deepseek-harness/docs/core-data-structures/core.md

Core Data Structures

This folder catalogs the data structures of the DeepSeek Harness — what each core type represents, its literal shape, and where the full detail lives. It complements architecture.md, which describes behavior (the service map, the session/turn/step lifecycle, the event taxonomy); this page describes the vocabulary that behavior moves around.

What counts as "core"

The harness is a microkernel: a tiny core plus many plugins. Most types belong to one plugin or one capability. A handful, though, are the spine — the language the agent loop and its events traffic in on every turn, no matter which optional plugins are loaded. Those are "core".

Precisely, a data structure is core if either:

1. it flows through the agent-loop spine — the loop holds it, derives it, streams it, or logs it on every turn (a Message, a StreamChunk, a SessionEvent, the Agent handle itself), independent of which plugins are present; or
2. it is the single headline type a plugin author writes against a pipeline — ToolDefinition (what every tool is).

Everything else is documented on a sub-page, not here. The rule that draws the line: the type you write, hold, or receive is core; the machinery that types it, renders it, or persists it is a sub-page detail. So ToolDefinition is core, but the SchemaSpec/InferArgs DSL that types it, the ToolCallView/ToolResultView render-intent vocabulary that renders it, and the SessionPersistence seam that stores the event log are not — they live on the sub-pages below.

Sub-page	Owns
llm-streaming.md	the StreamChunk wire protocol + adapter contract, BlockAssembler, the LlmAdapter seam
token-meter.md	immutable scalar and positional replay measurements with consumed-log revisions
scope.md	scoped registration identity, dispatch carriers, and the owned Scope context
goal.md	persisted goal identity, lifecycle snapshots, activation, change records, and round attribution
commands.md	the human-command seam: definitions, adapter discovery, direct invocation, results, and parsing views
session.md	the full SessionEventMap variant catalog, TurnTrigger/TurnEndReason, deriveMessages(), the turn-enclosure invariant
persistence.md	the durability seam: SessionPersistence, JSONL + SQLite backends, session/flush, crash recovery, SessionHeader
session-query.md	logical records, bounded exact-event reads, and relationship traces
session-title.md	durable title snapshots, source provenance, and the asynchronous provider contract
system-prompt.md	per-assembly context, tool-provider results, prompt sections, and cooperative assembly
tools.md	ToolDefinition full fields, the schema DSL, ToolExecution/ToolResult, tool-presentation UI types, and the guarded execution pipeline
user-interaction.md	the UI-backed human question/answer seam: AskUserQuestionRequest, answer/options vocabulary, provider API, error taxonomy
approval.md	the one-shot user-approval seam: ApprovalRequest, ApprovalOutcome, per-session policy, audit and answerer contracts
bash.md	the bash executor seam: BashExecRequest/Spec, BashRunResult, background BashProcess handles
sandbox.md	the process-confinement seam: file-effect modes, SandboxPolicy, ConfinedArgv, enforcement and fail-closed errors
code-runtime.md	the code-execution seam: CodeRunRequest/Result, binding namespaces, captured logs, the CodeRunFailure taxonomy
filesystem.md	the filesystem seam: FsTarget, read/write/edit outcomes, observed-file state, FsErrorCode
lsp.md	the LSP navigation seam: LspQueryRequest/Result, LspProvider/Service, four operations, LspError
skills.md	the skill service: discovery priority, SkillSummary/SkillDefinition, session-prefix catalog, model-facing skill loading
compaction.md	the compaction seam: the compact/* session events, CompactionResult, the CompactService interface
subagent.md	the subagent seam: the named-provider registry, SubagentStartRequest/Result/Run, the start-time-vs-runtime capability split
web.md	the web access seam: WebSearchRequest/Result, WebFetchRequest/Result, WebFetchBody, provider availability, WebError
spill.md	the spill storage seam: SaveTextSpill, SpillOwner/SpillSource, SpillRef, the branded SpillLocator
workflow.md	the workflow seam: WorkflowStartRequest, WorkflowMeta, WorkflowRun/Result, the workflow/* event payloads, WorkflowError fatality

Type declarations and their JSDoc on these pages are source-equivalent and drift-checked by pnpm run verify-type-equiv (see development.md). Ordinary blocks preserve complete declarations; public-api blocks preserve body-stripped public class declarations. Cordis services use the generated service catalog.

The …Map → derived-union pattern

Almost every extensible sum type in the harness follows one shape: an interface keyed by a discriminant tag (the …Map), from which the union is derived with keyof. Plugins add variants by declaration merging — no edit to the owning package.

// The pattern, schematically:
interface ThingMap {
  'a': { kind: 'a'; /* … */ }
  'b': { kind: 'b'; /* … */ }
}
type ThingKind = keyof ThingMap          // 'a' | 'b'
type Thing = ThingMap[keyof ThingMap]    // the discriminated union

// A plugin extends it without touching the source package:
declare module '@deepseek-ai/dsh-llm' {
  interface ThingMap {
    'c': { kind: 'c'; /* … */ }
  }
}

Six canonical maps use this pattern; a plugin author extends these:

Map	Package	Derives	Catalog
ContentBlockMap	dsh-llm	ContentBlock	below
MessageSourceMap	dsh-llm	MessageSource	below
FinishReasonMap	dsh-llm	FinishReason	below
TurnTriggerMap	dsh-session	TurnTrigger	session.md
TurnEndReasonMap	dsh-session	TurnEndReason	session.md
SessionEventMap	dsh-session	SessionEvent	session.md

Two large discriminated unions are the ones consumers switch over most: StreamChunk (the streaming protocol) and SessionEvent (the log entry). Per the repo convention, switch on the tag — don't chain ifs — so each arm narrows and a typo'd tag fails to compile.

Branded IDs

IDs that cross package boundaries are branded — structurally strings, but non-interchangeable at the type level (a SessionId cannot be passed where a CallId is expected). Construction goes through a per-type factory; comparison, logging, and JSON behave as ordinary strings.

The Branded<B> primitive lives in its own type-only package, dsh-brand (no runtime code, no harness-package dependency), so any package can brand the ids it owns without depending on an unrelated capability package.

Source: packages/util/brand/src/index.ts

/** A string carrying a compile-time-only brand `B`. */
type Branded<B extends string> = string & { readonly [BRAND]: B }

The two core IDs are CallId (correlates a tool call with its result; dsh-llm) and SessionId (the shared live agent and durable session identity; dsh-session). Capability packages brand their own ids too, such as TaskId in tasks.md.

Content blocks and messages

A conversation is Messages; a message is an array of typed content blocks. The block union derives from ContentBlockMap.

Source: packages/llm/llm/src/types.ts

/**
 * Merge-extensible content blocks keyed by `type`. New core blocks must land
 * with adapter, UI, and compaction support.
 */
interface ContentBlockMap {
  'text': TextBlock
  'reasoning': ReasoningBlock
  'tool-call': ToolCallBlock
  'tool-result': ToolResultBlock
}

The block interfaces (full fields in source): TextBlock (text), ReasoningBlock (thinking, distinct from visible text), ToolCallBlock (id: CallId, name, raw-JSON arguments), ToolResultBlock (toolCallId, nested content: ContentBlock[], isError?). ContentBlock = ContentBlockMap[ContentBlockType]. The core set is limited to blocks every shipping path honors — multimodal content (images, audio, …) has no core block type; a feature that needs one adds it via the merge-extensible map together with the adapter/UI/compaction support that honors it.

A Message is a role plus blocks. Loop-derived assistant messages carry their durable provider/model identity and optional adapter-private replay metadata:

/** Provider ownership and adapter-private replay data for an assistant message. */
interface AssistantProvenance {
  /** Provider route that produced the message. */
  provider: string
  /** Provider model id that produced the message. */
  model: string
  /**
   * Lossless-JSON adapter state needed to replay the provider response.
   * `LlmService` exposes it to a target adapter only when that adapter instance
   * currently owns both this historical provider and the target provider.
   */
  replayState?: unknown
}

/**
 * A single message in a conversation history. Loop-derived assistant messages
 * always carry provenance; callers may omit it on hand-built foreign history.
 */
interface Message {
  role: 'system' | 'user' | 'assistant'
  content: ContentBlock[]
  /** Present only on assistant messages produced by a routed adapter. */
  provenance?: AssistantProvenance
}

Where a message came from is itself a merge-extensible sum type:

/**
 * Where a message (or injected content) came from.
 * Merge-extensible sum type — plugins add their own `kind`s.
 */
interface MessageSourceMap {
  user: { kind: 'user' }
  plugin: { kind: 'plugin'; plugin: string }
}

Streaming

Adapters emit a raw chunk protocol; the loop logs the chunks (replay fidelity) while feeding the same chunks through a BlockAssembler to rebuild blocks and messages. StreamChunk is a closed discriminated union over type — block-start, text-delta, reasoning-delta, tool-call-delta, block-end, usage, finish.

The full union, the adapter contract (usage-before-finish, raw-JSON tool arguments, the two sanctioned error paths), and BlockAssembler live on llm-streaming.md.

The model request

One model call is a fully-assembled GenerateOptions. The adapter answers with a raw StreamChunk stream; the consumer assembles it with BlockAssembler (see llm-streaming.md).

Source: packages/llm/llm/src/types.ts

Provider and model discovery uses small provider-neutral descriptors. A model catalog is advisory: routing still keys on a registered provider, and an adapter may accept unlisted model ids.

/** Display metadata for one registered provider route. */
interface LlmProviderInfo {
  /** Provider route key used by {@link GenerateOptions.provider}. */
  id: string
  /** Human-readable provider name for selectors and diagnostics. */
  name: string
}

/** One adapter-discovered model; catalog membership is advisory, not request validation. */
interface LlmModelInfo {
  /** Provider route that owns this model entry. */
  provider: string
  /** Model id passed to {@link GenerateOptions.model}. */
  id: string
  /** Human-readable model name for selectors. */
  name: string
  /** Optional user-facing distinction from otherwise similar models. */
  description?: string
}

Correctness-sensitive model capacity is queried separately from the advisory catalog and is owned by the adapter serving the exact route.

/** Provider-owned context capacity for one exact provider/model route. */
interface LlmModelContext {
  /** Maximum combined request and response context in tokens. */
  contextWindow: number
}

/** A single model request, fully assembled. */
interface GenerateOptions {
  /** Registered provider route selecting the adapter instance. */
  provider: string
  model: string
  /**
   * Ordered conversation messages, exactly as the provider sees them (after
   * the `system` slot). A loop-built request assembles them as
   * `EpochHeader.messagePrefix` + the derived history (dsh-agent-loop); a
   * hand-built one-shot passes any list.
   */
  messages: Message[]
  /** System prompt text (adapters map to the provider's system slot). */
  system?: string
  /** Tool schemas (adapters map to the provider's `tools` field). */
  tools?: ToolSchema[]
  temperature?: number
  maxTokens?: number
  /**
   * Stop sequences: generation halts as soon as the model produces any one of
   * these strings (adapters map to the provider's stop field, e.g. OpenAI
   * `stop`). The stop string itself is not included in the output.
   */
  stop?: string[]
  signal?: AbortSignal
  /**
   * Session identity stamped by the loop for listener routing. Adapters ignore
   * it; replay uses it to keep concurrent parent and child cursors independent.
   */
  sessionId?: Branded<'SessionId'>
  /**
   * Provider-neutral classification for an auxiliary model call. Adapters may
   * map the purpose to model-hidden transport metadata. Ordinary conversation
   * requests leave it unset.
   */
  purpose?: 'compaction'
}

Why a model response stopped is a merge-extensible reason. Terminal provider failures carry the streaming contract's LlmFailure:

/**
 * Why a model response stopped.
 * Merge-extensible so adapters can surface provider-specific reasons.
 */
interface FinishReasonMap {
  'stop': { kind: 'stop' }
  'tool-calls': { kind: 'tool-calls' }
  'max-tokens': { kind: 'max-tokens' }
  'aborted': { kind: 'aborted'; failure: LlmFailure }
  'error': { kind: 'error'; failure: LlmFailure }
}

FinishReason = FinishReasonMap[keyof FinishReasonMap]. TokenUsage (per-call accounting with disjoint cache fields) is detailed on llm-streaming.md.

GenerateOptions.tools carries ToolSchema — the JSON-schema description of a tool, as sent to the model. It is declared in dsh-llm (not dsh-tools) precisely because it is part of the request the loop assembles every step:

/**
 * JSON-schema description of a tool, as sent to the model.
 *
 * Declared here (not in dsh-tools) because it is part of {@link GenerateOptions};
 * dsh-tools' ToolDefinition and dsh-system-prompt's PromptAssembly both import
 * it from this package.
 */
interface ToolSchema {
  name: string
  description: string
  /** JSON Schema object for the arguments. */
  parameters: Record<string, unknown>
}

The model-facing ToolSchema is the wire shape; the registered ToolDefinition that produces it (schema + execute) is on tools.md.

The request envelope: LlmCallConfig and the logged header

The loop builds each request from logged state. EpochHeader records call config, rendered prompt, authoritative returned tool order (configured by toolOrder, or lexicographic when unset), and session prefix through full request/header snapshots. Together with derived history, this makes the request reconstructable from the session log. See session.md and the reconstructability Agent Note.

agent/request receives a frozen call-config seed and may return a replacement to switch provider, model, or sampling. agent/session-prefix composes request-only prefix messages once per loop instance, and the header records the exact result used. Requests reaching llm/stream are deep-frozen, so mutation throws, and carry a process-local loop identity so observers do not confuse separately logged frozen auxiliary calls with conversation requests.

On the wire, a loop-built request reads in this order: the system slot (the rendered prompt assembly) → messagePrefix (the frozen session prefix) → the derived history — the boundary snapshot, whose tail is the newest user/message on a turn's first step and the previous step's tool results on later steps. The prefix never enters the derived history; its durable record is the header events, and the dev invariant recomputes exactly this equation against every loop-built request.

FIXME(call-config-shape): revisit the exact definition of this type — which fields are genuinely epoch-level for cache purposes (model certainly; the sampling scalars sit here out of caution), and where provider-specific extras (reasoning options, extra body params) belong when an adapter needs them.

/**
 * Provider + model + sampling scalars of one conversation's requests. Every field maps
 * 1:1 onto the same-named `GenerateOptions` field; the loop builds requests
 * from the logged header rather than accepting these per call.
 */
interface LlmCallConfig {
  provider: string
  model: string
  temperature?: number
  maxTokens?: number
  stop?: string[]
}

Sessions

A Session is an append-only log of typed SessionEvents — the single source of truth. The LLM message history is derived from the log (deriveMessages()), not stored separately. The event vocabulary derives from SessionEventMap:

Source: packages/core/session/src/types.ts

/**
 * One immutable entry in the session log.
 *
 * A proper discriminated union over `type` (not independent `type`/`data`
 * unions), so `switch (event.type)` narrows `event.data` without casts.
 *
 * The {@link sourceEventSeqs} and {@link surfaceOp} fields are conditional:
 * they only exist on {@link SurfaceEventType} variants (`user/message`,
 * `assistant/message`, `tool/result`, `context/message`, `steering/message`).
 * Non-surface events (boundary markers, chunks, usage, errors) never carry
 * surface metadata — the compiler enforces this at `Session.append()`
 * call sites.
 */
type SessionEvent<T extends SessionEventType = SessionEventType> = {
  [K in SessionEventType]: {
    type: K
    /** Monotonic sequence number within the session. */
    seq: number
    /** Unix epoch milliseconds. */
    time: number
    data: SessionEventMap[K]
  } & (K extends SurfaceEventType ? {
    /**
     * Seq numbers of events that are provenance sources of this event
     * (e.g. the `assistant/chunk` seqs that built an `assistant/message`,
     * or the surface nodes shadowed by a compaction replace node). An
     * `assistant/message` may carry a present empty array for a known empty
     * provider stream; omission means unrecorded provenance.
     */
    sourceEventSeqs?: number[]
    /** How this event entered the surface; absent for non-surface events. */
    surfaceOp?: SurfaceOp
  } : object)
}[T]

The fourteen event variants (turn/start, turn/end, step/start, step/end, user/message, prompt/blocked, context/message, assistant/chunk, assistant/message, tool/call, tool/result, steering/message, todo/write, request/header), the deriveMessages() projection rules, the TurnTrigger/TurnEndReason reasons, and the turn-enclosure invariant are on session.md. How the log is made durable — the SessionPersistence seam, JSONL/SQLite backends, the session/flush checkpoint, crash recovery, and SessionHeader — is on persistence.md.

The agent handle

Agent is the surface every plugin (UI, hooks, orchestrators) programs against. The concrete implementation is package-internal to dsh-agent-loop; nothing outside the loop depends on it.

Source: packages/core/agent/src/types.ts

InjectOptions extends ordinary message attribution with durable model-hidden JSON metadata:

/** Options specific to durable synthetic context injection. */
interface InjectOptions extends SendOptions {
  /** Opaque JSON state retained in the session event but hidden from the model. */
  meta?: JsonValue
}

/** Stable runtime cause accepted by {@link Agent.cancel}. */
type AgentCancelCause =
  | { readonly kind: 'user' }
  | { readonly kind: 'parent' }

/** Public agent handle; its concrete implementation is internal to `@deepseek-ai/dsh-agent-loop`. */
interface Agent {
  /** The single identity shared with {@link session}. */
  readonly id: SessionId
  readonly options: AgentOptions
  readonly session: Session
  readonly status: AgentStatus
  /** Agent-scoped context; its contributions are agent-local, unwind on disposal, and reject registration afterward. */
  readonly ctx: Context

  /**
   * Queue one detached, frozen lossless-JSON item. If claimed, it is the sole
   * ordinary message in its FIFO-ordered turn; the next claimed item waits for
   * that turn's checkpoint.
   * Invalid input throws synchronously before notification or enqueue.
   */
  send(content: ContentBlock[], options?: SendOptions): void

  /**
   * Submit steering while the agent is `running`. An open turn records it at
   * the next steering checkpoint before a request or continuation decision;
   * policy may stop before another step. After turn close and its checkpoint,
   * any remainder is queued for a later turn; terminal `agent/turn-stop`,
   * cancellation, or disposal may discard it. Uses the same synchronous
   * snapshot-and-validation boundary as {@link send}; when idle, delegates to it.
   */
  steer(content: ContentBlock[], options?: SendOptions): void

  /**
   * Append detached model-facing context without running the model. An open-turn
   * injection joins at the current log position unless the current tool batch is
   * executing; then it waits FIFO until that batch settles and drains before turn
   * close even when interrupted. Idle injection uses a one-shot turn and durability
   * checkpoint. Disposal awaits idle checkpoints; flush failures report through `agent/error`.
   */
  inject(content: ContentBlock[], options?: InjectOptions): void

  /**
   * Clear all queued and steering work, including items waiting to start, and
   * abort the active turn. An effective call first emits
   * `agent/cancel-requested` with the resolved typed cause. The first cause wins
   * for the active turn, and `whenIdle()` resolves after cancellation reaches
   * quiescence. Omission means `{ kind: 'user' }`. Idle cancellation is a no-op
   * and does not arm later work. The active turn snapshots and freezes the cause.
   * @param cause - the stable caller intent carried by the current turn signal.
   */
  cancel(cause?: AgentCancelCause): void

  /** Resolve at idle quiescence; disposal waits for driver exit rather than only the status transition. */
  whenIdle(): Promise<void>

}

AgentStatus is 'idle' | 'running' | 'disposed', and SessionId is branded. running describes the driver-wide drain interval, which can span turn close, its durability checkpoint, and consecutive queued turns; it does not prove a turn is still open. AgentOptions is merge-extensible and currently includes provider? and model?; dispatch requires both after agent/request. Persona belongs to dsh-system-prompt: an agent-scoped deployment:persona may shadow the global default.

The cause is a TypeScript-enforced same-process input. An active holder copies its discriminant into the runtime-only AbortSignal.reason; it is retired before turn/end publication. agentInterruptReasonOf(signal) recognizes user, parent, and lifecycle-only disposed without consulting ambient initiator state. Durable turn/end retains the coarse { kind: 'aborted' } outcome; request provenance would require a separate durable event rather than overloading the terminal result.

The event taxonomy owns the agent/* lifecycle, checkpoint, and waterfall contracts. Turn and step boundaries are durable session events rather than agent emits.

Initiating Agent

The process-local initiator carried by ctx.agents is the exact Agent above, not a separate frame or copied identity. Ambient presence is neither liveness proof nor authorization; the initiator-scope decision owns its lifetime and boundary rules.

Interception decisions

Each agent/* interception waterfall returns a small, seam-specific typed union — the unified Decision idiom (the tool seams' PreToolDecision/PostToolDecision in tools.md follow the same shape). A CC/Codex hook bridge maps its permissionDecision/decision/continue/additionalContext fields onto these; a native plugin returns them directly. Prompt and post-tool decisions share one model-facing context shape, HookContext, which is inject()ed as a context/message and therefore carries a REQUIRED source (a missing source would default to {kind:'user'} and mislabel plugin context as a user prompt). Its content reaches the model verbatim as a user-role message, while JSON meta persists plugin state without exposing it to the model. Both decisions carry additionalContexts[] so every entry preserves its own provenance and metadata. Continuation reasons are steering messages instead and deliberately use the narrower content/source shape.

Source: packages/core/agent/src/types.ts

/** Model-facing context injected by a listener; `source` prevents plugin text from being labeled as user input. */
interface HookContext {
  content: ContentBlock[]
  source: MessageSource
  /** Opaque JSON state retained in the session event but hidden from the model. */
  meta?: JsonValue
}

agent/prompt-submit returns a PromptDecision (allow the turn's claimed queued message — optionally rewriting its content or attaching additionalContexts — or record prompt/blocked and end that zero-step turn as rejected):

/**
 * Prompt interception result. `allow.content` replaces the prompt and each
 * `additionalContexts` entry becomes a separate context message. `block`
 * records a durable `prompt/blocked` and ends the claimed prompt's zero-step
 * turn as rejected.
 */
type PromptDecision =
  | { kind: 'allow'; content?: ContentBlock[]; additionalContexts?: HookContext[] }
  | { kind: 'block'; reason: string }

agent/turn-continuation returns a ContinuationDecision (the loop's default is continue when the step had tool calls or steering was injected, else stop; a continue reason is recorded as next-step steering in the same turn and therefore carries no context metadata — the typed /goal pattern):

/** Turn continuation override; a continue reason is recorded as next-step steering in the same turn. */
type ContinuationDecision =
  | { action: 'stop' }
  | { action: 'continue'; reason?: { content: ContentBlock[]; source: MessageSource } }

agent/request-error receives the exact original RequestError beside its immutable LlmFailure, an immutable list of failures that already authorized another request in the consecutive sequence, the turn signal, and next(). Recovery plugins route on failure.code, not the live error's message; each policy counts only its own codes, and a successful request clears the history:

/** Model-request failure with an optional machine-routable provider code. */
type RequestError = Error & { code?: string }

It returns a RequestErrorDecision; retry opens a new numbered step after the recovery listener's durable mutation, while fail retains the structured failure on turn/end:

/** Failed-request recovery decision; `retry` opens another numbered step while listeners delegate by calling `next()`. */
type RequestErrorDecision = { action: 'fail' } | { action: 'retry' }

agent/post-step is awaited after assistant output, real or synthetic tool results, buffered context, and steering are durable but before step/end. A cancelled tool batch reaches it with an aborted signal after draining; its signature is (agent, turn, step, signal), and replayable facts remain in the session log rather than a transient payload.

agent/turn-stop returns the stop-only ContinuationStop subset or undefined. The loop calls this serial checkpoint after folding the ordinary decision, its reason, and pending steering; a stop is terminal and discards pending steering.

/**
 * The terminal subset of {@link ContinuationDecision}. A listener on
 * `agent/turn-stop` returns this to make the already-composed continuation
 * outcome terminal; `undefined` abstains.
 */
type ContinuationStop = Extract<ContinuationDecision, { action: 'stop' }>

agent/session-start carries a SessionStartSource (why the session lifecycle began; a bridge keys its SessionStart matcher on it):

/** Why a session lifecycle began; seeded creates are `startup`, while persisted loads are `resume`. */
type SessionStartSource = 'startup' | 'resume' | 'clear' | 'compact'

agent/session-prefix composes a Message[] once per loop instance. The deep-frozen result is recorded in the request header and prepended to every derived history, making it the home for session-stable openers. A resumed instance recomposes; mid-session changes use append-only context channels. The waterfall returns content directly because it contributes rather than decides.

ToolDefinition

The one pipeline-authoring type that is core: what every registered tool is — a model-facing ToolSchema plus an execute function and optional UI presenters. A tool author rarely constructs it by hand (the defineTool DSL builds it with typed args), but it is the contract the registry holds and the loop dispatches through.

Its full fields, the defineTool/SchemaSpec/InferArgs typed schema DSL, the ToolExecution/ToolExecutionResult waterfall shapes, and the tool-presentation UI vocabulary are on tools.md.