <svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><polyline points="3 6 5 6 21 6"/><path d="M19 6v14a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H7a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V6m3 0V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h4a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2"/></svg>
+            {{else if eq .Name "INBOX"}}
+            <svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><polyline points="22 12 16 12 14 15 10 15 8 12 2 12"/><path d="M5.45 5.11L2 12v6a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h16a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-6l-3.45-6.89A2 2 0 0 0 16.76 4H7.24a2 2 0 0 0-1.79 1.11z"/></svg>
+            {{else}}
+            <svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M22 19a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h5l2 3h9a2 2 0 0 1 2 2z"/></svg>
+            {{end}}
+            {{folderLabel $.Lang .Name}}
+            {{if eq .Name "INBOX"}}
+            {{if .Unseen}}<span class="badge">{{.Unseen}}</span>{{end}}
+            {{else if .Total}}<span class="count">{{.Total}}</span>{{end}}
         </a>
+        {{end}}
     </nav>
     <div class="sidebar-footer">
         {{if .currentUser.IsAdmin}}
         <a class="folder" href="/admin">
             <svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M12 22s8-4 8-10V5l-8-3-8 3v7c0 6 8 10 8 10z"/></svg>
-            管理后台
+            {{t .Lang "管理后台"}}
         </a>
         {{end}}
     </div>
@@ -536,7 +541,7 @@
         var ids = rows.filter(function (r) { return r.isConnected && r.querySelector('.row-check').checked; })
                       .map(function (r) { return r.dataset.id; });
         if (!ids.length) return;
-        if (!confirm('确定要删除选中的 ' + ids.length + ' 封邮件吗？')) return;
+        if (!confirm('{{t .Lang "确定要删除选中的 %s 封邮件吗？"}}'.replace('%s', ids.length))) return;
         var done = 0;
         ids.forEach(function (id) {
             fetch('/mail/delete/' + id, { method: 'POST', body: new FormData() })

internal/web/templates/compose.html

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 {{define "compose"}}
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="zh-CN">
+<html lang="{{htmlLang .Lang}}">
 <head>
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, viewport-fit=cover">
-    <title>写信 - MailGo</title>
-    <link href="https://cdn.quilljs.com/1.3.7/quill.snow.css" rel="stylesheet">
+    <title>{{t .Lang "写信"}} - MailGo</title>
+    <link href="/static/vendor/quill/quill.snow.css" rel="stylesheet">
     {{template "styles" .}}
 </head>
 <body class="page-compose">
@@ -16,55 +16,55 @@
             <div class="compose-toolbar">
                 <button type="submit" form="compose-form" class="btn btn-primary">
                     <svg width="15" height="15" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" style="vertical-align:-2px;margin-right:4px;"><line x1="22" y1="2" x2="11" y2="13"/><polygon points="22 2 15 22 11 13 2 9 22 2"/></svg>
-                    发送
+                    {{t .Lang "发送"}}
                 </button>
                 <label class="tb-btn" style="cursor:pointer;">
                     <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M21.44 11.05l-9.19 9.19a6 6 0 0 1-8.49-8.49l9.19-9.19a4 4 0 0 1 5.66 5.66l-9.2 9.19a2 2 0 0 1-2.83-2.83l8.49-8.48"/></svg>
-                    附件
+                    {{t .Lang "附件"}}
                     <input type="file" name="attachments" id="attach-input" multiple style="display:none;">
                 </label>
-                <a href="/inbox" class="tb-btn">取消</a>
+                <a href="/inbox" class="tb-btn">{{t .Lang "取消"}}</a>
                 <div class="toolbar-spacer"></div>
-                <span class="page-info">撰写新邮件</span>
+                <span class="page-info">{{t .Lang "撰写新邮件"}}</span>
             </div>
 
             {{if .error}}<div class="alert alert-error" style="margin:12px 18px 0;">{{.error}}</div>{{end}}
 
             <form id="compose-form" class="compose-form" method="POST" action="/compose" enctype="multipart/form-data">
                 <div class="compose-field">
-                    <label>收件人</label>
-                    <input type="email" name="to" required value="{{.to}}" placeholder="输入收件人邮箱地址">
+                    <label>{{t .Lang "收件人"}}</label>
+                    <input type="email" name="to" required value="{{.to}}" placeholder="{{t .Lang "输入收件人邮箱地址"}}">
                 </div>
                 <div class="compose-field">
-                    <label>抄送</label>
-                    <input type="text" name="cc" value="{{.cc}}" placeholder="多个地址用逗号分隔（可选）">
+                    <label>{{t .Lang "抄送"}}</label>
+                    <input type="text" name="cc" value="{{.cc}}" placeholder="{{t .Lang "多个地址用逗号分隔（可选）"}}">
                 </div>
                 <div class="compose-field">
-                    <label>主题</label>
-                    <input type="text" name="subject" value="{{.subject}}" placeholder="输入邮件主题">
+                    <label>{{t .Lang "主题"}}</label>
+                    <input type="text" name="subject" value="{{.subject}}" placeholder="{{t .Lang "输入邮件主题"}}">
                 </div>
 
                 <div id="attach-chips" class="attach-chips" style="{{if not .attachments}}display:none;{{end}}"></div>
 
                 <div class="editor-wrap">
-                    <div id="editor" data-placeholder="请输入邮件内容..."></div>
+                    <div id="editor" data-placeholder="{{t .Lang "请输入邮件内容..."}}"></div>
                     <input type="hidden" name="body" id="body-hidden">
                     <input type="hidden" name="html_body" id="html-body-hidden">
                 </div>
 
                 <div class="compose-footer">
-                    <span>附件配额</span>
+                    <span>{{t .Lang "附件配额"}}</span>
                     <span class="quota-bar" id="quota-bar" data-used="{{.usedBytes}}" data-quota="{{.quotaBytes}}"><i></i></span>
                     <span id="quota-text">{{formatBytes .usedBytes}} / {{formatBytes .quotaBytes}}</span>
                 </div>
             </form>
         </main>
     </div>
-    <script src="https://cdn.quilljs.com/1.3.7/quill.min.js"></script>
+    <script src="/static/vendor/quill/quill.min.js"></script>
     <script>
     var quill = new Quill('#editor', {
         theme: 'snow',
-        placeholder: document.getElementById('editor').dataset.placeholder || '请输入邮件内容...',
+        placeholder: document.getElementById('editor').dataset.placeholder || '{{t .Lang "请输入邮件内容..."}}',
         modules: {
             toolbar: [
                 [{ 'header': [1, 2, 3, false] }],
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@
             var chip = document.createElement('span');
             chip.className = 'attach-chip';
             chip.innerHTML = '📎 ' + f.name + ' (' + (f.size / 1024).toFixed(1) + ' KB)' +
-                '<button type="button" class="chip-del" data-i="' + i + '" title="移除">✕</button>';
+                '<button type="button" class="chip-del" data-i="' + i + '" title="{{t .Lang "移除"}}">✕</button>';
             chipsBox.appendChild(chip);
         });
     }

internal/web/templates/drafts.html

@@ -1,93 +0,0 @@
-{{define "drafts"}}
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="zh-CN">
-<head>
-    <meta charset="UTF-8">
-    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, viewport-fit=cover">
-    <title>草稿箱 - MailGo</title>
-    {{template "styles" .}}
-</head>
-<body class="page-list">
-    {{template "navbar" .}}
-    <div class="app-body">
-        {{template "sidebar" .}}
-        <main class="mail-main">
-            <div class="list-toolbar">
-                <label class="check-all" title="全选/取消全选">
-                    <input type="checkbox" id="select-all">
-                    全选
-                </label>
-                <button type="button" class="tb-btn" id="btn-refresh" title="刷新">
-                    <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><polyline points="23 4 23 10 17 10"/><path d="M20.49 15a9 9 0 1 1-2.12-9.36L23 10"/></svg>
-                    刷新
-                </button>
-                <button type="button" class="tb-btn danger" id="btn-delete" disabled>
-                    <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><polyline points="3 6 5 6 21 6"/><path d="M19 6v14a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H7a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V6m3 0V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h4a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2"/></svg>
-                    删除
-                </button>
-                <div class="toolbar-spacer"></div>
-                <span class="page-info">共 {{.total}} 封</span>
-            </div>
-
-            {{if not .messages}}
-            <div class="mail-list">
-                <div class="empty-tip"><span class="empty-icon">📝</span>草稿箱暂无邮件</div>
-            </div>
-            {{else}}
-            <ul class="mail-list">
-                {{range .messages}}
-                <li class="mail-row" data-id="{{.ID}}">
-                    <label class="cell-check" onclick="event.stopPropagation()">
-                        <input type="checkbox" class="row-check" data-id="{{.ID}}">
-                    </label>
-                    <span class="cell-avatar">
-                        <span class="avatar" style="{{avatarStyle .ToAddr}}">{{initial (mailName .ToAddr)}}</span>
-                    </span>
-                    <span class="cell-from" title="收件人：{{.ToAddr}}">致：{{mailName .ToAddr}}</span>
-                    <span class="cell-subject-wrap">
-                        <a class="cell-subject" href="/drafts/{{.ID}}">
-                            {{if .Subject}}{{.Subject}}{{else}}(无主题){{end}}
-                        </a>
-                    </span>
-                    <span class="cell-snippet">
-                        {{if .TextBody}}{{truncate .TextBody 80}}{{else if .HtmlBody}}[HTML 邮件]{{end}}
-                    </span>
-                    <span class="cell-date">{{shortDate .Date}}</span>
-                    <form method="POST" action="/mail/delete/{{.ID}}" class="row-del"
-                          onsubmit="return confirm('确定要删除这封草稿吗？');">
-                        <button type="submit" class="icon-btn" title="删除">
-                            <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><polyline points="3 6 5 6 21 6"/><path d="M19 6v14a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H7a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V6m3 0V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h4a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2"/></svg>
-                        </button>
-                    </form>
-                </li>
-                {{end}}
-            </ul>
-            {{end}}
-
-            <div class="list-footer">
-                <span class="page-num">第 {{.page}} / {{if .totalPages}}{{.totalPages}}{{else}}1{{end}} 页</span>
-                <div class="pager">
-                    {{if gt .page 1}}
-                    <a class="page-btn" href="/drafts?page={{sub .page 1}}">
-                        <svg width="13" height="13" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><polyline points="15 18 9 12 15 6"/></svg>
-                        上一页
-                    </a>
-                    {{else}}
-                    <span class="page-btn disabled">上一页</span>
-                    {{end}}
-                    {{if lt .page .totalPages}}
-                    <a class="page-btn" href="/drafts?page={{add .page 1}}">
-                        下一页
-                        <svg width="13" height="13" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><polyline points="9 18 15 12 9 6"/></svg>
-                    </a>
-                    {{else}}
-                    <span class="page-btn disabled">下一页</span>
-                    {{end}}
-                </div>
-            </div>
-        </main>
-    </div>
-    {{template "listjs" .}}
-</body>
-</html>
-{{end}}

internal/web/templates/folder.html

@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+{{define "folder"}}
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="{{htmlLang .Lang}}">
+<head>
+    <meta charset="UTF-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, viewport-fit=cover">
+    <title>{{folderLabel .Lang .folder}} - MailGo</title>
+    {{template "styles" .}}
+</head>
+<body class="page-list">
+    {{template "navbar" .}}
+    <div class="app-body">
+        {{template "sidebar" .}}
+        <main class="mail-main">
+            <div class="list-toolbar">
+                <label class="check-all" title="{{t .Lang "全选/取消全选"}}">
+                    <input type="checkbox" id="select-all">
+                    {{t .Lang "全选"}}
+                </label>
+                <button type="button" class="tb-btn" id="btn-refresh" title="{{t .Lang "刷新"}}">
+                    <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><polyline points="23 4 23 10 17 10"/><path d="M20.49 15a9 9 0 1 1-2.12-9.36L23 10"/></svg>
+                    {{t .Lang "刷新"}}
+                </button>
+                <button type="button" class="tb-btn danger" id="btn-delete" disabled>
+                    <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><polyline points="3 6 5 6 21 6"/><path d="M19 6v14a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H7a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V6m3 0V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h4a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2"/></svg>
+                    {{if .isTrash}}{{t $.Lang "彻底删除"}}{{else}}{{t $.Lang "删除"}}{{end}}
+                </button>
+                {{if .isTrash}}
+                <form method="POST" action="/folder/Trash/empty" style="display:inline;"
+                      onsubmit="return confirm('{{t $.Lang "确定要清空「已删除」文件夹吗？此操作不可恢复。"}}');">
+                    <button type="submit" class="tb-btn danger">{{t $.Lang "清空文件夹"}}</button>
+                </form>
+                {{end}}
+                <div class="toolbar-spacer"></div>
+                <span class="page-info">{{tf .Lang "共 %d 封" .total}}</span>
+            </div>
+
+            {{if not .messages}}
+            <div class="mail-list">
+                <div class="empty-tip"><span class="empty-icon">{{if .isTrash}}🗑{{else}}📭{{end}}</span>{{folderLabel $.Lang $.folder}} · {{t $.Lang "暂无邮件"}}</div>
+            </div>
+            {{else}}
+            <ul class="mail-list">
+                {{range .messages}}
+                <li class="mail-row {{if not .IsRead}}unread{{end}}" data-id="{{.ID}}">
+                    <label class="cell-check" onclick="event.stopPropagation()">
+                        <input type="checkbox" class="row-check" data-id="{{.ID}}">
+                    </label>
+                    <span class="cell-avatar">
+                        {{if or (eq $.folder "Sent") (eq $.folder "Drafts")}}
+                        <span class="avatar" style="{{avatarStyle .ToAddr}}">{{initial (mailName .ToAddr)}}</span>
+                        {{else}}
+                        <span class="avatar" style="{{avatarStyle .FromAddr}}">{{initial (mailName (decodeHeader .FromAddr))}}</span>
+                        {{end}}
+                    </span>
+                    <span class="cell-from" {{if or (eq $.folder "Sent") (eq $.folder "Drafts")}}title="{{tf $.Lang "收件人：%s" .ToAddr}}"{{else}}title="{{decodeHeader .FromAddr}}"{{end}}>
+                        {{if or (eq $.folder "Sent") (eq $.folder "Drafts")}}
+                        {{if eq $.folder "Drafts"}}{{t $.Lang "致："}}{{end}}{{mailName .ToAddr}}
+                        {{else}}
+                        {{mailName (decodeHeader .FromAddr)}}
+                        {{end}}
+                    </span>
+                    <span class="cell-subject-wrap">
+                        {{if not .IsRead}}<span class="unread-dot"></span>{{end}}
+                        <a class="cell-subject" href="/folder/{{urlPath $.folder}}/{{.ID}}">
+                            {{if .Subject}}{{.Subject}}{{else}}{{t $.Lang "(无主题)"}}{{end}}
+                        </a>
+                    </span>
+                    <span class="cell-snippet">
+                        {{if .TextBody}}{{truncate .TextBody 80}}{{else if .HtmlBody}}{{t $.Lang "[HTML 邮件]"}}{{end}}
+                    </span>
+                    <span class="cell-date">{{shortDate $.Lang .Date}}</span>
+                    {{if $.isTrash}}
+                    <form method="POST" action="/mail/restore/{{.ID}}" class="row-del"
+                          onsubmit="event.stopPropagation(); return confirm('{{t $.Lang "确定要恢复这封邮件吗？"}}');">
+                        <button type="submit" class="icon-btn" title="{{t $.Lang "恢复到收件箱"}}">
+                            <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><polyline points="1 4 1 10 7 10"/><path d="M3.51 15a9 9 0 1 0 2.13-9.36L1 10"/></svg>
+                        </button>
+                    </form>
+                    {{else}}
+                    <form method="POST" action="/mail/delete/{{.ID}}" class="row-del"
+                          onsubmit="event.stopPropagation(); return confirm('{{t $.Lang "确定要删除这封邮件吗？"}}');">
+                        <button type="submit" class="icon-btn" title="{{t $.Lang "删除"}}">
+                            <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><polyline points="3 6 5 6 21 6"/><path d="M19 6v14a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H7a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V6m3 0V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h4a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2"/></svg>
+                        </button>
+                    </form>
+                    {{end}}
+                </li>
+                {{end}}
+            </ul>
+            {{end}}
+
+            <div class="list-footer">
+                <span class="page-num">{{tf .Lang "第 %d / %d 页" .page (or .totalPages 1)}}</span>
+                <div class="pager">
+                    {{if gt .page 1}}
+                    <a class="page-btn" href="/folder/{{urlPath .folder}}?page={{sub .page 1}}">
+                        <svg width="13" height="13" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><polyline points="15 18 9 12 15 6"/></svg>
+                        {{t $.Lang "上一页"}}
+                    </a>
+                    {{else}}
+                    <span class="page-btn disabled">{{t $.Lang "上一页"}}</span>
+                    {{end}}
+                    {{if lt .page .totalPages}}
+                    <a class="page-btn" href="/folder/{{urlPath .folder}}?page={{add .page 1}}">
+                        {{t $.Lang "下一页"}}
+                        <svg width="13" height="13" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><polyline points="9 18 15 12 9 6"/></svg>
+                    </a>
+                    {{else}}
+                    <span class="page-btn disabled">{{t $.Lang "下一页"}}</span>
+                    {{end}}
+                </div>
+            </div>
+        </main>
+    </div>
+    {{template "listjs" .}}
+</body>
+</html>
+{{end}}

internal/web/templates/inbox.html

@@ -1,88 +0,0 @@
-{{define "inbox"}}
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="zh-CN">
-<head>
-    <meta charset="UTF-8">
-    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, viewport-fit=cover">
-    <title>收件箱 - MailGo</title>
-    {{template "styles" .}}
-</head>
-<body class="page-list">
-    {{template "navbar" .}}
-    <div class="app-body">
-        {{template "sidebar" .}}
-        <main class="mail-main">
-            <div class="list-toolbar">
-                <label class="check-all" title="全选/取消全选">
-                    <input type="checkbox" id="select-all">
-                    全选
-                </label>
-                <button type="button" class="tb-btn" id="btn-refresh" title="刷新">
-                    <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><polyline points="23 4 23 10 17 10"/><path d="M20.49 15a9 9 0 1 1-2.12-9.36L23 10"/></svg>
-                    刷新
-                </button>
-                <button type="button" class="tb-btn danger" id="btn-delete" disabled>
-                    <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><polyline points="3 6 5 6 21 6"/><path d="M19 6v14a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H7a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V6m3 0V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h4a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2"/></svg>
-                    删除
-                </button>
-                <div class="toolbar-spacer"></div>
-                <span class="page-info">共 {{.total}} 封</span>
-            </div>
-
-            {{if not .messages}}
-            <div class="mail-list">
-                <div class="empty-tip"><span class="empty-icon">📭</span>收件箱暂无邮件</div>
-            </div>
-            {{else}}
-            <ul class="mail-list">
-                {{range .messages}}
-                <li class="mail-row {{if not .IsRead}}unread{{end}}" data-id="{{.ID}}">
-                    <label class="cell-check" onclick="event.stopPropagation()">
-                        <input type="checkbox" class="row-check" data-id="{{.ID}}">
-                    </label>
-                    <span class="cell-avatar">
-                        <span class="avatar" style="{{avatarStyle .FromAddr}}">{{initial (mailName (decodeHeader .FromAddr))}}</span>
-                    </span>
-                    <span class="cell-from" title="{{decodeHeader .FromAddr}}">{{mailName (decodeHeader .FromAddr)}}</span>
-                    <span class="cell-subject-wrap">
-                        {{if not .IsRead}}<span class="unread-dot"></span>{{end}}
-                        <a class="cell-subject" href="/inbox/{{.ID}}">
-                            {{if .Subject}}{{.Subject}}{{else}}(无主题){{end}}
-                        </a>
-                    </span>
-                    <span class="cell-snippet">
-                        {{if .TextBody}}{{truncate .TextBody 80}}{{else if .HtmlBody}}[HTML 邮件]{{end}}
-                    </span>
-                    <span class="cell-date">{{shortDate .Date}}</span>
-                </li>
-                {{end}}
-            </ul>
-            {{end}}
-
-            <div class="list-footer">
-                <span class="page-num">第 {{.page}} / {{if .totalPages}}{{.totalPages}}{{else}}1{{end}} 页</span>
-                <div class="pager">
-                    {{if gt .page 1}}
-                    <a class="page-btn" href="/inbox?page={{sub .page 1}}">
-                        <svg width="13" height="13" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><polyline points="15 18 9 12 15 6"/></svg>
-                        上一页
-                    </a>
-                    {{else}}
-                    <span class="page-btn disabled">上一页</span>
-                    {{end}}
-                    {{if lt .page .totalPages}}
-                    <a class="page-btn" href="/inbox?page={{add .page 1}}">
-                        下一页
-                        <svg width="13" height="13" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><polyline points="9 18 15 12 9 6"/></svg>
-                    </a>
-                    {{else}}
-                    <span class="page-btn disabled">下一页</span>
-                    {{end}}
-                </div>
-            </div>
-        </main>
-    </div>
-    {{template "listjs" .}}
-</body>
-</html>
-{{end}}

internal/web/templates/login.html

@@ -1,55 +1,55 @@
 {{define "login"}}
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="zh-CN">
+<html lang="{{htmlLang .Lang}}">
 <head>
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, viewport-fit=cover">
-    <title>登录 - MailGo 邮箱</title>
+    <title>{{t .Lang "登录"}} - MailGo {{t .Lang "邮箱"}}</title>
     {{template "styles" .}}
 </head>
 <body class="login-page">
     <div class="login-card">
         <div class="login-logo">
             <span class="logo-icon" style="width:44px;height:44px;font-size:22px;border-radius:12px;">✉</span>
-            <span style="font-size:26px;font-weight:700;color:var(--primary);">MailGo<em style="font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-size:15px;color:var(--text-2);margin-left:4px;">邮箱</em></span>
+            <span style="font-size:26px;font-weight:700;color:var(--primary);">MailGo<em style="font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-size:15px;color:var(--text-2);margin-left:4px;">{{t .Lang "邮箱"}}</em></span>
         </div>
-        <div class="login-sub">登录您的邮箱账户</div>
+        <div class="login-sub">{{t .Lang "登录您的邮箱账户"}}</div>
 
         {{if .error}}<div class="alert alert-error">{{.error}}</div>{{end}}
 
         <form method="POST" action="/login">
             <div class="form-group">
-                <label>邮箱地址</label>
+                <label>{{t .Lang "邮箱地址"}}</label>
                 <input type="email" name="email" required autofocus placeholder="user@example.com" style="padding:11px 14px;border-radius:8px;">
             </div>
             <div class="form-group">
-                <label>密码</label>
-                <input type="password" name="password" required placeholder="请输入密码" style="padding:11px 14px;border-radius:8px;">
+                <label>{{t .Lang "密码"}}</label>
+                <input type="password" name="password" required placeholder="{{t .Lang "请输入密码"}}" style="padding:11px 14px;border-radius:8px;">
             </div>
-            <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary" style="width:100%;padding:11px 16px;font-size:15px;border-radius:8px;">登 录</button>
+            <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary" style="width:100%;padding:11px 16px;font-size:15px;border-radius:8px;">{{t .Lang "登 录"}}</button>
         </form>
 
         {{if or .oauth2Enabled .ldapEnabled}}
-        <div class="divider">或</div>
+        <div class="divider">{{t .Lang "或"}}</div>
         {{end}}
 
         {{if .ldapEnabled}}
         <form method="POST" action="/login/ldap" style="margin-bottom:10px;">
             <div class="form-group">
-                <label>LDAP 用户名</label>
-                <input type="text" name="username" placeholder="LDAP 用户名">
+                <label>{{t .Lang "LDAP 用户名"}}</label>
+                <input type="text" name="username" placeholder="{{t .Lang "LDAP 用户名"}}">
             </div>
             <div class="form-group">
-                <label>LDAP 密码</label>
-                <input type="password" name="password" placeholder="LDAP 密码">
+                <label>{{t .Lang "LDAP 密码"}}</label>
+                <input type="password" name="password" placeholder="{{t .Lang "LDAP 密码"}}">
             </div>
-            <button type="submit" class="btn" style="width:100%;background:#7b5cd6;color:#fff;">LDAP 登录</button>
+            <button type="submit" class="btn" style="width:100%;background:#7b5cd6;color:#fff;">{{t .Lang "LDAP 登录"}}</button>
         </form>
         {{end}}
 
         {{if .oauth2Enabled}}
         <a href="/auth/oauth2" class="btn btn-primary" style="width:100%;text-align:center;display:block;margin-top:4px;">
-            {{if eq .oauth2Provider "google"}}Google{{else if eq .oauth2Provider "github"}}GitHub{{else}}OAuth2{{end}} 登录
+            {{if eq .oauth2Provider "google"}}Google{{else if eq .oauth2Provider "github"}}GitHub{{else}}OAuth2{{end}} {{t .Lang "登录"}}
         </a>
         {{end}}
     </div>

internal/web/templates/sent.html

@@ -1,93 +0,0 @@
-{{define "sent"}}
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="zh-CN">
-<head>
-    <meta charset="UTF-8">
-    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, viewport-fit=cover">
-    <title>已发送 - MailGo</title>
-    {{template "styles" .}}
-</head>
-<body class="page-list">
-    {{template "navbar" .}}
-    <div class="app-body">
-        {{template "sidebar" .}}
-        <main class="mail-main">
-            <div class="list-toolbar">
-                <label class="check-all" title="全选/取消全选">
-                    <input type="checkbox" id="select-all">
-                    全选
-                </label>
-                <button type="button" class="tb-btn" id="btn-refresh" title="刷新">
-                    <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><polyline points="23 4 23 10 17 10"/><path d="M20.49 15a9 9 0 1 1-2.12-9.36L23 10"/></svg>
-                    刷新
-                </button>
-                <button type="button" class="tb-btn danger" id="btn-delete" disabled>
-                    <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><polyline points="3 6 5 6 21 6"/><path d="M19 6v14a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H7a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V6m3 0V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h4a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2"/></svg>
-                    删除
-                </button>
-                <div class="toolbar-spacer"></div>
-                <span class="page-info">共 {{.total}} 封</span>
-            </div>
-
-            {{if not .messages}}
-            <div class="mail-list">
-                <div class="empty-tip"><span class="empty-icon">📤</span>已发送暂无邮件</div>
-            </div>
-            {{else}}
-            <ul class="mail-list">
-                {{range .messages}}
-                <li class="mail-row" data-id="{{.ID}}">
-                    <label class="cell-check" onclick="event.stopPropagation()">
-                        <input type="checkbox" class="row-check" data-id="{{.ID}}">
-                    </label>
-                    <span class="cell-avatar">
-                        <span class="avatar" style="{{avatarStyle .ToAddr}}">{{initial (mailName .ToAddr)}}</span>
-                    </span>
-                    <span class="cell-from" title="收件人：{{.ToAddr}}">{{mailName .ToAddr}}</span>
-                    <span class="cell-subject-wrap">
-                        <a class="cell-subject" href="/sent/{{.ID}}">
-                            {{if .Subject}}{{.Subject}}{{else}}(无主题){{end}}
-                        </a>
-                    </span>
-                    <span class="cell-snippet">
-                        {{if .TextBody}}{{truncate .TextBody 80}}{{else if .HtmlBody}}[HTML 邮件]{{end}}
-                    </span>
-                    <span class="cell-date">{{shortDate .Date}}</span>
-                    <form method="POST" action="/mail/delete/{{.ID}}" class="row-del"
-                          onsubmit="return confirm('确定要删除这封邮件吗？');">
-                        <button type="submit" class="icon-btn" title="删除">
-                            <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><polyline points="3 6 5 6 21 6"/><path d="M19 6v14a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H7a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V6m3 0V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h4a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2"/></svg>
-                        </button>
-                    </form>
-                </li>
-                {{end}}
-            </ul>
-            {{end}}
-
-            <div class="list-footer">
-                <span class="page-num">第 {{.page}} / {{if .totalPages}}{{.totalPages}}{{else}}1{{end}} 页</span>
-                <div class="pager">
-                    {{if gt .page 1}}
-                    <a class="page-btn" href="/sent?page={{sub .page 1}}">
-                        <svg width="13" height="13" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><polyline points="15 18 9 12 15 6"/></svg>
-                        上一页
-                    </a>
-                    {{else}}
-                    <span class="page-btn disabled">上一页</span>
-                    {{end}}
-                    {{if lt .page .totalPages}}
-                    <a class="page-btn" href="/sent?page={{add .page 1}}">
-                        下一页
-                        <svg width="13" height="13" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><polyline points="9 18 15 12 9 6"/></svg>
-                    </a>
-                    {{else}}
-                    <span class="page-btn disabled">下一页</span>
-                    {{end}}
-                </div>
-            </div>
-        </main>
-    </div>
-    {{template "listjs" .}}
-</body>
-</html>
-{{end}}

internal/web/templates/settings.html

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 {{define "settings"}}
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="zh-CN">
+<html lang="{{htmlLang .Lang}}">
 <head>
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, viewport-fit=cover">
-    <title>设置 - MailGo</title>
+    <title>{{t .Lang "设置"}} - MailGo</title>
     {{template "styles" .}}
 </head>
 <body class="page-settings">
@@ -15,21 +15,21 @@
             {{if .error}}<div class="alert alert-error">{{.error}}</div>{{end}}
             {{if .success}}<div class="alert alert-success">{{.success}}</div>{{end}}
             {{if .mustChange}}<div class="alert" style="border:1px solid #ffa940;background:#fff7e6;color:#d46b08;border-radius:8px;padding:12px 16px;margin-bottom:16px;font-size:13.5px;">
-                ⚠️ 首次登录/密码已被重置，请立即修改密码后再继续使用邮箱功能。
+                {{t .Lang "⚠️ 首次登录/密码已被重置，请立即修改密码后再继续使用邮箱功能。"}}
             </div>{{end}}
 
             <div class="card" style="max-width:720px;">
                 <h2 style="font-size:17px;margin-bottom:18px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;">
                     <svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="#1677ff" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="3"/><path d="M19.4 15a1.65 1.65 0 0 0 .33 1.82l.06.06a2 2 0 0 1 0 2.83 2 2 0 0 1-2.83 0l-.06-.06a1.65 1.65 0 0 0-1.82-.33 1.65 1.65 0 0 0-1 1.51V21a2 2 0 0 1-2 2 2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-.09A1.65 1.65 0 0 0 9 19.4a1.65 1.65 0 0 0-1.82.33l-.06.06a2 2 0 0 1-2.83 0 2 2 0 0 1 0-2.83l.06-.06a1.65 1.65 0 0 0 .33-1.82 1.65 1.65 0 0 0-1.51-1H3a2 2 0 0 1-2-2 2 2 0 0 1 2-2h.09A1.65 1.65 0 0 0 4.6 9a1.65 1.65 0 0 0-.33-1.82l-.06-.06a2 2 0 0 1 0-2.83 2 2 0 0 1 2.83 0l.06.06a1.65 1.65 0 0 0 1.82.33H9a1.65 1.65 0 0 0 1-1.51V3a2 2 0 0 1 2-2 2 2 0 0 1 2 2v.09a1.65 1.65 0 0 0 1 1.51 1.65 1.65 0 0 0 1.82-.33l.06-.06a2 2 0 0 1 2.83 0 2 2 0 0 1 0 2.83l-.06.06a1.65 1.65 0 0 0-.33 1.82V9a1.65 1.65 0 0 0 1.51 1H21a2 2 0 0 1 2 2 2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-.09a1.65 1.65 0 0 0-1.51 1z"/></svg>
-                    账号信息
+                    {{t .Lang "账号信息"}}
                 </h2>
                 <div style="display:flex;align-items:center;gap:14px;margin-bottom:20px;">
                     <span class="avatar" style="width:52px;height:52px;font-size:22px;{{avatarStyle .currentUser.Username}}">{{initial .currentUser.Username}}</span>
                     <div>
                         <div style="font-size:16px;font-weight:600;">{{.currentUser.Username}}@{{.currentUser.Domain.Name}}</div>
                         <div style="color:var(--text-3);font-size:12.5px;margin-top:3px;">
-                            已用 {{formatBytes .currentUser.UsedBytes}} / 配额 {{formatBytes .currentUser.QuotaBytes}}
-                            {{if .currentUser.IsAdmin}} · 管理员{{end}}
+                            {{tf .Lang "已用 %s / 配额 %s" (formatBytes .currentUser.UsedBytes) (formatBytes .currentUser.QuotaBytes)}}
+                            {{if .currentUser.IsAdmin}} · {{t .Lang "管理员"}}{{end}}
                         </div>
                     </div>
                 </div>
@@ -37,30 +37,46 @@
             </div>
 
             <div class="card" style="max-width:720px;">
-                <h2 style="font-size:17px;margin-bottom:18px;">修改密码</h2>
+                <h2 style="font-size:17px;margin-bottom:18px;">{{t .Lang "界面语言"}}</h2>
                 <form method="POST" action="/settings" style="max-width:420px;">
                     <div class="form-group">
-                        <label>当前密码</label>
-                        <input type="password" name="old_password" required placeholder="请输入当前密码" autocomplete="current-password">
+                        <label>{{t .Lang "界面语言"}}</label>
+                        <select name="language">
+                            <option value="auto" {{if eq .currentUser.Language "auto"}}selected{{end}}>{{t .Lang "自动（跟随浏览器）"}}</option>
+                            <option value="en" {{if eq .currentUser.Language "en"}}selected{{end}}>English</option>
+                            <option value="zh" {{if eq .currentUser.Language "zh"}}selected{{end}}>中文</option>
+                            <option value="ja" {{if eq .currentUser.Language "ja"}}selected{{end}}>日本語</option>
+                        </select>
                     </div>
-                    <div class="form-group">
-                        <label>新密码</label>
-                        <input type="password" name="new_password" required placeholder="请输入新密码" autocomplete="new-password">
-                    </div>
-                    <div class="form-group">
-                        <label>确认新密码</label>
-                        <input type="password" name="confirm_password" required placeholder="请再次输入新密码" autocomplete="new-password">
-                    </div>
-                    <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">修改密码</button>
+                    <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">{{t .Lang "保存"}}</button>
                 </form>
             </div>
 
             <div class="card" style="max-width:720px;">
-                <h2 style="font-size:17px;margin-bottom:10px;">帮助</h2>
+                <h2 style="font-size:17px;margin-bottom:18px;">{{t .Lang "修改密码"}}</h2>
+                <form method="POST" action="/settings" style="max-width:420px;">
+                    <div class="form-group">
+                        <label>{{t .Lang "当前密码"}}</label>
+                        <input type="password" name="old_password" required placeholder="{{t .Lang "请输入当前密码"}}" autocomplete="current-password">
+                    </div>
+                    <div class="form-group">
+                        <label>{{t .Lang "新密码"}}</label>
+                        <input type="password" name="new_password" required placeholder="{{t .Lang "请输入新密码"}}" autocomplete="new-password">
+                    </div>
+                    <div class="form-group">
+                        <label>{{t .Lang "确认新密码"}}</label>
+                        <input type="password" name="confirm_password" required placeholder="{{t .Lang "请再次输入新密码"}}" autocomplete="new-password">
+                    </div>
+                    <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">{{t .Lang "修改密码"}}</button>
+                </form>
+            </div>
+
+            <div class="card" style="max-width:720px;">
+                <h2 style="font-size:17px;margin-bottom:10px;">{{t .Lang "帮助"}}</h2>
                 <p style="color:var(--text-2);font-size:13.5px;line-height:1.9;">
-                    客户端收发信（IMAP / SMTP）配置：<br>
-                    IMAP 服务器：{{.currentUser.Domain.Name}} 端口 143 / SSL 993<br>
-                    SMTP 服务器：{{.currentUser.Domain.Name}} 端口 587（提交）/ SSL 465
+                    {{t .Lang "客户端收发信（IMAP / SMTP）配置："}}<br>
+                    {{tf .Lang "IMAP 服务器：%s 端口 %d / SSL %d" .currentUser.Domain.Name 143 993}}<br>
+                    {{tf .Lang "SMTP 服务器：%s 端口 %d（提交）/ SSL %d" .currentUser.Domain.Name 587 465}}
                 </p>
             </div>
         </main>

internal/web/templates/view.html

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 {{define "view"}}
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="zh-CN">
+<html lang="{{htmlLang .Lang}}">
 <head>
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, viewport-fit=cover">
-    <title>查看邮件 - MailGo</title>
+    <title>{{t .Lang "查看邮件"}} - MailGo</title>
     {{template "styles" .}}
 </head>
 <body class="page-view">
@@ -15,34 +15,50 @@
             <div class="view-toolbar">
                 <a href="javascript:history.back()" class="tb-btn">
                     <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><line x1="19" y1="12" x2="5" y2="12"/><polyline points="12 19 5 12 12 5"/></svg>
-                    返回
+                    {{t .Lang "返回"}}
                 </a>
                 <a href="/compose?to={{mailEmail .message.FromAddr}}&subject={{if .message.Subject}}Re: {{.message.Subject}}{{end}}" class="tb-btn">
                     <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><polyline points="9 17 4 12 9 7"/><path d="M20 18v-2a4 4 0 0 0-4-4H4"/></svg>
-                    回复
+                    {{t .Lang "回复"}}
                 </a>
-                <form method="POST" action="/mail/delete/{{.message.ID}}" style="display:inline;"
-                      onsubmit="return confirm('确定要删除这封邮件吗？');">
-                    <button type="submit" class="tb-btn danger">
-                        <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><polyline points="3 6 5 6 21 6"/><path d="M19 6v14a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H7a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V6m3 0V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h4a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2"/></svg>
-                        删除
+                {{if .inTrash}}
+                <form method="POST" action="/mail/restore/{{.message.ID}}" style="display:inline;">
+                    <button type="submit" class="tb-btn">
+                        <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><polyline points="1 4 1 10 7 10"/><path d="M3.51 15a9 9 0 1 0 2.13-9.36L1 10"/></svg>
+                        {{t .Lang "恢复"}}
                     </button>
                 </form>
+                <form method="POST" action="/mail/purge/{{.message.ID}}" style="display:inline;"
+                      onsubmit="return confirm('{{t .Lang "确定要彻底删除这封邮件吗？此操作不可恢复。"}}');">
+                    <button type="submit" class="tb-btn danger">
+                        <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><polyline points="3 6 5 6 21 6"/><path d="M19 6v14a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H7a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V6m3 0V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h4a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2"/></svg>
+                        {{t .Lang "彻底删除"}}
+                    </button>
+                </form>
+                {{else}}
+                <form method="POST" action="/mail/delete/{{.message.ID}}" style="display:inline;"
+                      onsubmit="return confirm('{{t .Lang "确定要删除这封邮件吗？"}}');">
+                    <button type="submit" class="tb-btn danger">
+                        <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><polyline points="3 6 5 6 21 6"/><path d="M19 6v14a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H7a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V6m3 0V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h4a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2"/></svg>
+                        {{t .Lang "删除"}}
+                    </button>
+                </form>
+                {{end}}
             </div>
 
             <div class="mail-head">
-                <h1 class="mail-title">{{if .message.Subject}}{{.message.Subject}}{{else}}(无主题){{end}}</h1>
+                <h1 class="mail-title">{{if .message.Subject}}{{.message.Subject}}{{else}}{{t .Lang "(无主题)"}}{{end}}</h1>
                 <div class="mail-from-row">
                     <span class="avatar" style="{{avatarStyle .message.FromAddr}}">{{initial (mailName (decodeHeader .message.FromAddr))}}</span>
                     <div>
                         <div class="mail-from-name">{{mailName (decodeHeader .message.FromAddr)}}</div>
                         <div class="mail-from-addr" title="{{decodeHeader .message.FromAddr}}">{{mailEmail .message.FromAddr}}</div>
                     </div>
-                    <span class="mail-date">{{(localTime .message.Date).Format "2006-01-02 15:04:05"}}</span>
+                    <span class="mail-date">{{time12 .Lang .message.Date}}</span>
                 </div>
                 {{if .message.CcAddr}}
                 <div class="mail-from-addr" style="margin:-8px 0 16px 48px;">
-                    抄送：{{.message.CcAddr}}
+                    {{t .Lang "抄送："}}{{.message.CcAddr}}
                 </div>
                 {{end}}
             </div>
@@ -72,15 +88,31 @@
             <div class="view-actions">
                 <a href="/compose?to={{mailEmail .message.FromAddr}}&subject={{if .message.Subject}}Re: {{.message.Subject}}{{end}}" class="btn btn-primary">
                     <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" style="vertical-align:-2px;margin-right:4px;"><polyline points="9 17 4 12 9 7"/><path d="M20 18v-2a4 4 0 0 0-4-4H4"/></svg>
-                    回复
+                    {{t .Lang "回复"}}
                 </a>
-                <form method="POST" action="/mail/delete/{{.message.ID}}" style="display:inline;"
-                      onsubmit="return confirm('确定要删除这封邮件吗？');">
-                    <button type="submit" class="btn btn-danger">
-                        <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" style="vertical-align:-2px;margin-right:4px;"><polyline points="3 6 5 6 21 6"/><path d="M19 6v14a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H7a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V6m3 0V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h4a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2"/></svg>
-                        删除邮件
+                {{if .inTrash}}
+                <form method="POST" action="/mail/restore/{{.message.ID}}" style="display:inline;">
+                    <button type="submit" class="btn">
+                        <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" style="vertical-align:-2px;margin-right:4px;"><polyline points="1 4 1 10 7 10"/><path d="M3.51 15a9 9 0 1 0 2.13-9.36L1 10"/></svg>
+                        {{t .Lang "恢复到收件箱"}}
                     </button>
                 </form>
+                <form method="POST" action="/mail/purge/{{.message.ID}}" style="display:inline;"
+                      onsubmit="return confirm('{{t .Lang "确定要彻底删除这封邮件吗？此操作不可恢复。"}}');">
+                    <button type="submit" class="btn btn-danger">
+                        <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" style="vertical-align:-2px;margin-right:4px;"><polyline points="3 6 5 6 21 6"/><path d="M19 6v14a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H7a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V6m3 0V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h4a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2"/></svg>
+                        {{t .Lang "彻底删除"}}
+                    </button>
+                </form>
+                {{else}}
+                <form method="POST" action="/mail/delete/{{.message.ID}}" style="display:inline;"
+                      onsubmit="return confirm('{{t .Lang "确定要删除这封邮件吗？"}}');">
+                    <button type="submit" class="btn btn-danger">
+                        <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" style="vertical-align:-2px;margin-right:4px;"><polyline points="3 6 5 6 21 6"/><path d="M19 6v14a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H7a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V6m3 0V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h4a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2"/></svg>
+                        {{t .Lang "删除邮件"}}
+                    </button>
+                </form>
+                {{end}}
             </div>
         </main>
     </div>

internal/web/timefmt_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+package web
+
+// 12 小时制时间格式化（上午/下午）回归测试：
+// time12 / time12m / shortDate 需先按 Web 时区转换，再输出中文习惯的
+// 12 小时制（「2026-08-20 下午 2:35:05」），后台页面此前直接 Format
+// 输出库内 UTC 时间（比北京时间慢 8 小时）。
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// setWebTZForTest 临时把展示时区固定为 UTC+8，测试结束恢复。
+func setWebTZForTest(t *testing.T, loc *time.Location) {
+	t.Helper()
+	old := webTZ
+	webTZ = loc
+	t.Cleanup(func() { webTZ = old })
+}
+
+func TestTime12Format(t *testing.T) {
+	setWebTZForTest(t, time.FixedZone("UTC+8", 8*3600))
+
+	cases := []struct {
+		name string
+		in   time.Time
+		want string
+	}{
+		{"上午", time.Date(2026, 8, 20, 1, 5, 7, 0, time.UTC), "2026-08-20 上午 9:05:07"},
+		{"正午", time.Date(2026, 8, 20, 4, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC), "2026-08-20 下午 12:00:00"},
+		{"下午", time.Date(2026, 8, 20, 10, 30, 45, 0, time.UTC), "2026-08-20 下午 6:30:45"},
+		{"凌晨", time.Date(2026, 8, 20, 16, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC), "2026-08-21 上午 12:00:00"},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		if got := time12("zh", tc.in); got != tc.want {
+			t.Errorf("time12(%s) = %q, want %q", tc.name, got, tc.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestTime12mNoSeconds(t *testing.T) {
+	setWebTZForTest(t, time.FixedZone("UTC+8", 8*3600))
+	in := time.Date(2026, 8, 20, 10, 30, 45, 0, time.UTC)
+	if got, want := time12m("zh", in), "2026-08-20 下午 6:30"; got != want {
+		t.Fatalf("time12m = %q, want %q", got, want)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestShortDate12Hour(t *testing.T) {
+	setWebTZForTest(t, time.FixedZone("UTC+8", 8*3600))
+	now := time.Now().In(webTZ)
+
+	// 今天 → 「下午 2:35」（无日期）
+	today := time.Date(now.Year(), now.Month(), now.Day(), 14, 35, 0, 0, webTZ).UTC()
+	if got, want := shortDate("zh", today), "下午 2:35"; got != want {
+		t.Fatalf("shortDate(today) = %q, want %q", got, want)
+	}
+
+	// 今年非今天 → 「06-15 上午 9:05」（避开今天，防止午夜跨日抖动）
+	day := time.Date(now.Year(), 6, 15, 9, 5, 0, 0, webTZ)
+	if day.YearDay() == now.YearDay() {
+		day = day.AddDate(0, 0, 1)
+	}
+	if got, want := shortDate("zh", day.UTC()), day.Format("01-02")+" 上午 9:05"; got != want {
+		t.Fatalf("shortDate(thisYear) = %q, want %q", got, want)
+	}
+
+	// 往年 → 「YYYY-MM-DD 上午 9:05」
+	older := time.Date(now.Year()-1, 12, 1, 9, 5, 0, 0, webTZ).UTC()
+	if got, want := shortDate("zh", older), fmt.Sprintf("%d-12-01 上午 9:05", now.Year()-1); got != want {
+		t.Fatalf("shortDate(older) = %q, want %q", got, want)
+	}
+}

security_todo.md

@@ -185,7 +185,43 @@
 2. ~~#2、#3、#4（P1）~~ 已完成 2026-08-19
 3. ~~#5-#11（P2）~~ 已完成 2026-08-19
 4. ~~#12-#16（P3）~~ 已完成 2026-08-19
+5. ~~#17（P4）、#18（P5，方案 A）~~ 已完成 2026-08-20
 
-**全部安全审计项已修复完成。** 剩余建议（非代码项）：
-- 部署侧：Caddy 加固（可选，应用层已加安全头）、8080 端口保持仅本机可达、GitHub 仓库中 3 个 50MB+ 的 exe 文件建议改用 LFS 或删除
-- 线上验证：部署新版后检查登录/收件箱/管理页、协议认证封禁、邮件远程图片加载（CSP 影响）
+## P4 低危：第二轮审计发现（2026-08-20，8ea4a62..37b4816）
+
+### 17. 手动封禁 Create 非 upsert，与阶段性封禁体系数据错位
+
+- [x] 位置：`internal/web/handlers/admin.go`（`DisconnectConnection`）、`internal/store/ban_store.go`、`internal/db/models.go`、`internal/db/db.go`
+- 现状：`f2493da` 阶段性封禁已改为"每 IP 一条记录 upsert"（`RecordAuthFailure` 内部 GetByIP + Update），但管理员"断开并封禁"仍直接 `Create`。`ip_address` 无唯一索引，当目标 IP 已有失败计数记录时会插入**第二条**记录，造成：
+  - `IncrementFail` 用 `First`（默认主键升序）更新**旧行**，`GetByIP` 用 `Order("id DESC")` 返回**新行** -> 自动封禁的档位判定（BanCount）与失败计数（FailCount）读写错行；
+  - `UnbanIP` 按 ID 删除一行后另一行仍在，可能出现"解封后仍被旧记录挡住/计数异常"。
+- 修复方案：
+  - [x] BanStore 新增 `BanIP(ip, reason, duration)`：事务内删除该 IP 全部既有记录（兼容历史脏数据）后插入单条封禁记录，计数清零（与"管理员解封清零"语义一致）；`DisconnectConnection` 改用该方法。
+  - [x] `BanEntry.IPAddress` 升级为 `uniqueIndex`；`InitDB` 在 AutoMigrate 前调用 `dedupeBanEntries` 清理历史重复行（保留每 IP 最大 id，SQLite/MySQL 兼容的派生表写法），表不存在时静默。
+  - [x] `IncrementFail` 原子化：SQL 侧 `fail_count + 1`，miss 时 `OnConflict DoNothing` 插入兜底并发竞态，回读计数。
+- 验证：
+  - [x] 单测：已有观察记录的 IP 手动封禁后仅一条、计数清零、封禁生效（`TestBanIPUpsertSingleRow`）。
+  - [x] 单测：同 IP 第二条记录被唯一约束拒绝（`TestBanEntryUniqueIndex`）。
+  - [x] 并发单测（`-race`）：16 协程并发 IncrementFail 计数精确无重复行（`TestIncrementFailConcurrent`）。
+  - [x] db 包单测：旧表重复行清理保留最大 id、表不存在静默（`dedupe_test.go`）。
+
+## P5 备注：产品权衡项（需决策后实施）
+
+### 18. 阶段性封禁"前 3 次触发不封禁"降低爆破门槛
+
+- [x] 位置：`internal/store/auth_guard.go`（`RecordAuthFailure`）、`internal/store/user_store.go`（`LoginExists`）、Web/LDAP/SMTP/IMAP/POP3 五处调用点
+- 现状：为防误封手机客户端（配置向导探测、裸用户名重试等），达到失败阈值记为一次触发，前 3 次**只计数不封禁**。副作用：攻击者每次触发前可"免费"尝试 `max_fail_attempts`（默认 5）次，即约 **15 次失败尝试零封禁**；第 4 次起才进入 30min -> 3h -> 3 个月 -> 半年的递增档位。长期防护足够，但自动化爆破的起步门槛降低。
+- 已实施（方案 A，2026-08-20）：
+  - [x] `RecordAuthFailure` 新增 `knownUser bool` 参数：用户名存在（真实用户输错）保留前 3 次宽限；用户名不存在（枚举型爆破）跳过宽限、首次触发即按第 1 档封禁，封禁原因注明"未知用户名，跳过宽限"。
+  - [x] 新增 `UserStore.LoginExists(login)`（完整邮箱或裸用户名），五个失败调用点按场景传入：Web 登录查邮箱存在性；SMTP/IMAP/POP3 用登录名查；LDAP 侧存在性无法判定，保守按已知用户处理（防误封）。
+- 验证：
+  - [x] A：未知用户名第 1 次触发即封（30 分钟，reason 含"未知用户名"）（`TestRecordAuthFailureUnknownUserSkipsGrace`）。
+  - [x] 已知用户名前 3 次触发不封、第 4 次封第 1 档（回归）（`TestRecordAuthFailureKnownUserKeepsGrace`）。
+  - [x] `LoginExists` 邮箱/裸用户名/不存在/空输入矩阵（`TestLoginExists`）。
+- 决策记录：**方案 A**（按失败性质区分宽限：真实用户防误封，枚举爆破即时封禁）——在不改变正常用户体验的前提下，让针对不存在账号的字典爆破首次达到阈值即被封，兼顾误封防护与爆破门槛。
+
+## 部署侧建议（非代码项）
+
+- Caddy 加固（可选，应用层已加安全头）、8080 端口保持仅本机可达。
+- GitHub 仓库中 3 个 50MB+ 的 exe 文件（mailgo.exe / mail_go.exe / mailgo_qa.exe）建议改用 Git LFS 或从历史中删除。
+- 线上验证：部署新版后检查登录/收件箱/管理页、协议认证封禁、邮件远程图片加载（CSP 影响）。