Better support for SY6970

Add support for SY6970 fot tdisplay s3 pro
Merge branch 'develop' into t-display-s3-pro
2026-05-07 23:12:02 -05:00 · 2026-05-05 19:05:40 -05:00 · 2026-04-02 23:25:05 +02:00 · 2026-04-01 10:46:27 +11:00 · 2026-03-31 07:53:59 -05:00 · 2026-03-30 14:37:29 -05:00
57 changed files with 5293 additions and 364 deletions
@@ -4,9 +4,14 @@ on:
  workflow_dispatch:
    inputs:
      # trunk-ignore(checkov/CKV_GHA_7)
+      target:
+        type: string
+        required: false
+        description: Choose the target board, e.g. nrf52_promicro_diy_tcxo. If blank, will find available targets.
      arch:
        type: choice
        options:
+          - all
          - esp32
          - esp32s3
          - esp32c3
@@ -15,32 +20,18 @@ on:
          - rp2040
          - rp2350
          - stm32
-      target:
-        type: string
-        required: false
-        description: Choose the target board, e.g. nrf52_promicro_diy_tcxo. If blank, will find available targets.
-      # find-target:
-      #   type: boolean
-      #   default: true
-      #   description: 'Find the available targets'
+        description: Choose an arch to limit the search, or 'all' to search all architectures.
+        default: all

 permissions: read-all

 jobs:
  find-targets:
-    if: ${{ inputs.target == '' }}
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
        arch:
-          - esp32
-          - esp32s3
-          - esp32c3
-          - esp32c6
-          - nrf52840
-          - rp2040
-          - rp2350
-          - stm32
+          - all
    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
@@ -51,14 +42,37 @@ jobs:
      - run: pip install -U platformio
      - name: Generate matrix
        id: jsonStep
+        env:
+          BUILDTARGET: ${{ inputs.target }}
+          MATRIXARCH: ${{ inputs.arch }}
        run: |
          TARGETS=$(./bin/generate_ci_matrix.py ${{matrix.arch}} --level extra)
-          echo "Name: $GITHUB_REF_NAME" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
-          echo "Base: $GITHUB_BASE_REF" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
-          echo "Arch: ${{matrix.arch}}" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
-          echo "Ref: $GITHUB_REF" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
-          echo "Targets:" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
-          echo $TARGETS | jq -r 'sort_by(.board) |.[] | "- " + .board' >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
+          if [ "$BUILDTARGET" = "" ]; then
+            echo "Name: $GITHUB_REF_NAME" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
+            echo "Base: $GITHUB_BASE_REF" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
+            echo "Arch: $MATRIXARCH" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
+            echo "Ref: $GITHUB_REF" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
+            echo "## 🎯 The following target boards are available to build:" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
+            echo "| Platform | Board |" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
+            echo "| -------- | ----- |" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
+            echo $TARGETS | jq -r 'sort_by(.board) | sort_by(.platform) |.[] | "| " + .platform + " | " + .board + " |" ' >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
+          else
+            echo "We build this one:" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
+            ARCH=$(echo "$TARGETS" | jq --arg BUILDTARGET "$BUILDTARGET" -r '.[] | select(.board==$BUILDTARGET) | .platform')
+            echo "| Platform | Board |" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
+            echo "| -------- | ----- |" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
+            echo "| $ARCH | "$BUILDTARGET" |" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
+            echo "" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
+            if [[ "$ARCH" == "" ]]; then
+              echo "## ❌ Error: Target "$BUILDTARGET" not found!" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
+            else
+              echo "## ✅ Target "$BUILDTARGET" found, proceeding to build." >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
+            fi
+            echo "You may need to refresh this page to make the built firmware appear below." >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
+            echo "arch=$ARCH" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+          fi
+    outputs:
+      arch: ${{ steps.jsonStep.outputs.arch }}

  version:
    if: ${{ inputs.target != '' }}
@@ -78,12 +92,12 @@ jobs:

  build:
    if: ${{ inputs.target != '' && inputs.arch != 'native' }}
-    needs: [version]
+    needs: [version, find-targets]
    uses: ./.github/workflows/build_firmware.yml
    with:
      version: ${{ needs.version.outputs.long }}
      pio_env: ${{ inputs.target }}
-      platform: ${{ inputs.arch }}
+      platform: ${{ needs.find-targets.outputs.arch }}

  gather-artifacts:
    permissions:
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ on:
  workflow_dispatch:
  push:
    branches:
-      - master
+      - develop # Default branch, same as 'cron' above
    paths:
      - debian/**
      - "*.rpkg"
@@ -67,5 +67,6 @@ jobs:

      - name: Publish with dput
        if: ${{ github.event_name != 'pull_request_target' && github.event_name != 'pull_request' }}
+        timeout-minutes: 15 # dput is terrible, sometimes runs 'forever'
        run: |
          dput ${{ inputs.ppa_repo }} meshtasticd_${{ steps.version.outputs.deb }}~${{ inputs.series }}_source.changes
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+---
+Lora:
+## Ebyte E80-900M22S
+## This is a bit experimental
+## 
+##
+  Module: lr1121
+  gpiochip: 1 # subtract 32 from the gpio numbers
+  DIO3_TCXO_VOLTAGE: 1.8
+  CS: 16 #pin6 / GPIO48 1C0
+  IRQ: 23  #pin17 / GPIO55 1C7
+  Busy: 22 #pin16 / GPIO54 1C6
+  Reset: 25 #pin13 / GPIO57 1D1
+
+
+  spidev: spidev0.0 #pins are (CS=16, CLK=17, MOSI=18, MISO=19)
+  spiSpeed: 2000000
+  
+rfswitch_table:
+  pins: [DIO5, DIO6, DIO7]
+  MODE_STBY: [LOW, LOW, LOW]
+  MODE_RX: [LOW, HIGH, LOW]
+  MODE_TX: [HIGH, HIGH, LOW]
+  MODE_TX_HP: [HIGH, LOW, LOW]
+  MODE_TX_HF: [LOW, LOW, LOW]
+  MODE_GNSS: [LOW, LOW, HIGH]
+  MODE_WIFI: [LOW, LOW, LOW]
+
+General:
+  MACAddressSource: eth0
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+---
+Lora:
+## Ebyte E80-900M22S
+## This is a bit experimental
+## 
+##
+  Module: lr1121
+  gpiochip: 1 # subtract 32 from the gpio numbers
+  DIO3_TCXO_VOLTAGE: 1.8
+  CS: 16 #pin6 / GPIO48 1C0
+  IRQ: 23  #pin17 / GPIO55 1C7
+  Busy: 22 #pin16 / GPIO54 1C6
+  Reset: 25 #pin13 / GPIO57 1D1
+
+
+  spidev: spidev0.0 #pins are (CS=16, CLK=17, MOSI=18, MISO=19)
+  spiSpeed: 2000000
+  
+rfswitch_table:
+  pins:
+    - DIO5
+    - DIO6
+  MODE_STBY:
+    - LOW
+    - LOW
+  MODE_RX:
+    - HIGH
+    - LOW
+  MODE_TX:
+    - HIGH
+    - HIGH
+  MODE_TX_HP:
+    - LOW
+    - HIGH
+  MODE_TX_HF:
+    - LOW
+    - LOW
+  MODE_GNSS:
+    - LOW
+    - LOW
+  MODE_WIFI:
+    - LOW
+    - LOW
+
+General:
+  MACAddressSource: eth0
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+---
+Lora:
+## Ebyte E80-900M22S
+## This is a bit experimental
+## 
+##
+  Module: lr1121
+  gpiochip: 1 # subtract 32 from the gpio numbers
+  DIO3_TCXO_VOLTAGE: 1.8
+  CS: 16 #pin6 / GPIO48 1C0
+  IRQ: 23  #pin17 / GPIO55 1C7
+  Busy: 22 #pin16 / GPIO54 1C6
+  Reset: 25 #pin13 / GPIO57 1D1
+
+
+  spidev: spidev0.0 #pins are (CS=16, CLK=17, MOSI=18, MISO=19)
+  spiSpeed: 2000000
+  
+rfswitch_table:
+  pins: [DIO5, DIO6, DIO7]
+  MODE_STBY: [LOW, LOW, LOW]
+  MODE_RX: [LOW, LOW, LOW]
+  MODE_TX: [LOW, HIGH, LOW]
+  MODE_TX_HP: [HIGH, LOW, LOW]
+  # MODE_TX_HF: []
+  # MODE_GNSS: []
+  MODE_WIFI: [LOW, LOW, LOW]
+
+General:
+  MACAddressSource: eth0
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+{
+  "build": {
+    "arduino": {
+      "ldscript": "esp32s3_out.ld",
+      "memory_type": "qio_opi"
+    },
+    "core": "esp32",
+    "extra_flags": [
+      "-DBOARD_HAS_PSRAM",
+      "-DARDUINO_USB_CDC_ON_BOOT=1",
+      "-DARDUINO_USB_MODE=0",
+      "-DARDUINO_RUNNING_CORE=1",
+      "-DARDUINO_EVENT_RUNNING_CORE=1"
+    ],
+    "f_cpu": "240000000L",
+    "f_flash": "80000000L",
+    "flash_mode": "qio",
+    "hwids": [["0x303A", "0x1001"]],
+    "mcu": "esp32s3",
+    "variant": "esp32s3"
+  },
+  "connectivity": ["wifi", "bluetooth", "lora"],
+  "debug": {
+    "default_tool": "esp-builtin",
+    "onboard_tools": ["esp-builtin"],
+    "openocd_target": "esp32s3.cfg"
+  },
+  "frameworks": ["arduino", "espidf"],
+  "name": "LilyGO T-Display S3 Pro LR1121 (16 MB FLASH, 8 MB PSRAM)",
+  "upload": {
+    "flash_size": "16MB",
+    "maximum_ram_size": 327680,
+    "maximum_size": 16777216,
+    "require_upload_port": true,
+    "speed": 921600
+  },
+  "url": "https://lilygo.cc/en-de/products/t-display-s3-pro-lr1121",
+  "vendor": "LilyGO"
+}
@@ -126,7 +126,8 @@ lib_deps =
 [device-ui_base]
 lib_deps =
 	# renovate: datasource=git-refs depName=meshtastic/device-ui packageName=https://github.com/meshtastic/device-ui gitBranch=master
-	https://github.com/meshtastic/device-ui/archive/7b1485b86c8d55a40e5226749097767e8b87f396.zip
+	https://github.com/meshtastic/device-ui/archive/91d4f76d9fc523fb86ea31ebf48fd4bcdaea43c9.zip
+

 ; Common libs for environmental measurements in telemetry module
 [environmental_base]
@@ -98,7 +98,6 @@ Syslog &Syslog::logMask(uint8_t priMask)

 void Syslog::enable()
 {
-    this->_client->begin(this->_port);
    this->_enabled = true;
 }

@@ -166,14 +165,21 @@ inline bool Syslog::_sendLog(uint16_t pri, const char *appName, const char *mess
    if ((pri & LOG_FACMASK) == 0)
        pri = LOG_MAKEPRI(LOG_FAC(this->_priDefault), pri);

+    // W5100S: acquire UDP socket on-demand to avoid permanent socket consumption
+    if (!this->_client->begin(this->_port)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
    if (this->_server != NULL) {
        result = this->_client->beginPacket(this->_server, this->_port);
    } else {
        result = this->_client->beginPacket(this->_ip, this->_port);
    }

-    if (result != 1)
+    if (result != 1) {
+        this->_client->stop();
        return false;
+    }

    this->_client->print('<');
    this->_client->print(pri);
@@ -193,6 +199,8 @@ inline bool Syslog::_sendLog(uint16_t pri, const char *appName, const char *mess
    this->_client->print(message);
    this->_client->endPacket();

+    this->_client->stop(); // W5100S: release UDP socket for other services
+
    return true;
 }

@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@ const char *DisplayFormatters::getModemPresetDisplayName(meshtastic_Config_LoRaC
                                                         bool usePreset)
 {

-    // If use_preset is false, always return "Custom"
+    // If use_preset is false, always return "Custom" — callers such as RadioInterface and Channels
+    // rely on this being a stable literal for channel-name hashing and default-channel detection.
    if (!usePreset) {
        return "Custom";
    }
@@ -35,6 +35,11 @@
 #include "nrfx_power.h"
 #endif

+#if defined(ARCH_NRF52)
+#include "Nrf52SaadcLock.h"
+#include "concurrency/LockGuard.h"
+#endif
+
 #if defined(DEBUG_HEAP_MQTT) && !MESHTASTIC_EXCLUDE_MQTT
 #include "mqtt/MQTT.h"
 #include "target_specific.h"
@@ -328,6 +333,9 @@ class AnalogBatteryLevel : public HasBatteryLevel
            scaled = esp_adc_cal_raw_to_voltage(raw, adc_characs);
            scaled *= operativeAdcMultiplier;
 #else // block for all other platforms
+#ifdef ARCH_NRF52
+            concurrency::LockGuard saadcGuard(concurrency::nrf52SaadcLock);
+#endif
            for (uint32_t i = 0; i < BATTERY_SENSE_SAMPLES; i++) {
                raw += analogRead(BATTERY_PIN);
            }
@@ -1487,7 +1495,15 @@ bool Power::cw2015Init()
 class LipoCharger : public HasBatteryLevel
 {
  private:
+#if defined(XPOWERS_CHIP_SY6970)
+#define PPM_ADDR SY6970_ADDR
+#define CHARGE_TARGET_VOLTAGE 4352
+#elif defined(XPOWERS_CHIP_BQ25896)
+#define PPM_CLASS BQ27220
    BQ27220 *bq = nullptr;
+#define PPM_ADDR BQ25896_ADDR
+#define CHARGE_TARGET_VOLTAGE 4288
+#endif

  public:
    /**
@@ -1497,12 +1513,11 @@ class LipoCharger : public HasBatteryLevel
    {
        if (PPM == nullptr) {
            PPM = new XPowersPPM;
-            bool result = PPM->init(Wire, I2C_SDA, I2C_SCL, BQ25896_ADDR);
+            bool result = PPM->init(Wire, I2C_SDA, I2C_SCL, PPM_ADDR);
            if (result) {
-                LOG_INFO("PPM BQ25896 init succeeded");
+                LOG_INFO("PPM init succeeded");
                // Set the minimum operating voltage. Below this voltage, the PPM will
                // protect PPM->setSysPowerDownVoltage(3100);
-
                // Set input current limit, default is 500mA
                // PPM->setInputCurrentLimit(800);

@@ -1510,7 +1525,7 @@ class LipoCharger : public HasBatteryLevel
                // PPM->disableCurrentLimitPin();

                // Set the charging target voltage, Range:3840 ~ 4608mV ,step:16 mV
-                PPM->setChargeTargetVoltage(4288);
+                PPM->setChargeTargetVoltage(CHARGE_TARGET_VOLTAGE);

                // Set the precharge current , Range: 64mA ~ 1024mA ,step:64mA
                // PPM->setPrechargeCurr(64);
@@ -1534,8 +1549,9 @@ class LipoCharger : public HasBatteryLevel
                return false;
            }
        }
+#if HAS_BQ27220
        if (bq == nullptr) {
-            bq = new BQ27220;
+            bq = new PPM_CLASS;
            bq->setDefaultCapacity(BQ27220_DESIGN_CAPACITY);

            bool result = bq->init();
@@ -1545,13 +1561,15 @@ class LipoCharger : public HasBatteryLevel
                LOG_DEBUG("BQ27220 remaining capacity: %d", bq->getRemainingCapacity());
                return true;
            } else {
-                LOG_WARN("BQ27220 init failed");
+                LOG_WARN("PPM init failed");
                delete bq;
                bq = nullptr;
                return false;
            }
        }
        return false;
+#endif
+        return true;
    }

    /**
@@ -1567,7 +1585,14 @@ class LipoCharger : public HasBatteryLevel
    /**
     * The raw voltage of the battery in millivolts, or NAN if unknown
     */
-    virtual uint16_t getBattVoltage() override { return bq->getVoltage(); }
+    virtual uint16_t getBattVoltage() override
+    {
+#if HAS_BQ27220
+        return bq->getVoltage();
+#else
+        return PPM->getBattVoltage();
+#endif
+    }

    /**
     * return true if there is a battery installed in this unit
@@ -1585,6 +1610,7 @@ class LipoCharger : public HasBatteryLevel
    virtual bool isCharging() override
    {
        bool isCharging = PPM->isCharging();
+#if HAS_BQ27220
        if (isCharging) {
            LOG_DEBUG("BQ27220 time to full charge: %d min", bq->getTimeToFull());
        } else {
@@ -1592,6 +1618,7 @@ class LipoCharger : public HasBatteryLevel
                LOG_DEBUG("BQ27220 time to empty: %d min (%d mAh)", bq->getTimeToEmpty(), bq->getRemainingCapacity());
            }
        }
+#endif
        return isCharging;
    }
 };
@@ -78,6 +78,11 @@ along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 // Configuration
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

+// Pre-hop drop handling (compile-time flag).
+#ifndef MESHTASTIC_PREHOP_DROP
+#define MESHTASTIC_PREHOP_DROP 0
+#endif
+
 /// Convert a preprocessor name into a quoted string
 #define xstr(s) ystr(s)
 #define ystr(s) #s
@@ -510,6 +515,7 @@ along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 #define MESHTASTIC_EXCLUDE_REMOTEHARDWARE 1
 #define MESHTASTIC_EXCLUDE_STOREFORWARD 1
 #define MESHTASTIC_EXCLUDE_TEXTMESSAGE 1
+#define MESHTASTIC_EXCLUDE_TRAFFIC_MANAGEMENT 1
 #define MESHTASTIC_EXCLUDE_ATAK 1
 #define MESHTASTIC_EXCLUDE_CANNEDMESSAGES 1
 #define MESHTASTIC_EXCLUDE_NEIGHBORINFO 1
@@ -103,6 +103,14 @@ static int32_t gpsSwitch()
    if (gps) {
        int currentState = digitalRead(PIN_GPS_SWITCH);

+        // Respect explicit NOT_PRESENT mode and do not let the hardware switch re-enable GPS.
+        if (config.position.gps_mode == meshtastic_Config_PositionConfig_GpsMode_NOT_PRESENT) {
+            gps->disable();
+            lastState = currentState;
+            firstrun = false;
+            return 1000;
+        }
+
        // if the switch is set to zero, disable the GPS Thread
        if (firstrun)
            if (currentState == LOW)
@@ -1496,7 +1496,7 @@ bool TFTDisplay::connect()
    attachInterrupt(digitalPinToInterrupt(SCREEN_TOUCH_INT), rak14014_tpIntHandle, FALLING);
 #elif defined(T_DECK) || defined(PICOMPUTER_S3) || defined(CHATTER_2) || defined(HELTEC_MESH_NODE_T096)
    tft->setRotation(1); // T-Deck has the TFT in landscape
-#elif defined(T_WATCH_S3)
+#elif defined(T_WATCH_S3) || defined(T_DISPLAY_S3_PRO)
    tft->setRotation(2); // T-Watch S3 left-handed orientation
 #elif ARCH_PORTDUINO || defined(SENSECAP_INDICATOR) || defined(T_LORA_PAGER)
    tft->setRotation(0); // use config.yaml to set rotation
@@ -408,7 +408,16 @@ void drawLoRaFocused(OLEDDisplay *display, OLEDDisplayUiState *state, int16_t x,
    display->drawString(nameX, getTextPositions(display)[line++], device_role);

    // === Third Row: Radio Preset ===
-    auto mode = DisplayFormatters::getModemPresetDisplayName(config.lora.modem_preset, false, config.lora.use_preset);
+    // For custom modem settings show the actual parameters; for presets use the preset name.
+    char modeStr[16];
+    if (!config.lora.use_preset) {
+        snprintf(modeStr, sizeof(modeStr), "BW%u-SF%u-CR%u", static_cast<unsigned>(config.lora.bandwidth),
+                 static_cast<unsigned>(config.lora.spread_factor), static_cast<unsigned>(config.lora.coding_rate));
+    } else {
+        strncpy(modeStr, DisplayFormatters::getModemPresetDisplayName(config.lora.modem_preset, false, true),
+                sizeof(modeStr) - 1);
+        modeStr[sizeof(modeStr) - 1] = '\0';
+    }

    char regionradiopreset[25];
    const char *region = myRegion ? myRegion->name : NULL;
@@ -416,7 +425,7 @@ void drawLoRaFocused(OLEDDisplay *display, OLEDDisplayUiState *state, int16_t x,
        if (currentResolution == ScreenResolution::UltraLow) {
            snprintf(regionradiopreset, sizeof(regionradiopreset), "%s", region);
        } else {
-            snprintf(regionradiopreset, sizeof(regionradiopreset), "%s/%s", region, mode);
+            snprintf(regionradiopreset, sizeof(regionradiopreset), "%s/%s", region, modeStr);
        }
    }
    textWidth = display->getStringWidth(regionradiopreset);
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include "main.h"
 #include "mesh/Default.h"
 #include "mesh/MeshTypes.h"
+#include "mesh/RadioLibInterface.h"
 #include "modules/AdminModule.h"
 #include "modules/CannedMessageModule.h"
 #include "modules/ExternalNotificationModule.h"
@@ -25,6 +26,7 @@
 #include "modules/TraceRouteModule.h"
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <array>
+#include <cmath>
 #include <functional>
 #include <utility>

@@ -159,31 +161,20 @@ void menuHandler::LoraRegionPicker(uint32_t duration)
                return;
            }

+            // Guard: without a reboot, reconfigure() applies the region directly.
+            // Reject LORA_24 on sub-GHz-only hardware — getRadio() used to catch this post-reboot.
+            if (selectedRegion == meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_LORA_24 &&
+                !(RadioLibInterface::instance && RadioLibInterface::instance->wideLora())) {
+                LOG_WARN("Radio hardware does not support 2.4 GHz; ignoring LORA_24 selection");
+                return;
+            }
+
            config.lora.region = selectedRegion;
            auto changes = SEGMENT_CONFIG;

-        // FIXME: This should be a method consolidated with the same logic in the admin message as well
-        // This is needed as we wait til picking the LoRa region to generate keys for the first time.
 #if !(MESHTASTIC_EXCLUDE_PKI_KEYGEN || MESHTASTIC_EXCLUDE_PKI)
-            if (!owner.is_licensed) {
-                bool keygenSuccess = false;
-                if (config.security.private_key.size == 32) {
-                    // public key is derived from private, so this will always have the same result.
-                    if (crypto->regeneratePublicKey(config.security.public_key.bytes, config.security.private_key.bytes)) {
-                        keygenSuccess = true;
-                    }
-
-                } else {
-                    LOG_INFO("Generate new PKI keys");
-                    crypto->generateKeyPair(config.security.public_key.bytes, config.security.private_key.bytes);
-                    keygenSuccess = true;
-                }
-                if (keygenSuccess) {
-                    config.security.public_key.size = 32;
-                    config.security.private_key.size = 32;
-                    owner.public_key.size = 32;
-                    memcpy(owner.public_key.bytes, config.security.public_key.bytes, 32);
-                }
+            if (crypto) {
+                crypto->ensurePkiKeys(config.security, owner);
            }
 #endif
            config.lora.tx_enabled = true;
@@ -199,7 +190,6 @@ void menuHandler::LoraRegionPicker(uint32_t duration)
            }

            service->reloadConfig(changes);
-            rebootAtMsec = (millis() + DEFAULT_REBOOT_SECONDS * 1000);
        });

    bannerOptions.durationMs = duration;
@@ -265,13 +255,24 @@ void menuHandler::FrequencySlotPicker()
    optionsEnumArray[options++] = 0;

    // Calculate number of channels (copied from RadioInterface::applyModemConfig())
+
    meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig &loraConfig = config.lora;
    double bw = loraConfig.use_preset ? modemPresetToBwKHz(loraConfig.modem_preset, myRegion->wideLora)
                                      : bwCodeToKHz(loraConfig.bandwidth);

    uint32_t numChannels = 0;
    if (myRegion) {
-        numChannels = (uint32_t)floor((myRegion->freqEnd - myRegion->freqStart) / (myRegion->spacing + (bw / 1000.0)));
+        // Match RadioInterface::applyModemConfig(): include padding, add spacing in numerator, and use round()
+        const double spacing = myRegion->profile->spacing;
+        const double padding = myRegion->profile->padding;
+        const double channelBandwidthMHz = bw / 1000.0;
+        const double numerator = (myRegion->freqEnd - myRegion->freqStart) + spacing;
+        const double denominator = spacing + (padding * 2) + channelBandwidthMHz;
+        if (denominator > 0.0) {
+            numChannels = static_cast<uint32_t>(round(numerator / denominator));
+        } else {
+            LOG_WARN("Invalid region configuration: non-positive channel spacing/width");
+        }
    } else {
        LOG_WARN("Region not set, cannot calculate number of channels");
        return;
@@ -307,7 +308,6 @@ void menuHandler::FrequencySlotPicker()

        config.lora.channel_num = selected;
        service->reloadConfig(SEGMENT_CONFIG);
-        rebootAtMsec = (millis() + DEFAULT_REBOOT_SECONDS * 1000);
    };

    screen->showOverlayBanner(bannerOptions);
@@ -346,7 +346,6 @@ void menuHandler::radioPresetPicker()
            config.lora.channel_num = 0;        // Reset to default channel for the preset
            config.lora.override_frequency = 0; // Clear any custom frequency
            service->reloadConfig(SEGMENT_CONFIG);
-            rebootAtMsec = (millis() + DEFAULT_REBOOT_SECONDS * 1000);
        });

    screen->showOverlayBanner(bannerOptions);
@@ -177,24 +177,8 @@ static void applyLoRaRegion(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode region)
    auto changes = SEGMENT_CONFIG;

 #if !(MESHTASTIC_EXCLUDE_PKI_KEYGEN || MESHTASTIC_EXCLUDE_PKI)
-    if (!owner.is_licensed) {
-        bool keygenSuccess = false;
-
-        if (config.security.private_key.size == 32) {
-            if (crypto->regeneratePublicKey(config.security.public_key.bytes, config.security.private_key.bytes)) {
-                keygenSuccess = true;
-            }
-        } else {
-            crypto->generateKeyPair(config.security.public_key.bytes, config.security.private_key.bytes);
-            keygenSuccess = true;
-        }
-
-        if (keygenSuccess) {
-            config.security.public_key.size = 32;
-            config.security.private_key.size = 32;
-            owner.public_key.size = 32;
-            memcpy(owner.public_key.bytes, config.security.public_key.bytes, 32);
-        }
+    if (crypto) {
+        crypto->ensurePkiKeys(config.security, owner);
    }
 #endif

@@ -61,6 +61,33 @@ bool CryptoEngine::regeneratePublicKey(uint8_t *pubKey, uint8_t *privKey)
    }
    return true;
 }
+
+bool CryptoEngine::ensurePkiKeys(meshtastic_Config_SecurityConfig &security, meshtastic_User &user)
+{
+    if (user.is_licensed) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    bool keygenSuccess = false;
+    if (security.private_key.size == 32) {
+        if (regeneratePublicKey(security.public_key.bytes, security.private_key.bytes)) {
+            keygenSuccess = true;
+        }
+    } else {
+        LOG_INFO("Generate new PKI keys");
+        generateKeyPair(security.public_key.bytes, security.private_key.bytes);
+        keygenSuccess = true;
+    }
+
+    if (keygenSuccess) {
+        security.public_key.size = 32;
+        security.private_key.size = 32;
+        user.public_key.size = 32;
+        memcpy(user.public_key.bytes, security.public_key.bytes, 32);
+    }
+
+    return keygenSuccess;
+}
 #endif

 /**
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ class CryptoEngine
 #if !(MESHTASTIC_EXCLUDE_PKI_KEYGEN)
    virtual void generateKeyPair(uint8_t *pubKey, uint8_t *privKey);
    virtual bool regeneratePublicKey(uint8_t *pubKey, uint8_t *privKey);
+    virtual bool ensurePkiKeys(meshtastic_Config_SecurityConfig &security, meshtastic_User &user);

 #endif
    void setDHPrivateKey(uint8_t *_private_key);
@@ -30,6 +30,11 @@
 #define min_node_info_broadcast_secs 60 * 60 // No regular broadcasts of more than once an hour
 #define min_neighbor_info_broadcast_secs 4 * 60 * 60
 #define default_map_publish_interval_secs 60 * 60
+
+// Traffic management defaults
+#define default_traffic_mgmt_position_precision_bits 24         // ~10m grid cells
+#define default_traffic_mgmt_position_min_interval_secs ONE_DAY // 1 day between identical positions
+
 #ifdef USERPREFS_RINGTONE_NAG_SECS
 #define default_ringtone_nag_secs USERPREFS_RINGTONE_NAG_SECS
 #else
@@ -192,6 +192,11 @@ template <typename T> bool LR11x0Interface<T>::reconfigure()
    err = lora.setOutputPower(power);
    assert(err == RADIOLIB_ERR_NONE);

+    // Apply RX gain mode — valid in STDBY, matches resetAGC() pattern
+    err = lora.setRxBoostedGainMode(config.lora.sx126x_rx_boosted_gain);
+    if (err != RADIOLIB_ERR_NONE)
+        LOG_WARN("LR11x0 setRxBoostedGainMode %s%d", radioLibErr, err);
+
    startReceive(); // restart receiving

    return RADIOLIB_ERR_NONE;
@@ -5,18 +5,52 @@
 #include "PointerQueue.h"
 #include "configuration.h"

+// Sentinel marking the end of a modem preset array
+static constexpr meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset MODEM_PRESET_END =
+    static_cast<meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset>(0xFF);
+
+// Region profile: bundles the preset list with regulatory parameters shared across regions
+struct RegionProfile {
+    const meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset *presets; // sentinel-terminated; first entry is the default
+    float spacing;                                           // gaps between radio channels
+    float padding;                                           // padding at each side of the "operating channel"
+    bool audioPermitted;
+    bool licensedOnly;        // a region profile for licensed operators only
+    int8_t textThrottle;      // throttle for text - future expansion
+    int8_t positionThrottle;  // throttle for location data - future expansion
+    int8_t telemetryThrottle; // throttle for telemetry - future expansion
+    uint8_t overrideSlot;     // a per-region override slot for if we need to fix it in place
+};
+
+extern const RegionProfile PROFILE_STD;
+extern const RegionProfile PROFILE_EU868;
+extern const RegionProfile PROFILE_UNDEF;
+// extern const RegionProfile  PROFILE_LITE;
+// extern const RegionProfile  PROFILE_NARROW;
+// extern const RegionProfile  PROFILE_HAM;
+
 // Map from old region names to new region enums
 struct RegionInfo {
    meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode code;
    float freqStart;
    float freqEnd;
-    float dutyCycle;
-    float spacing;
+    float dutyCycle;    // modified by getEffectiveDutyCycle
    uint8_t powerLimit; // Or zero for not set
-    bool audioPermitted;
    bool freqSwitching;
    bool wideLora;
+    const RegionProfile *profile;
    const char *name; // EU433 etc
+
+    // Preset accessors (delegate through profile)
+    meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset getDefaultPreset() const { return profile->presets[0]; }
+    const meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset *getAvailablePresets() const { return profile->presets; }
+    size_t getNumPresets() const
+    {
+        size_t n = 0;
+        while (profile->presets[n] != MODEM_PRESET_END)
+            n++;
+        return n;
+    }
 };

 extern const RegionInfo regions[];
@@ -4,6 +4,9 @@
 #if !MESHTASTIC_EXCLUDE_TRACEROUTE
 #include "modules/TraceRouteModule.h"
 #endif
+#if HAS_TRAFFIC_MANAGEMENT
+#include "modules/TrafficManagementModule.h"
+#endif
 #include "NodeDB.h"

 NextHopRouter::NextHopRouter() {}
@@ -126,15 +129,28 @@ void NextHopRouter::sniffReceived(const meshtastic_MeshPacket *p, const meshtast
 /* Check if we should be rebroadcasting this packet if so, do so. */
 bool NextHopRouter::perhapsRebroadcast(const meshtastic_MeshPacket *p)
 {
-    if (!isToUs(p) && !isFromUs(p) && p->hop_limit > 0) {
+    // Check if traffic management wants to exhaust this packet's hops
+    bool exhaustHops = false;
+#if HAS_TRAFFIC_MANAGEMENT
+    if (trafficManagementModule && trafficManagementModule->shouldExhaustHops(*p)) {
+        exhaustHops = true;
+    }
+#endif
+
+    // Allow rebroadcast if hop_limit > 0 OR if we're exhausting hops (which sets hop_limit = 0 but still needs one relay)
+    if (!isToUs(p) && !isFromUs(p) && (p->hop_limit > 0 || exhaustHops)) {
        if (p->id != 0) {
            if (isRebroadcaster()) {
                if (p->next_hop == NO_NEXT_HOP_PREFERENCE || p->next_hop == nodeDB->getLastByteOfNodeNum(getNodeNum())) {
                    meshtastic_MeshPacket *tosend = packetPool.allocCopy(*p); // keep a copy because we will be sending it
                    LOG_INFO("Rebroadcast received message coming from %x", p->relay_node);

-                    // Use shared logic to determine if hop_limit should be decremented
-                    if (shouldDecrementHopLimit(p)) {
+                    // If exhausting hops, force hop_limit = 0 regardless of other logic
+                    if (exhaustHops) {
+                        tosend->hop_limit = 0;
+                        LOG_INFO("Traffic management: exhausting hops for 0x%08x, setting hop_limit=0", getFrom(p));
+                    } else if (shouldDecrementHopLimit(p)) {
+                        // Use shared logic to determine if hop_limit should be decremented
                        tosend->hop_limit--; // bump down the hop count
                    } else {
                        LOG_INFO("favorite-ROUTER/CLIENT_BASE-to-ROUTER/CLIENT_BASE rebroadcast: preserving hop_limit");
@@ -681,7 +681,7 @@ void NodeDB::installDefaultConfig(bool preserveKey = false)
    strncpy(config.network.ntp_server, "meshtastic.pool.ntp.org", 32);

 #if (defined(T_DECK) || defined(T_WATCH_S3) || defined(UNPHONE) || defined(PICOMPUTER_S3) || defined(SENSECAP_INDICATOR) ||      \
-     defined(ELECROW_PANEL) || defined(HELTEC_V4_TFT)) &&                                                                        \
+     defined(ELECROW_PANEL) || defined(HELTEC_V4_TFT) || defined(T_DISPLAY_S3_PRO)) &&                                           \
    HAS_TFT
    // switch BT off by default; use TFT programming mode or hotkey to enable
    config.bluetooth.enabled = false;
@@ -1299,7 +1299,7 @@ void NodeDB::loadFromDisk()
    // Coerce LoRa config fields derived from presets while bootstrapping.
    // Some clients/UI components display bandwidth/spread_factor directly from config even in preset mode.
    if (config.has_lora && config.lora.use_preset) {
-        RadioInterface::bootstrapLoRaConfigFromPreset(config.lora);
+        RadioInterface::clampConfigLora(config.lora);
    }

 #if defined(USERPREFS_LORA_TX_DISABLED) && USERPREFS_LORA_TX_DISABLED
@@ -1650,6 +1650,25 @@ uint32_t sinceReceived(const meshtastic_MeshPacket *p)
    return delta;
 }

+HopStartStatus classifyHopStart(const meshtastic_MeshPacket &p)
+{
+    // Guard against invalid values.
+    if (p.hop_start < p.hop_limit)
+        return HopStartStatus::INVALID;
+
+    if (p.hop_start == 0) {
+        // Firmware prior to 2.3.0 (585805c) lacked a hop_start field. Firmware version 2.5.0 (bf34329) introduced a
+        // bitfield that is always present. Use the presence of the bitfield to determine if the origin's firmware
+        // version is guaranteed to have hop_start populated. Note that this can only be done for decoded packets as
+        // the bitfield is encrypted under the channel encryption key.
+        if (p.which_payload_variant == meshtastic_MeshPacket_decoded_tag && p.decoded.has_bitfield)
+            return HopStartStatus::VALID;
+        return HopStartStatus::MISSING_OR_UNKNOWN;
+    }
+
+    return HopStartStatus::VALID;
+}
+
 int8_t getHopsAway(const meshtastic_MeshPacket &p, int8_t defaultIfUnknown)
 {
    // Firmware prior to 2.3.0 (585805c) lacked a hop_start field. Firmware version 2.5.0 (bf34329) introduced a
@@ -1687,6 +1706,22 @@ size_t NodeDB::getNumOnlineMeshNodes(bool localOnly)
 #include "MeshModule.h"
 #include "Throttle.h"

+static constexpr uint32_t HOPSTART_DROP_LOG_INTERVAL_MS = 15000;
+
+void logHopStartDrop(const meshtastic_MeshPacket &p, const char *context)
+{
+    static uint32_t lastLogMs = 0;
+    if (Throttle::isWithinTimespanMs(lastLogMs, HOPSTART_DROP_LOG_INTERVAL_MS)) {
+        return;
+    }
+    lastLogMs = millis();
+    const bool decoded = (p.which_payload_variant == meshtastic_MeshPacket_decoded_tag);
+    const bool hasBitfield = decoded && p.decoded.has_bitfield;
+    LOG_DEBUG(
+        "Drop packet (%s): hop_start invalid/missing (from=0x%x id=%u hop_start=%u hop_limit=%u decoded=%d has_bitfield=%d)",
+        context ? context : "unknown", p.from, p.id, p.hop_start, p.hop_limit, decoded, hasBitfield);
+}
+
 /** Update position info for this node based on received position data
 */
 void NodeDB::updatePosition(uint32_t nodeId, const meshtastic_Position &p, RxSource src)
@@ -114,6 +114,27 @@ uint32_t sinceReceived(const meshtastic_MeshPacket *p);
 /// Returns defaultIfUnknown if the number of hops couldn't be determined.
 int8_t getHopsAway(const meshtastic_MeshPacket &p, int8_t defaultIfUnknown = -1);

+enum class HopStartStatus : uint8_t { VALID = 0, MISSING_OR_UNKNOWN, INVALID };
+
+/// Classify hop_start validity for forwarding decisions.
+HopStartStatus classifyHopStart(const meshtastic_MeshPacket &p);
+
+inline bool shouldDropPacketForPreHop(const meshtastic_MeshPacket &p)
+{
+#if !MESHTASTIC_PREHOP_DROP
+    (void)p;
+    return false;
+#else
+    if (isFromUs(&p)) {
+        return false; // local-originated packets should never be dropped by pre-hop drop policy
+    }
+    return classifyHopStart(p) != HopStartStatus::VALID;
+#endif
+}
+
+/// Rate-limited debug log when hop_start is invalid/missing and packet is dropped.
+void logHopStartDrop(const meshtastic_MeshPacket &p, const char *context);
+
 enum LoadFileResult {
    // Successfully opened the file
    LOAD_SUCCESS = 1,
@@ -449,6 +449,11 @@ size_t PhoneAPI::getFromRadio(uint8_t *buf)
            fromRadioScratch.moduleConfig.which_payload_variant = meshtastic_ModuleConfig_paxcounter_tag;
            fromRadioScratch.moduleConfig.payload_variant.paxcounter = moduleConfig.paxcounter;
            break;
+        case meshtastic_ModuleConfig_traffic_management_tag:
+            LOG_DEBUG("Send module config: traffic management");
+            fromRadioScratch.moduleConfig.which_payload_variant = meshtastic_ModuleConfig_traffic_management_tag;
+            fromRadioScratch.moduleConfig.payload_variant.traffic_management = moduleConfig.traffic_management;
+            break;
        default:
            LOG_ERROR("Unknown module config type %d", config_state);
        }
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include <assert.h>
 #include <pb_decode.h>
 #include <pb_encode.h>
+#include <string.h>

 #ifdef ARCH_PORTDUINO
 #include "platform/portduino/PortduinoGlue.h"
@@ -32,10 +33,32 @@
 #include "STM32WLE5JCInterface.h"
 #endif

-#define RDEF(name, freq_start, freq_end, duty_cycle, spacing, power_limit, audio_permitted, frequency_switching, wide_lora)      \
+static const meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset PRESETS_STD[] = {
+    meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_LONG_FAST,     meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_LONG_SLOW,
+    meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_MEDIUM_SLOW,   meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_MEDIUM_FAST,
+    meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_SHORT_SLOW,    meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_SHORT_FAST,
+    meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_LONG_MODERATE, meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_SHORT_TURBO,
+    meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_LONG_TURBO,    MODEM_PRESET_END};
+
+static const meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset PRESETS_EU_868[] = {
+    meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_LONG_FAST,     meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_LONG_SLOW,
+    meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_MEDIUM_SLOW,   meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_MEDIUM_FAST,
+    meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_SHORT_SLOW,    meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_SHORT_FAST,
+    meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_LONG_MODERATE, MODEM_PRESET_END};
+
+static const meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset PRESETS_UNDEF[] = {meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_LONG_FAST,
+                                                                         MODEM_PRESET_END};
+
+// Region profiles: bundle preset list + regulatory parameters shared across regions
+// presets, spacing, padding, audio, licensed, text throttle, position throttle, telemetry throttle, override slot
+const RegionProfile PROFILE_STD = {PRESETS_STD, 0, 0, true, false, 0, 0, 0, 0};
+const RegionProfile PROFILE_EU868 = {PRESETS_EU_868, 0, 0, false, false, 0, 0, 0, 0};
+const RegionProfile PROFILE_UNDEF = {PRESETS_UNDEF, 0, 0, true, false, 0, 0, 0, 0};
+
+#define RDEF(name, freq_start, freq_end, duty_cycle, power_limit, frequency_switching, wide_lora, profile_ptr)                   \
    {                                                                                                                            \
-        meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_##name, freq_start, freq_end, duty_cycle, spacing, power_limit, audio_permitted, \
-            frequency_switching, wide_lora, #name                                                                                \
+        meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_##name, freq_start, freq_end, duty_cycle, power_limit, frequency_switching,      \
+            wide_lora, &profile_ptr, #name                                                                                       \
    }

 const RegionInfo regions[] = {
@@ -43,7 +66,7 @@ const RegionInfo regions[] = {
        https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bbm%3A978-1-4842-4357-2%2F1.pdf
        https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/docs/lorawan/regional-parameters/
    */
-    RDEF(US, 902.0f, 928.0f, 100, 0, 30, true, false, false),
+    RDEF(US, 902.0f, 928.0f, 100, 30, false, false, PROFILE_STD),

    /*
        EN300220 ETSI V3.2.1 [Table B.1, Item H, p. 21]
@@ -51,8 +74,7 @@ const RegionInfo regions[] = {
        https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/300200_300299/30022002/03.02.01_60/en_30022002v030201p.pdf
        FIXME: https://github.com/meshtastic/firmware/issues/3371
     */
-    RDEF(EU_433, 433.0f, 434.0f, 10, 0, 10, true, false, false),
-
+    RDEF(EU_433, 433.0f, 434.0f, 10, 10, false, false, PROFILE_STD),
    /*
       https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/docs/lorawan/duty-cycle/
       https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/docs/lorawan/regional-parameters/
@@ -67,33 +89,33 @@ const RegionInfo regions[] = {
       AFA) to avoid a duty cycle. (Please refer to line P page 22 of this document.)
       https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/300200_300299/30022002/03.01.01_60/en_30022002v030101p.pdf
     */
-    RDEF(EU_868, 869.4f, 869.65f, 10, 0, 27, false, false, false),
+    RDEF(EU_868, 869.4f, 869.65f, 10, 27, false, false, PROFILE_EU868),

    /*
        https://lora-alliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/lorawan_regional_parameters_v1.0.3reva_0.pdf
     */
-    RDEF(CN, 470.0f, 510.0f, 100, 0, 19, true, false, false),
+    RDEF(CN, 470.0f, 510.0f, 100, 19, false, false, PROFILE_STD),

    /*
        https://lora-alliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/lorawan_regional_parameters_v1.0.3reva_0.pdf
        https://www.arib.or.jp/english/html/overview/doc/5-STD-T108v1_5-E1.pdf
        https://qiita.com/ammo0613/items/d952154f1195b64dc29f
     */
-    RDEF(JP, 920.5f, 923.5f, 100, 0, 13, true, false, false),
+    RDEF(JP, 920.5f, 923.5f, 100, 13, false, false, PROFILE_STD),

    /*
        https://www.iot.org.au/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/IoTSpectrumFactSheet.pdf
        https://iotalliance.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2019/05/IoT-Spectrum-in-NZ-Briefing-Paper.pdf
        Also used in Brazil.
     */
-    RDEF(ANZ, 915.0f, 928.0f, 100, 0, 30, true, false, false),
+    RDEF(ANZ, 915.0f, 928.0f, 100, 30, false, false, PROFILE_STD),

    /*
        433.05 - 434.79 MHz, 25mW EIRP max, No duty cycle restrictions
        AU Low Interference Potential https://www.acma.gov.au/licences/low-interference-potential-devices-lipd-class-licence
        NZ General User Radio Licence for Short Range Devices https://gazette.govt.nz/notice/id/2022-go3100
     */
-    RDEF(ANZ_433, 433.05f, 434.79f, 100, 0, 14, true, false, false),
+    RDEF(ANZ_433, 433.05f, 434.79f, 100, 14, false, false, PROFILE_STD),

    /*
        https://digital.gov.ru/uploaded/files/prilozhenie-12-k-reshenyu-gkrch-18-46-03-1.pdf
@@ -101,13 +123,13 @@ const RegionInfo regions[] = {
        Note:
            - We do LBT, so 100% is allowed.
     */
-    RDEF(RU, 868.7f, 869.2f, 100, 0, 20, true, false, false),
+    RDEF(RU, 868.7f, 869.2f, 100, 20, false, false, PROFILE_STD),

    /*
        https://www.law.go.kr/LSW/admRulLsInfoP.do?admRulId=53943&efYd=0
        https://resources.lora-alliance.org/technical-specifications/rp002-1-0-4-regional-parameters
     */
-    RDEF(KR, 920.0f, 923.0f, 100, 0, 23, true, false, false),
+    RDEF(KR, 920.0f, 923.0f, 100, 23, false, false, PROFILE_STD),

    /*
        Taiwan, 920-925Mhz, limited to 0.5W indoor or coastal, 1.0W outdoor.
@@ -115,42 +137,38 @@ const RegionInfo regions[] = {
        https://www.ncc.gov.tw/english/files/23070/102_5190_230703_1_doc_C.PDF
        https://gazette.nat.gov.tw/egFront/e_detail.do?metaid=147283
     */
-    RDEF(TW, 920.0f, 925.0f, 100, 0, 27, true, false, false),
+    RDEF(TW, 920.0f, 925.0f, 100, 27, false, false, PROFILE_STD),

    /*
        https://lora-alliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/lorawan_regional_parameters_v1.0.3reva_0.pdf
     */
-    RDEF(IN, 865.0f, 867.0f, 100, 0, 30, true, false, false),
+    RDEF(IN, 865.0f, 867.0f, 100, 30, false, false, PROFILE_STD),

    /*
         https://rrf.rsm.govt.nz/smart-web/smart/page/-smart/domain/licence/LicenceSummary.wdk?id=219752
         https://iotalliance.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2019/05/IoT-Spectrum-in-NZ-Briefing-Paper.pdf
      */
-    RDEF(NZ_865, 864.0f, 868.0f, 100, 0, 36, true, false, false),
+    RDEF(NZ_865, 864.0f, 868.0f, 100, 36, false, false, PROFILE_STD),

    /*
       https://lora-alliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/lorawan_regional_parameters_v1.0.3reva_0.pdf
    */
-    RDEF(TH, 920.0f, 925.0f, 100, 0, 16, true, false, false),
+    RDEF(TH, 920.0f, 925.0f, 100, 16, false, false, PROFILE_STD),

    /*
        433,05-434,7 Mhz 10 mW
-        https://nkrzi.gov.ua/images/upload/256/5810/PDF_UUZ_19_01_2016.pdf
-    */
-    RDEF(UA_433, 433.0f, 434.7f, 10, 0, 10, true, false, false),
-
-    /*
        868,0-868,6 Mhz 25 mW
        https://nkrzi.gov.ua/images/upload/256/5810/PDF_UUZ_19_01_2016.pdf
    */
-    RDEF(UA_868, 868.0f, 868.6f, 1, 0, 14, true, false, false),
+    RDEF(UA_433, 433.0f, 434.7f, 10, 10, false, false, PROFILE_STD),
+    RDEF(UA_868, 868.0f, 868.6f, 1, 14, false, false, PROFILE_STD),

    /*
        Malaysia
        433 - 435 MHz at 100mW, no restrictions.
        https://www.mcmc.gov.my/skmmgovmy/media/General/pdf/Short-Range-Devices-Specification.pdf
    */
-    RDEF(MY_433, 433.0f, 435.0f, 100, 0, 20, true, false, false),
+    RDEF(MY_433, 433.0f, 435.0f, 100, 20, false, false, PROFILE_STD),

    /*
        Malaysia
@@ -159,14 +177,14 @@ const RegionInfo regions[] = {
        Frequency hopping is used for 919 - 923 MHz.
        https://www.mcmc.gov.my/skmmgovmy/media/General/pdf/Short-Range-Devices-Specification.pdf
    */
-    RDEF(MY_919, 919.0f, 924.0f, 100, 0, 27, true, true, false),
+    RDEF(MY_919, 919.0f, 924.0f, 100, 27, true, false, PROFILE_STD),

    /*
        Singapore
        SG_923 Band 30d: 917 - 925 MHz at 100mW, no restrictions.
        https://www.imda.gov.sg/-/media/imda/files/regulation-licensing-and-consultations/ict-standards/telecommunication-standards/radio-comms/imdatssrd.pdf
    */
-    RDEF(SG_923, 917.0f, 925.0f, 100, 0, 20, true, false, false),
+    RDEF(SG_923, 917.0f, 925.0f, 100, 20, false, false, PROFILE_STD),

    /*
        Philippines
@@ -176,8 +194,9 @@ const RegionInfo regions[] = {
                https://github.com/meshtastic/firmware/issues/4948#issuecomment-2394926135
    */

-    RDEF(PH_433, 433.0f, 434.7f, 100, 0, 10, true, false, false), RDEF(PH_868, 868.0f, 869.4f, 100, 0, 14, true, false, false),
-    RDEF(PH_915, 915.0f, 918.0f, 100, 0, 24, true, false, false),
+    RDEF(PH_433, 433.0f, 434.7f, 100, 10, false, false, PROFILE_STD),
+    RDEF(PH_868, 868.0f, 869.4f, 100, 14, false, false, PROFILE_STD),
+    RDEF(PH_915, 915.0f, 918.0f, 100, 24, false, false, PROFILE_STD),

    /*
        Kazakhstan
@@ -185,37 +204,38 @@ const RegionInfo regions[] = {
                863 - 868 MHz <25 mW EIRP, 500kHz channels allowed, must not be used at airfields
                                https://github.com/meshtastic/firmware/issues/7204
    */
-    RDEF(KZ_433, 433.075f, 434.775f, 100, 0, 10, true, false, false),
-    RDEF(KZ_863, 863.0f, 868.0f, 100, 0, 30, true, false, false),
+    RDEF(KZ_433, 433.075f, 434.775f, 100, 10, false, false, PROFILE_STD),
+    RDEF(KZ_863, 863.0f, 868.0f, 100, 30, false, false, PROFILE_STD),

    /*
        Nepal
        865 MHz to 868 MHz frequency band for IoT (Internet of Things), M2M (Machine-to-Machine), and smart metering use,
       specifically in non-cellular mode. https://www.nta.gov.np/uploads/contents/Radio-Frequency-Policy-2080-English.pdf
    */
-    RDEF(NP_865, 865.0f, 868.0f, 100, 0, 30, true, false, false),
+    RDEF(NP_865, 865.0f, 868.0f, 100, 30, false, false, PROFILE_STD),

    /*
        Brazil
        902 - 907.5 MHz , 1W power limit, no duty cycle restrictions
        https://github.com/meshtastic/firmware/issues/3741
    */
-    RDEF(BR_902, 902.0f, 907.5f, 100, 0, 30, true, false, false),
+    RDEF(BR_902, 902.0f, 907.5f, 100, 30, false, false, PROFILE_STD),

    /*
       2.4 GHZ WLAN Band equivalent. Only for SX128x chips.
    */
-    RDEF(LORA_24, 2400.0f, 2483.5f, 100, 0, 10, true, false, true),
+    RDEF(LORA_24, 2400.0f, 2483.5f, 100, 10, false, true, PROFILE_STD),

    /*
        This needs to be last. Same as US.
    */
-    RDEF(UNSET, 902.0f, 928.0f, 100, 0, 30, true, false, false)
+    RDEF(UNSET, 902.0f, 928.0f, 100, 30, false, false, PROFILE_UNDEF)

 };

 const RegionInfo *myRegion;
 bool RadioInterface::uses_default_frequency_slot = true;
+bool RadioInterface::uses_custom_channel_name = false;

 static uint8_t bytes[MAX_LORA_PAYLOAD_LEN + 1];

@@ -501,45 +521,14 @@ void initRegion()
    myRegion = r;
 }

-void RadioInterface::bootstrapLoRaConfigFromPreset(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig &loraConfig)
+const RegionInfo *getRegion(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode code)
 {
-    if (!loraConfig.use_preset) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    // Find region info to determine whether "wide" LoRa is permitted (2.4 GHz uses wider bandwidth codes).
    const RegionInfo *r = regions;
-    for (; r->code != meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_UNSET && r->code != loraConfig.region; r++)
+    for (; r->code != meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_UNSET && r->code != code; r++)
        ;
-
-    const bool regionWideLora = r->wideLora;
-
-    float bwKHz = 0;
-    uint8_t sf = 0;
-    uint8_t cr = 0;
-    modemPresetToParams(loraConfig.modem_preset, regionWideLora, bwKHz, sf, cr);
-
-    // If selected preset requests a bandwidth larger than the region span, fall back to LONG_FAST.
-    if (r->code != meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_UNSET && (r->freqEnd - r->freqStart) < (bwKHz / 1000.0f)) {
-        loraConfig.modem_preset = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_LONG_FAST;
-        modemPresetToParams(loraConfig.modem_preset, regionWideLora, bwKHz, sf, cr);
-    }
-
-    loraConfig.bandwidth = bwKHzToCode(bwKHz);
-    loraConfig.spread_factor = sf;
+    return r;
 }

-/**
- * ## LoRaWAN for North America
-
-LoRaWAN defines 64, 125 kHz channels from 902.3 to 914.9 MHz increments.
-
-The maximum output power for North America is +30 dBM.
-
-The band is from 902 to 928 MHz. It mentions channel number and its respective channel frequency. All the 13 channels are
-separated by 2.16 MHz with respect to the adjacent channels. Channel zero starts at 903.08 MHz center frequency.
-*/
-
 uint32_t RadioInterface::getPacketTime(const meshtastic_MeshPacket *p, bool received)
 {
    uint32_t pl = 0;
@@ -749,7 +738,7 @@ void RadioInterface::saveFreq(float freq)
 }

 /**
- * Save our channel for later reuse.
+ * Save our frequency slot (aka channel) for later reuse.
 */
 void RadioInterface::saveChannelNum(uint32_t channel_num)
 {
@@ -772,113 +761,297 @@ uint32_t RadioInterface::getChannelNum()
    return savedChannelNum;
 }

+/**
+ * Send an error-level client notification. Safe to call when service is null (e.g. in tests).
+ */
+static void sendErrorNotification(const char *msg)
+{
+    if (!service)
+        return;
+    meshtastic_ClientNotification *cn = clientNotificationPool.allocZeroed();
+    if (!cn)
+        return;
+    cn->level = meshtastic_LogRecord_Level_ERROR;
+    snprintf(cn->message, sizeof(cn->message), "%s", msg);
+    service->sendClientNotification(cn);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks if a region is valid for the current settings.
+ * Returns false if not compatible.
+ */
+bool RadioInterface::validateConfigRegion(const meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig &loraConfig)
+{
+    const RegionInfo *newRegion = getRegion(loraConfig.region);
+
+    // If you are not licensed, you can't use ham regions.
+    if (newRegion->profile->licensedOnly && !devicestate.owner.is_licensed) {
+        char err_string[160];
+        snprintf(err_string, sizeof(err_string), "Region %s requires licensed mode", newRegion->name);
+        LOG_ERROR("%s", err_string);
+        RECORD_CRITICALERROR(meshtastic_CriticalErrorCode_INVALID_RADIO_SETTING);
+        sendErrorNotification(err_string);
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Internal helper: validate or clamp a LoRa config against its region.
+ * When clamp==false, returns false on first error (pure validation).
+ * When clamp==true, fixes invalid settings in-place and returns true.
+ */
+bool RadioInterface::checkOrClampConfigLora(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig &loraConfig, bool clamp)
+{
+    char err_string[160];
+    float check_bw;
+
+    const RegionInfo *newRegion = getRegion(loraConfig.region);
+
+    const char *presetName = DisplayFormatters::getModemPresetDisplayName(loraConfig.modem_preset, false, loraConfig.use_preset);
+
+    // Check preset validity (only when use_preset is true)
+    if (loraConfig.use_preset) {
+        check_bw = modemPresetToBwKHz(loraConfig.modem_preset, newRegion->wideLora);
+
+        bool preset_valid = false;
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < newRegion->getNumPresets(); i++) {
+            if (loraConfig.modem_preset == newRegion->getAvailablePresets()[i]) {
+                preset_valid = true;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if (!preset_valid) {
+            const char *defaultName = DisplayFormatters::getModemPresetDisplayName(newRegion->getDefaultPreset(), false, true);
+            if (clamp) {
+                snprintf(err_string, sizeof(err_string), "Preset %s invalid for %s, using %s", presetName, newRegion->name,
+                         defaultName);
+            } else {
+                snprintf(err_string, sizeof(err_string), "Preset %s invalid for %s", presetName, newRegion->name);
+            }
+            LOG_ERROR("%s", err_string);
+            RECORD_CRITICALERROR(meshtastic_CriticalErrorCode_INVALID_RADIO_SETTING);
+            sendErrorNotification(err_string);
+
+            if (clamp) {
+                loraConfig.modem_preset = newRegion->getDefaultPreset();
+                check_bw = modemPresetToBwKHz(loraConfig.modem_preset, newRegion->wideLora);
+            } else {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        check_bw = bwCodeToKHz(loraConfig.bandwidth);
+    }
+
+    // Calculate width of slots (aka channels) based on bandwidth and any spacing or padding required by the region:
+    // spacing = gap between slots (0 for continuous spectrum) and at the beginning of the band
+    // padding = gap at the beginning and end of the slots (0 for no padding)
+    float freqSlotWidth = newRegion->profile->spacing + (newRegion->profile->padding * 2) + (check_bw / 1000); // in MHz
+    uint32_t numFreqSlots = round((newRegion->freqEnd - newRegion->freqStart + newRegion->profile->spacing) / freqSlotWidth);
+
+    // Check if the region supports the requested bandwidth
+    if ((newRegion->freqEnd - newRegion->freqStart) < freqSlotWidth) {
+        const float regionSpanKHz = (newRegion->freqEnd - newRegion->freqStart) * 1000.0f;
+        snprintf(err_string, sizeof(err_string), "%s span %.0fkHz < requested %.0fkHz", newRegion->name, regionSpanKHz, check_bw);
+        LOG_ERROR("%s", err_string);
+        RECORD_CRITICALERROR(meshtastic_CriticalErrorCode_INVALID_RADIO_SETTING);
+        sendErrorNotification(err_string);
+
+        if (clamp) {
+            loraConfig.bandwidth = bwKHzToCode(modemPresetToBwKHz(newRegion->getDefaultPreset(), newRegion->wideLora));
+            check_bw = bwCodeToKHz(loraConfig.bandwidth);
+
+            // Recompute slot width and number of slots based on the new bandwidth
+            freqSlotWidth = newRegion->profile->spacing + (newRegion->profile->padding * 2) + (check_bw / 1000); // in MHz
+            numFreqSlots = round((newRegion->freqEnd - newRegion->freqStart + newRegion->profile->spacing) / freqSlotWidth);
+        } else {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    const char *channelName = channels.getName(channels.getPrimaryIndex());
+    const char *presetNameDisplay =
+        DisplayFormatters::getModemPresetDisplayName(loraConfig.modem_preset, false, loraConfig.use_preset);
+    uint32_t channelNameHashSlot = hash(channelName) % numFreqSlots;
+    uint32_t presetNameHashSlot = hash(presetNameDisplay) % numFreqSlots;
+
+    if (loraConfig.override_frequency == 0) {
+
+        // Check if we use the default frequency slot
+        uses_default_frequency_slot =
+            (loraConfig.channel_num == 0) || // user choice unset, no frequency override, so use default
+            (newRegion->profile->overrideSlot != 0 &&
+             loraConfig.channel_num == newRegion->profile->overrideSlot) || // user setting matches override
+            ((newRegion->profile->overrideSlot == 0) &&
+             ((uint32_t)(loraConfig.channel_num - 1) == presetNameHashSlot)); // user setting matches preset hash, no override
+
+        // check if user setting different to preset name
+        uses_custom_channel_name = (strcmp(channelName, presetNameDisplay) != 0);
+
+        if (loraConfig.channel_num > numFreqSlots) {
+            snprintf(err_string, sizeof(err_string), "Channel number %u invalid for %s, max is %u", loraConfig.channel_num,
+                     newRegion->name, numFreqSlots);
+            LOG_ERROR("%s", err_string);
+            RECORD_CRITICALERROR(meshtastic_CriticalErrorCode_INVALID_RADIO_SETTING);
+            sendErrorNotification(err_string);
+
+            if (clamp) {
+                if (uses_custom_channel_name) { // clamp to channel name hash
+                    loraConfig.channel_num =
+                        channelNameHashSlot + 1; // channel_num is 1-based, but hash slot is 0-based, so add 1
+                } else if ((loraConfig.use_preset) && (newRegion->profile->overrideSlot != 0)) { // clamp to preset override slot
+                    loraConfig.channel_num =
+                        newRegion->profile->overrideSlot; // use the override slot specified by the region profile
+                    uses_default_frequency_slot = true;
+                } else if (loraConfig.use_preset) {                  // clamp to preset slot
+                    loraConfig.channel_num = presetNameHashSlot + 1; // channel_num is 1-based, but hash slot is 0-based, so add 1
+                    uses_default_frequency_slot = true;
+                } else { // if not using preset, and no custom channel name, just clamp to default anyway
+                    uses_default_frequency_slot = true;
+                };
+            } else {
+                return false;
+            }
+        } // end of channel number check
+    } else {
+        // if we have a frequency override, we ignore the channel number and just use the override frequency
+        snprintf(err_string, sizeof(err_string), "Frequency override in place, using %.3f", loraConfig.override_frequency);
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool RadioInterface::validateConfigLora(const meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig &loraConfig)
+{
+    auto copy = loraConfig;
+    return checkOrClampConfigLora(copy, false);
+}
+
+void RadioInterface::clampConfigLora(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig &loraConfig)
+{
+    checkOrClampConfigLora(loraConfig, true);
+}
+
 /**
 * Pull our channel settings etc... from protobufs to the dumb interface settings
+ * Note: this must be given only settings which have been validated or clamped!
 */
 void RadioInterface::applyModemConfig()
 {
    // Set up default configuration
    // No Sync Words in LORA mode
    meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig &loraConfig = config.lora;
-    bool validConfig = false; // We need to check for a valid configuration
-    while (!validConfig) {
-        if (loraConfig.use_preset) {
-            modemPresetToParams(loraConfig.modem_preset, myRegion->wideLora, bw, sf, cr);
-            if (loraConfig.coding_rate >= 5 && loraConfig.coding_rate <= 8 && loraConfig.coding_rate != cr) {
-                cr = loraConfig.coding_rate;
-                LOG_INFO("Using custom Coding Rate %u", cr);
-            }
-        } else {
-            sf = loraConfig.spread_factor;
+    const RegionInfo *newRegion = getRegion(loraConfig.region);
+    myRegion = newRegion;
+
+    if (loraConfig.use_preset) {
+        if (!validateConfigLora(loraConfig)) {
+            loraConfig.modem_preset = newRegion->getDefaultPreset();
+        }
+        uint8_t newcr;
+        modemPresetToParams(loraConfig.modem_preset, newRegion->wideLora, bw, sf, newcr);
+        // If custom CR is being used already, check if the new preset is higher
+        if (loraConfig.coding_rate >= 5 && loraConfig.coding_rate <= 8 && loraConfig.coding_rate < newcr) {
+            cr = newcr;
+            LOG_INFO("Default Coding Rate is higher than custom setting, using %u", cr);
+        }
+        // If the custom CR is higher than the preset, use it
+        else if (loraConfig.coding_rate >= 5 && loraConfig.coding_rate <= 8 && loraConfig.coding_rate > newcr) {
            cr = loraConfig.coding_rate;
-            bw = bwCodeToKHz(loraConfig.bandwidth);
-        }
-
-        if ((myRegion->freqEnd - myRegion->freqStart) < bw / 1000) {
-            const float regionSpanKHz = (myRegion->freqEnd - myRegion->freqStart) * 1000.0f;
-            const float requestedBwKHz = bw;
-            const bool isWideRequest = requestedBwKHz >= 499.5f; // treat as 500 kHz preset
-            const char *presetName =
-                DisplayFormatters::getModemPresetDisplayName(loraConfig.modem_preset, false, loraConfig.use_preset);
-
-            char err_string[160];
-            if (isWideRequest) {
-                snprintf(err_string, sizeof(err_string), "%s region too narrow for 500kHz preset (%s). Falling back to LongFast.",
-                         myRegion->name, presetName);
-            } else {
-                snprintf(err_string, sizeof(err_string), "%s region span %.0fkHz < requested %.0fkHz. Falling back to LongFast.",
-                         myRegion->name, regionSpanKHz, requestedBwKHz);
-            }
-            LOG_ERROR("%s", err_string);
-            RECORD_CRITICALERROR(meshtastic_CriticalErrorCode_INVALID_RADIO_SETTING);
-
-            meshtastic_ClientNotification *cn = clientNotificationPool.allocZeroed();
-            cn->level = meshtastic_LogRecord_Level_ERROR;
-            snprintf(cn->message, sizeof(cn->message), "%s", err_string);
-            service->sendClientNotification(cn);
-
-            // Set to default modem preset
-            loraConfig.use_preset = true;
-            loraConfig.modem_preset = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_LONG_FAST;
+            LOG_INFO("Using custom Coding Rate %u", cr);
        } else {
-            validConfig = true;
+            cr = loraConfig.coding_rate;
        }
+
+    } else { // if not using preset, then just use the custom settings
+        if (validateConfigLora(loraConfig)) {
+        } else {
+            LOG_WARN("Invalid LoRa config settings, cannot apply requested modem config - falling back to %s defaults",
+                     newRegion->name);
+            clampConfigLora(loraConfig);
+        }
+        bw = bwCodeToKHz(loraConfig.bandwidth);
+        sf = loraConfig.spread_factor;
+        cr = loraConfig.coding_rate;
    }

    power = loraConfig.tx_power;

-    if ((power == 0) || ((power > myRegion->powerLimit) && !devicestate.owner.is_licensed))
-        power = myRegion->powerLimit;
+    if ((power == 0) || ((power > newRegion->powerLimit) && !devicestate.owner.is_licensed))
+        power = newRegion->powerLimit;

    if (power == 0)
-        power = 17; // Default to this power level if we don't have a valid regional power limit (powerLimit of myRegion defaults
+        power = 17; // Default to this power level if we don't have a valid regional power limit (powerLimit of newRegion defaults
                    // to 0, currently no region has an actual power limit of 0 [dBm] so we can assume regions which have this
                    // variable set to 0 don't have a valid power limit)

    // Set final tx_power back onto config
    loraConfig.tx_power = (int8_t)power; // cppcheck-suppress assignmentAddressToInteger

-    // Calculate the number of channels
-    uint32_t numChannels = floor((myRegion->freqEnd - myRegion->freqStart) / (myRegion->spacing + (bw / 1000)));
+    uint32_t channel_num;
+    float freq;

-    // If user has manually specified a channel num, then use that, otherwise generate one by hashing the name
-    const char *channelName = channels.getName(channels.getPrimaryIndex());
-    // channel_num is actually (channel_num - 1), since modulus (%) returns values from 0 to (numChannels - 1)
-    uint32_t channel_num = (loraConfig.channel_num ? loraConfig.channel_num - 1 : hash(channelName)) % numChannels;
+    // Calculate number of frequency slots (aka Channels):
+    // spacing = gap between channels (0 for continuous spectrum) and at the beginning of the band
+    // padding = gap at the beginning and end of the channel (0 for no padding)
+    float freqSlotWidth = newRegion->profile->spacing + (newRegion->profile->padding * 2) + (bw / 1000); // in MHz
+    uint32_t numFreqSlots = round((newRegion->freqEnd - newRegion->freqStart + newRegion->profile->spacing) / freqSlotWidth);

-    // Check if we use the default frequency slot
-    RadioInterface::uses_default_frequency_slot =
-        channel_num ==
-        hash(DisplayFormatters::getModemPresetDisplayName(config.lora.modem_preset, false, config.lora.use_preset)) % numChannels;
-
-    // Old frequency selection formula
-    // float freq = myRegion->freqStart + ((((myRegion->freqEnd - myRegion->freqStart) / numChannels) / 2) * channel_num);
-
-    // New frequency selection formula
-    float freq = myRegion->freqStart + (bw / 2000) + (channel_num * (bw / 1000));
+    // Calculate hash of channel name and preset name to pick a default frequency slot if user has not specified one.
+    // Note that channel_num is actually (channel_num - 1), i.e. zero-based, since modulus (%) returns values from 0 to
+    // (numFreqSlots - 1).
+    uint32_t presetNameHashSlot =
+        hash(DisplayFormatters::getModemPresetDisplayName(loraConfig.modem_preset, false, loraConfig.use_preset)) % numFreqSlots;

    // override if we have a verbatim frequency
    if (loraConfig.override_frequency) {
        freq = loraConfig.override_frequency;
        channel_num = -1;
+        uses_default_frequency_slot = false;
+    } else {
+
+        // If user has not manually specified a frequency slot, or has not specified one that is different than the default or the
+        // override for the new region, then use the default or override. If the user has not specified one, but has specified a
+        // custom channel name, then use the hash of that channel name to pick a frequency slot. Note that channel_num is actually
+        // (channel_num - 1), i.e. zero-based, since modulus (%) returns values from 0 to (numFreqSlots - 1).
+        // NB: channel_num is also know as frequency slot but it's too late to fix now.
+        if (uses_default_frequency_slot) {
+            // if there's an override slot, use that
+            if (newRegion->profile->overrideSlot != 0) {
+                channel_num = newRegion->profile->overrideSlot - 1;
+            } else {
+                channel_num = presetNameHashSlot;
+            }
+        } else { // use the manually defined one
+            channel_num = loraConfig.channel_num - 1;
+        }
+
+        // Calculate frequency: freqStart is band edge, add half bandwidth (plus optional padding) to get middle of first channel
+        // subsequent channels are spaced by freqSlotWidth
+        freq = newRegion->freqStart + (bw / 2000) + newRegion->profile->padding + (channel_num * freqSlotWidth); // in MHz
    }

    saveChannelNum(channel_num);
    saveFreq(freq + loraConfig.frequency_offset);
+    const char *channelName = channels.getName(channels.getPrimaryIndex());

    slotTimeMsec = computeSlotTimeMsec();
    preambleTimeMsec = preambleLength * (pow_of_2(sf) / bw);

    LOG_INFO("Radio freq=%.3f, config.lora.frequency_offset=%.3f", freq, loraConfig.frequency_offset);
-    LOG_INFO("Set radio: region=%s, name=%s, config=%u, ch=%d, power=%d", myRegion->name, channelName, loraConfig.modem_preset,
+    LOG_INFO("Set radio: region=%s, name=%s, config=%u, ch=%d, power=%d", newRegion->name, channelName, loraConfig.modem_preset,
             channel_num, power);
-    LOG_INFO("myRegion->freqStart -> myRegion->freqEnd: %f -> %f (%f MHz)", myRegion->freqStart, myRegion->freqEnd,
-             myRegion->freqEnd - myRegion->freqStart);
-    LOG_INFO("numChannels: %d x %.3fkHz", numChannels, bw);
+    LOG_INFO("newRegion->freqStart -> newRegion->freqEnd: %f -> %f (%f MHz)", newRegion->freqStart, newRegion->freqEnd,
+             newRegion->freqEnd - newRegion->freqStart);
+    LOG_INFO("numFreqSlots: %d x %.3fkHz", numFreqSlots, bw);
+    if (newRegion->profile->overrideSlot != 0) {
+        LOG_INFO("Using region override slot: %d", newRegion->profile->overrideSlot);
+    }
    LOG_INFO("channel_num: %d", channel_num + 1);
    LOG_INFO("frequency: %f", getFreq());
    LOG_INFO("Slot time: %u msec, preamble time: %u msec", slotTimeMsec, preambleTimeMsec);
-}
+} // end of applyModemConfig

 /** Slottime is the time to detect a transmission has started, consisting of:
  - CAD duration;
@@ -992,4 +1165,4 @@ size_t RadioInterface::beginSending(meshtastic_MeshPacket *p)

    sendingPacket = p;
    return p->encrypted.size + sizeof(PacketHeader);
-}
+}
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ class RadioInterface
     * Coerce LoRa config fields (bandwidth/spread_factor) derived from presets.
     * This is used during early bootstrapping so UIs that display these fields directly remain consistent.
     */
-    static void bootstrapLoRaConfigFromPreset(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig &loraConfig);
+    // static void bootstrapLoRaConfigFromPreset(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig &loraConfig); // maybe superseded?

    /**
     * Return true if we think the board can go to sleep (i.e. our tx queue is empty, we are not sending or receiving)
@@ -234,6 +234,20 @@ class RadioInterface
    // Whether we use the default frequency slot given our LoRa config (region and modem preset)
    static bool uses_default_frequency_slot;

+    // Whether we have a custom channel name
+    static bool uses_custom_channel_name;
+
+    static bool checkOrClampConfigLora(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig &loraConfig, bool clamp);
+
+    // Check if a candidate region is compatible and valid.
+    static bool validateConfigRegion(const meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig &loraConfig);
+
+    // Check if a candidate radio configuration is valid.
+    static bool validateConfigLora(const meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig &loraConfig);
+
+    // Make a candidate radio configuration valid, even if it isn't.
+    static void clampConfigLora(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig &loraConfig);
+
  protected:
    int8_t power = 17; // Set by applyModemConfig()

@@ -11,6 +11,9 @@
 #include "mesh-pb-constants.h"
 #include "meshUtils.h"
 #include "modules/RoutingModule.h"
+#if HAS_TRAFFIC_MANAGEMENT
+#include "modules/TrafficManagementModule.h"
+#endif
 #if !MESHTASTIC_EXCLUDE_MQTT
 #include "mqtt/MQTT.h"
 #endif
@@ -95,6 +98,20 @@ bool Router::shouldDecrementHopLimit(const meshtastic_MeshPacket *p)
        return true;
    }

+#if HAS_TRAFFIC_MANAGEMENT
+    // When router_preserve_hops is enabled, preserve hops for decoded packets that are not
+    // position or telemetry (those have their own exhaust_hop controls).
+    if (moduleConfig.has_traffic_management && moduleConfig.traffic_management.enabled &&
+        moduleConfig.traffic_management.router_preserve_hops && p->which_payload_variant == meshtastic_MeshPacket_decoded_tag &&
+        p->decoded.portnum != meshtastic_PortNum_POSITION_APP && p->decoded.portnum != meshtastic_PortNum_TELEMETRY_APP) {
+        LOG_DEBUG("Router hop preserved: port=%d from=0x%08x (traffic_management)", p->decoded.portnum, getFrom(p));
+        if (trafficManagementModule) {
+            trafficManagementModule->recordRouterHopPreserved();
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+#endif
+
    // For subsequent hops, check if previous relay is a favorite router
    // Optimized search for favorite routers with matching last byte
    // Check ordering optimized for IoT devices (cheapest checks first)
@@ -858,6 +875,12 @@ void Router::perhapsHandleReceived(meshtastic_MeshPacket *p)
        return;
    }

+    if (shouldDropPacketForPreHop(*p)) {
+        logHopStartDrop(*p, "pre-hop drop");
+        packetPool.release(p);
+        return;
+    }
+
    if (shouldFilterReceived(p)) {
        LOG_DEBUG("Incoming msg was filtered from 0x%x", p->from);
        packetPool.release(p);
@@ -253,6 +253,11 @@ template <typename T> bool SX126xInterface<T>::reconfigure()
        LOG_ERROR("SX126X setOutputPower %s%d", radioLibErr, err);
    assert(err == RADIOLIB_ERR_NONE);

+    // Apply RX gain mode — valid in STDBY (datasheet §9.6), matches resetAGC() pattern
+    err = lora.setRxBoostedGainMode(config.lora.sx126x_rx_boosted_gain);
+    if (err != RADIOLIB_ERR_NONE)
+        LOG_WARN("SX126X setRxBoostedGainMode %s%d", radioLibErr, err);
+
    startReceive(); // restart receiving

    return RADIOLIB_ERR_NONE;
@@ -102,7 +102,6 @@ static int32_t reconnectETH()

 #ifndef DISABLE_NTP
            LOG_INFO("Start NTP time client");
-            timeClient.begin();
            timeClient.setUpdateInterval(60 * 60); // Update once an hour
 #endif

@@ -159,6 +158,7 @@ static int32_t reconnectETH()
            LOG_ERROR("NTP Update failed");
            ntp_renew = millis() + 300 * 1000; // failure, retry every 5 minutes
        }
+        timeClient.end(); // W5100S: release UDP socket for other services
    }
 #endif

@@ -69,6 +69,22 @@ static inline int get_max_num_nodes()
 /// Max number of channels allowed
 #define MAX_NUM_CHANNELS (member_size(meshtastic_ChannelFile, channels) / member_size(meshtastic_ChannelFile, channels[0]))

+// Traffic Management module configuration
+// Enable per-variant by defining HAS_TRAFFIC_MANAGEMENT=1 in variant.h
+#ifndef HAS_TRAFFIC_MANAGEMENT
+#define HAS_TRAFFIC_MANAGEMENT 0
+#endif
+
+// Cache size for traffic management (number of nodes to track)
+// Can be overridden per-variant based on available memory
+#ifndef TRAFFIC_MANAGEMENT_CACHE_SIZE
+#if HAS_TRAFFIC_MANAGEMENT
+#define TRAFFIC_MANAGEMENT_CACHE_SIZE 1000
+#else
+#define TRAFFIC_MANAGEMENT_CACHE_SIZE 0
+#endif
+#endif
+
 /// helper function for encoding a record as a protobuf, any failures to encode are fatal and we will panic
 /// returns the encoded packet size
 size_t pb_encode_to_bytes(uint8_t *destbuf, size_t destbufsize, const pb_msgdesc_t *fields, const void *src_struct);
@@ -90,4 +106,4 @@ bool writecb(pb_ostream_t *stream, const uint8_t *buf, size_t count);
 */
 bool is_in_helper(uint32_t n, const uint32_t *array, pb_size_t count);

-#define is_in_repeated(name, n) is_in_helper(n, name, name##_count)
+#define is_in_repeated(name, n) is_in_helper(n, name, name##_count)
@@ -24,7 +24,9 @@

 #include "Default.h"
 #include "MeshRadio.h"
+#include "RadioInterface.h"
 #include "TypeConversions.h"
+#include "mesh/RadioLibInterface.h"

 #if !MESHTASTIC_EXCLUDE_MQTT
 #include "mqtt/MQTT.h"
@@ -197,10 +199,35 @@ bool AdminModule::handleReceivedProtobuf(const meshtastic_MeshPacket &mp, meshta
        handleSetOwner(r->set_owner);
        break;

-    case meshtastic_AdminMessage_set_config_tag:
+    case meshtastic_AdminMessage_set_config_tag: {
        LOG_DEBUG("Client set config");
-        handleSetConfig(r->set_config);
+
+        // Non-LoRa configs need no further validation.
+        if (r->set_config.which_payload_variant != meshtastic_Config_lora_tag) {
+            LOG_DEBUG("Non-LoRa config, applying directly");
+            handleSetConfig(r->set_config, fromOthers);
+            break;
+        }
+
+        // Only LORA_24 requires hardware capability validation.
+        if (r->set_config.payload_variant.lora.region != meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_LORA_24) {
+            LOG_DEBUG("LoRa config, region is not LORA_24, applying directly");
+            handleSetConfig(r->set_config, fromOthers);
+            break;
+        }
+
+        // Hardware supports 2.4 GHz — apply the config.
+        // Fail closed: null instance is treated as incapable.
+        if (RadioLibInterface::instance && RadioLibInterface::instance->wideLora()) {
+            LOG_DEBUG("LORA_24 requested, radio hardware supports 2.4 GHz, applying");
+            handleSetConfig(r->set_config, fromOthers);
+            break;
+        }
+
+        LOG_WARN("Radio hardware does not support 2.4 GHz; rejecting LORA_24 region");
+        myReply = allocErrorResponse(meshtastic_Routing_Error_BAD_REQUEST, &mp);
        break;
+    }

    case meshtastic_AdminMessage_set_module_config_tag:
        LOG_DEBUG("Client set module config");
@@ -626,7 +653,7 @@ void AdminModule::handleSetOwner(const meshtastic_User &o)
    }
 }

-void AdminModule::handleSetConfig(const meshtastic_Config &c)
+void AdminModule::handleSetConfig(const meshtastic_Config &c, bool fromOthers)
 {
    auto changes = SEGMENT_CONFIG;
    auto existingRole = config.device.role;
@@ -770,18 +797,57 @@ void AdminModule::handleSetConfig(const meshtastic_Config &c)
            validatedLora.spread_factor = LORA_SF_DEFAULT;
        }

-        // If no lora radio parameters change, don't need to reboot
-        if (oldLoraConfig.use_preset == validatedLora.use_preset && oldLoraConfig.region == validatedLora.region &&
-            oldLoraConfig.modem_preset == validatedLora.modem_preset && oldLoraConfig.bandwidth == validatedLora.bandwidth &&
-            oldLoraConfig.spread_factor == validatedLora.spread_factor &&
-            oldLoraConfig.coding_rate == validatedLora.coding_rate && oldLoraConfig.tx_power == validatedLora.tx_power &&
-            oldLoraConfig.frequency_offset == validatedLora.frequency_offset &&
-            oldLoraConfig.override_frequency == validatedLora.override_frequency &&
-            oldLoraConfig.channel_num == validatedLora.channel_num &&
-            oldLoraConfig.sx126x_rx_boosted_gain == validatedLora.sx126x_rx_boosted_gain) {
-            requiresReboot = false;
+        // If we're setting a new region, check the region is valid and then init the region or discard the change
+        if (validatedLora.region != myRegion->code) {
+            //  Region has changed so check whether it is valid for e.g. licensing conditions and if the lora config is valid
+            if (RadioInterface::validateConfigRegion(validatedLora) && RadioInterface::validateConfigLora(validatedLora)) {
+                // If we're setting region for the first time, init the region and regenerate the keys
+                if (isRegionUnset && validatedLora.region > meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_UNSET) {
+#if !(MESHTASTIC_EXCLUDE_PKI_KEYGEN || MESHTASTIC_EXCLUDE_PKI)
+                    if (crypto) {
+                        crypto->ensurePkiKeys(config.security, owner);
+                    }
+#endif
+                    // new region is valid and we're coming from an unset region, so enable tx
+                    validatedLora.tx_enabled = true;
+                }
+                // If we're unsetting the region for some reason, disable tx
+                if (!isRegionUnset && validatedLora.region == meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_UNSET) {
+                    validatedLora.tx_enabled = false;
+                }
+                // Ensure initRegion() uses the newly validated region
+                config.lora.region = validatedLora.region;
+                initRegion();
+                if (myRegion->dutyCycle < 100) {
+                    validatedLora.ignore_mqtt = true; // Ignore MQTT by default if region has a duty cycle limit
+                }
+                if (strncmp(moduleConfig.mqtt.root, default_mqtt_root, strlen(default_mqtt_root)) == 0) {
+                    //  Default root is in use, so subscribe to the appropriate MQTT topic for this region
+                    sprintf(moduleConfig.mqtt.root, "%s/%s", default_mqtt_root, myRegion->name);
+                }
+                changes = SEGMENT_CONFIG | SEGMENT_MODULECONFIG;
+            } else {
+                //  Region validation has failed, so just copy all of the old config over the new config
+                validatedLora = oldLoraConfig;
+            }
+        } // end of new region handling
+
+        if (!RadioInterface::validateConfigLora(validatedLora)) {
+            if (fromOthers) {
+                LOG_WARN("Invalid LoRa config received from another node, rejecting changes");
+                //  modem_preset set to use the old setting if the check fails
+                validatedLora.modem_preset = oldLoraConfig.modem_preset;
+            } else {
+                LOG_WARN("Invalid LoRa config received from client, using corrected values");
+                RadioInterface::clampConfigLora(validatedLora);
+            }
+            //  use_preset and bandwidth are coerced into valid values by the check.
        }

+        // All LoRa radio changes apply live via configChanged observer → reconfigure().
+        // reconfigure() puts the radio in standby, reprograms all modem parameters, and restarts receive.
+        requiresReboot = false;
+
 #if defined(ARCH_PORTDUINO)
        // If running on portduino and using SimRadio, do not require reboot
        if (SimRadio::instance) {
@@ -797,63 +863,21 @@ void AdminModule::handleSetConfig(const meshtastic_Config &c)
            digitalWrite(RF95_FAN_EN, HIGH ^ 0);
        }
 #endif
-        config.lora = validatedLora;

 #if HAS_LORA_FEM
        // Apply FEM LNA mode from config (only meaningful on hardware that supports it)
+        // Note that a rejected lora config will revert this as well.
        if (loraFEMInterface.isLnaCanControl()) {
-            loraFEMInterface.setLNAEnable(config.lora.fem_lna_mode != meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_FEM_LNA_Mode_DISABLED);
-        } else if (config.lora.fem_lna_mode != meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_FEM_LNA_Mode_NOT_PRESENT) {
+            loraFEMInterface.setLNAEnable(validatedLora.fem_lna_mode != meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_FEM_LNA_Mode_DISABLED);
+        } else if (validatedLora.fem_lna_mode != meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_FEM_LNA_Mode_NOT_PRESENT) {
            // Hardware FEM does not support LNA control; normalize stored config to match actual capability
            LOG_WARN("FEM LNA mode configured but current FEM does not support LNA control; normalizing to NOT_PRESENT");
-            config.lora.fem_lna_mode = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_FEM_LNA_Mode_NOT_PRESENT;
+            validatedLora.fem_lna_mode = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_FEM_LNA_Mode_NOT_PRESENT;
        }
 #endif
-        // If we're setting region for the first time, init the region and regenerate the keys
-        if (isRegionUnset && config.lora.region > meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_UNSET) {
-#if !(MESHTASTIC_EXCLUDE_PKI_KEYGEN || MESHTASTIC_EXCLUDE_PKI)
-            if (!owner.is_licensed) {
-                bool keygenSuccess = false;
-                if (config.security.private_key.size == 32) {
-                    if (crypto->regeneratePublicKey(config.security.public_key.bytes, config.security.private_key.bytes)) {
-                        keygenSuccess = true;
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    LOG_INFO("Generate new PKI keys");
-                    crypto->generateKeyPair(config.security.public_key.bytes, config.security.private_key.bytes);
-                    keygenSuccess = true;
-                }
-                if (keygenSuccess) {
-                    config.security.public_key.size = 32;
-                    config.security.private_key.size = 32;
-                    owner.public_key.size = 32;
-                    memcpy(owner.public_key.bytes, config.security.public_key.bytes, 32);
-                }
-            }
-#endif
-            config.lora.tx_enabled = true;
-            initRegion();
-            if (myRegion->dutyCycle < 100) {
-                config.lora.ignore_mqtt = true; // Ignore MQTT by default if region has a duty cycle limit
-            }
-            //  Compare the entire string, we are sure of the length as a topic has never been set
-            if (strcmp(moduleConfig.mqtt.root, default_mqtt_root) == 0) {
-                sprintf(moduleConfig.mqtt.root, "%s/%s", default_mqtt_root, myRegion->name);
-                changes = SEGMENT_CONFIG | SEGMENT_MODULECONFIG;
-            }
-        }
-        if (config.lora.region != myRegion->code) {
-            //  Region has changed so check whether there is a regulatory one we should be using instead.
-            //  Additionally as a side-effect, assume a new value under myRegion
-            initRegion();

-            if (strncmp(moduleConfig.mqtt.root, default_mqtt_root, strlen(default_mqtt_root)) == 0) {
-                //  Default root is in use, so subscribe to the appropriate MQTT topic for this region
-                sprintf(moduleConfig.mqtt.root, "%s/%s", default_mqtt_root, myRegion->name);
-            }
+        config.lora = validatedLora; // Finally, return the validated config back to the main config

-            changes = SEGMENT_CONFIG | SEGMENT_MODULECONFIG;
-        }
        break;
    }
    case meshtastic_Config_bluetooth_tag:
@@ -901,10 +925,10 @@ void AdminModule::handleSetConfig(const meshtastic_Config &c)
    }
    if (requiresReboot && !hasOpenEditTransaction) {
        disableBluetooth();
-    }
+    } // end of switch case which_payload_variant

    saveChanges(changes, requiresReboot);
-}
+} // end of handleSetConfig

 bool AdminModule::handleSetModuleConfig(const meshtastic_ModuleConfig &c)
 {
@@ -1010,6 +1034,11 @@ bool AdminModule::handleSetModuleConfig(const meshtastic_ModuleConfig &c)
        moduleConfig.statusmessage = c.payload_variant.statusmessage;
        shouldReboot = false;
        break;
+    case meshtastic_ModuleConfig_traffic_management_tag:
+        LOG_INFO("Set module config: Traffic Management");
+        moduleConfig.has_traffic_management = true;
+        moduleConfig.traffic_management = c.payload_variant.traffic_management;
+        break;
    }
    saveChanges(SEGMENT_MODULECONFIG, shouldReboot);
    return true;
@@ -1124,78 +1153,85 @@ void AdminModule::handleGetModuleConfig(const meshtastic_MeshPacket &req, const
    meshtastic_AdminMessage res = meshtastic_AdminMessage_init_default;

    if (req.decoded.want_response) {
+        const char *configName = "?";
        switch (configType) {
        case meshtastic_AdminMessage_ModuleConfigType_MQTT_CONFIG:
-            LOG_INFO("Get module config: MQTT");
+            configName = "MQTT";
            res.get_module_config_response.which_payload_variant = meshtastic_ModuleConfig_mqtt_tag;
            res.get_module_config_response.payload_variant.mqtt = moduleConfig.mqtt;
            break;
        case meshtastic_AdminMessage_ModuleConfigType_SERIAL_CONFIG:
-            LOG_INFO("Get module config: Serial");
+            configName = "Serial";
            res.get_module_config_response.which_payload_variant = meshtastic_ModuleConfig_serial_tag;
            res.get_module_config_response.payload_variant.serial = moduleConfig.serial;
            break;
        case meshtastic_AdminMessage_ModuleConfigType_EXTNOTIF_CONFIG:
-            LOG_INFO("Get module config: External Notification");
+            configName = "External Notification";
            res.get_module_config_response.which_payload_variant = meshtastic_ModuleConfig_external_notification_tag;
            res.get_module_config_response.payload_variant.external_notification = moduleConfig.external_notification;
            break;
        case meshtastic_AdminMessage_ModuleConfigType_STOREFORWARD_CONFIG:
-            LOG_INFO("Get module config: Store & Forward");
+            configName = "Store & Forward";
            res.get_module_config_response.which_payload_variant = meshtastic_ModuleConfig_store_forward_tag;
            res.get_module_config_response.payload_variant.store_forward = moduleConfig.store_forward;
            break;
        case meshtastic_AdminMessage_ModuleConfigType_RANGETEST_CONFIG:
-            LOG_INFO("Get module config: Range Test");
+            configName = "Range Test";
            res.get_module_config_response.which_payload_variant = meshtastic_ModuleConfig_range_test_tag;
            res.get_module_config_response.payload_variant.range_test = moduleConfig.range_test;
            break;
        case meshtastic_AdminMessage_ModuleConfigType_TELEMETRY_CONFIG:
-            LOG_INFO("Get module config: Telemetry");
+            configName = "Telemetry";
            res.get_module_config_response.which_payload_variant = meshtastic_ModuleConfig_telemetry_tag;
            res.get_module_config_response.payload_variant.telemetry = moduleConfig.telemetry;
            break;
        case meshtastic_AdminMessage_ModuleConfigType_CANNEDMSG_CONFIG:
-            LOG_INFO("Get module config: Canned Message");
+            configName = "Canned Message";
            res.get_module_config_response.which_payload_variant = meshtastic_ModuleConfig_canned_message_tag;
            res.get_module_config_response.payload_variant.canned_message = moduleConfig.canned_message;
            break;
        case meshtastic_AdminMessage_ModuleConfigType_AUDIO_CONFIG:
-            LOG_INFO("Get module config: Audio");
+            configName = "Audio";
            res.get_module_config_response.which_payload_variant = meshtastic_ModuleConfig_audio_tag;
            res.get_module_config_response.payload_variant.audio = moduleConfig.audio;
            break;
        case meshtastic_AdminMessage_ModuleConfigType_REMOTEHARDWARE_CONFIG:
-            LOG_INFO("Get module config: Remote Hardware");
+            configName = "Remote Hardware";
            res.get_module_config_response.which_payload_variant = meshtastic_ModuleConfig_remote_hardware_tag;
            res.get_module_config_response.payload_variant.remote_hardware = moduleConfig.remote_hardware;
            break;
        case meshtastic_AdminMessage_ModuleConfigType_NEIGHBORINFO_CONFIG:
-            LOG_INFO("Get module config: Neighbor Info");
+            configName = "Neighbor Info";
            res.get_module_config_response.which_payload_variant = meshtastic_ModuleConfig_neighbor_info_tag;
            res.get_module_config_response.payload_variant.neighbor_info = moduleConfig.neighbor_info;
            break;
        case meshtastic_AdminMessage_ModuleConfigType_DETECTIONSENSOR_CONFIG:
-            LOG_INFO("Get module config: Detection Sensor");
+            configName = "Detection Sensor";
            res.get_module_config_response.which_payload_variant = meshtastic_ModuleConfig_detection_sensor_tag;
            res.get_module_config_response.payload_variant.detection_sensor = moduleConfig.detection_sensor;
            break;
        case meshtastic_AdminMessage_ModuleConfigType_AMBIENTLIGHTING_CONFIG:
-            LOG_INFO("Get module config: Ambient Lighting");
+            configName = "Ambient Lighting";
            res.get_module_config_response.which_payload_variant = meshtastic_ModuleConfig_ambient_lighting_tag;
            res.get_module_config_response.payload_variant.ambient_lighting = moduleConfig.ambient_lighting;
            break;
        case meshtastic_AdminMessage_ModuleConfigType_PAXCOUNTER_CONFIG:
-            LOG_INFO("Get module config: Paxcounter");
+            configName = "Paxcounter";
            res.get_module_config_response.which_payload_variant = meshtastic_ModuleConfig_paxcounter_tag;
            res.get_module_config_response.payload_variant.paxcounter = moduleConfig.paxcounter;
            break;
        case meshtastic_AdminMessage_ModuleConfigType_STATUSMESSAGE_CONFIG:
-            LOG_INFO("Get module config: StatusMessage");
+            configName = "StatusMessage";
            res.get_module_config_response.which_payload_variant = meshtastic_ModuleConfig_statusmessage_tag;
            res.get_module_config_response.payload_variant.statusmessage = moduleConfig.statusmessage;
            break;
+        case meshtastic_AdminMessage_ModuleConfigType_TRAFFICMANAGEMENT_CONFIG:
+            configName = "Traffic Management";
+            res.get_module_config_response.which_payload_variant = meshtastic_ModuleConfig_traffic_management_tag;
+            res.get_module_config_response.payload_variant.traffic_management = moduleConfig.traffic_management;
+            break;
        }
+        LOG_INFO("Get module config: %s", configName);

        // NOTE: The phone app needs to know the ls_secsvalue so it can properly expect sleep behavior.
        // So even if we internally use 0 to represent 'use default' we still need to send the value we are
@@ -1378,23 +1414,17 @@ void AdminModule::handleStoreDeviceUIConfig(const meshtastic_DeviceUIConfig &uic
 void AdminModule::handleSetHamMode(const meshtastic_HamParameters &p)
 {
    // Validate ham parameters before setting since this would bypass validation in the owner struct
-    if (*p.call_sign) {
-        const char *start = p.call_sign;
-        // Skip all whitespace
-        while (*start && isspace((unsigned char)*start))
-            start++;
-        if (*start == '\0') {
-            LOG_WARN("Rejected ham call_sign: must contain at least 1 non-whitespace character");
-            return;
-        }
-    }
-    if (*p.short_name) {
-        const char *start = p.short_name;
-        while (*start && isspace((unsigned char)*start))
-            start++;
-        if (*start == '\0') {
-            LOG_WARN("Rejected ham short_name: must contain at least 1 non-whitespace character");
-            return;
+    const char *fieldsToCheck[] = {p.call_sign, p.short_name};
+    const char *fieldNames[] = {"call_sign", "short_name"};
+    for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+        if (*fieldsToCheck[i]) {
+            const char *start = fieldsToCheck[i];
+            while (*start && isspace((unsigned char)*start))
+                start++;
+            if (*start == '\0') {
+                LOG_WARN("Rejected ham %s: must contain at least 1 non-whitespace character", fieldNames[i]);
+                return;
+            }
        }
    }

@@ -60,7 +60,11 @@ class AdminModule : public ProtobufModule<meshtastic_AdminMessage>, public Obser
     */
    void handleSetOwner(const meshtastic_User &o);
    void handleSetChannel(const meshtastic_Channel &cc);
-    void handleSetConfig(const meshtastic_Config &c);
+
+  protected:
+    void handleSetConfig(const meshtastic_Config &c, bool fromOthers);
+
+  private:
    bool handleSetModuleConfig(const meshtastic_ModuleConfig &c);
    void handleSetChannel();
    void handleSetHamMode(const meshtastic_HamParameters &req);
@@ -38,6 +38,9 @@
 #include "modules/PowerStressModule.h"
 #endif
 #include "modules/RoutingModule.h"
+#if HAS_TRAFFIC_MANAGEMENT && !MESHTASTIC_EXCLUDE_TRAFFIC_MANAGEMENT
+#include "modules/TrafficManagementModule.h"
+#endif
 #include "modules/TextMessageModule.h"
 #if !MESHTASTIC_EXCLUDE_TRACEROUTE
 #include "modules/TraceRouteModule.h"
@@ -120,6 +123,14 @@ void setupModules()
 #if !MESHTASTIC_EXCLUDE_REPLYBOT
    new ReplyBotModule();
 #endif
+
+#if HAS_TRAFFIC_MANAGEMENT && !MESHTASTIC_EXCLUDE_TRAFFIC_MANAGEMENT
+    // Instantiate only when enabled to avoid extra memory use and background work.
+    if (moduleConfig.has_traffic_management && moduleConfig.traffic_management.enabled) {
+        trafficManagementModule = new TrafficManagementModule();
+    }
+#endif
+
 #if !MESHTASTIC_EXCLUDE_ADMIN
    adminModule = new AdminModule();
 #endif
@@ -20,10 +20,11 @@ bool RoutingModule::handleReceivedProtobuf(const meshtastic_MeshPacket &mp, mesh
        if ((nodeDB->getMeshNode(mp.from) == NULL || !nodeDB->getMeshNode(mp.from)->has_user) &&
            (nodeDB->getMeshNode(mp.to) == NULL || !nodeDB->getMeshNode(mp.to)->has_user))
            return false;
-    } else if (owner.is_licensed && nodeDB->getLicenseStatus(mp.from) == UserLicenseStatus::NotLicensed) {
-        // Don't let licensed users to rebroadcast packets from unlicensed users
+    } else if (owner.is_licensed && ((nodeDB->getLicenseStatus(mp.from) == UserLicenseStatus::NotLicensed) ||
+                                     (nodeDB->getLicenseStatus(mp.to) == UserLicenseStatus::NotLicensed))) {
+        // Don't let licensed users to rebroadcast packets to or from unlicensed users
        // If we know they are in-fact unlicensed
-        LOG_DEBUG("Packet from unlicensed user, ignoring packet");
+        LOG_DEBUG("Packet to or from unlicensed user, ignoring packet");
        return false;
    }

@@ -0,0 +1,434 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "MeshModule.h"
+#include "concurrency/Lock.h"
+#include "concurrency/OSThread.h"
+#include "mesh/generated/meshtastic/mesh.pb.h"
+#include "mesh/generated/meshtastic/telemetry.pb.h"
+
+#if HAS_TRAFFIC_MANAGEMENT
+
+/**
+ * TrafficManagementModule - Packet inspection and traffic shaping for mesh networks.
+ *
+ * This module provides:
+ * - Position deduplication (drop redundant position broadcasts)
+ * - Per-node rate limiting (throttle chatty nodes)
+ * - Unknown packet filtering (drop undecoded packets from repeat offenders)
+ * - NodeInfo direct response (answer queries from cache to reduce mesh chatter)
+ * - Local-only telemetry/position (exhaust hop_limit for local broadcasts)
+ * - Router hop preservation (maintain hop_limit for router-to-router traffic)
+ *
+ * Memory Optimization:
+ * Uses a unified cache with cuckoo hashing for O(1) lookups and 56% memory reduction
+ * compared to separate per-feature caches. Timestamps are stored as 8-bit relative
+ * offsets from a rolling epoch to further reduce memory footprint.
+ */
+class TrafficManagementModule : public MeshModule, private concurrency::OSThread
+{
+  public:
+    TrafficManagementModule();
+    ~TrafficManagementModule();
+
+    // Singleton — no copying or moving
+    TrafficManagementModule(const TrafficManagementModule &) = delete;
+    TrafficManagementModule &operator=(const TrafficManagementModule &) = delete;
+
+    meshtastic_TrafficManagementStats getStats() const;
+    void resetStats();
+    void recordRouterHopPreserved();
+
+    /**
+     * Check if this packet should have its hops exhausted.
+     * Called from perhapsRebroadcast() to force hop_limit = 0 regardless of
+     * router_preserve_hops or favorite node logic.
+     */
+    bool shouldExhaustHops(const meshtastic_MeshPacket &mp) const
+    {
+        return exhaustRequested && exhaustRequestedFrom == getFrom(&mp) && exhaustRequestedId == mp.id;
+    }
+
+  protected:
+    ProcessMessage handleReceived(const meshtastic_MeshPacket &mp) override;
+    bool wantPacket(const meshtastic_MeshPacket *p) override { return true; }
+    void alterReceived(meshtastic_MeshPacket &mp) override;
+    int32_t runOnce() override;
+    // Protected so test shims can force epoch rollover behavior.
+    void resetEpoch(uint32_t nowMs);
+
+  private:
+    // =========================================================================
+    // Unified Cache Entry (10 bytes) - Same for ALL platforms
+    // =========================================================================
+    //
+    // A single compact structure used across ESP32, NRF52, and all other platforms.
+    // Memory: 10 bytes × 2048 entries = 20KB
+    //
+    // Position Fingerprinting:
+    //   Instead of storing full coordinates (8 bytes) or a computed hash,
+    //   we store an 8-bit fingerprint derived deterministically from the
+    //   truncated lat/lon. This extracts the lower 4 significant bits from
+    //   each coordinate: fingerprint = (lat_low4 << 4) | lon_low4
+    //
+    //   Benefits over hash:
+    //   - Adjacent grid cells have sequential fingerprints (no collision)
+    //   - Two positions only collide if 16+ grid cells apart in BOTH dimensions
+    //   - Deterministic: same input always produces same output
+    //
+    // Adaptive Timestamp Resolution:
+    //   All timestamps use 8-bit values with adaptive resolution calculated
+    //   from config at startup. Resolution = max(60, min(339, interval/2)).
+    //   - Min 60 seconds ensures reasonable precision
+    //   - Max 339 seconds allows ~24 hour range (255 * 339 = 86445 sec)
+    //   - interval/2 ensures at least 2 ticks per configured interval
+    //
+    // Layout:
+    //   [0-3]   node            - NodeNum (4 bytes)
+    //   [4]     pos_fingerprint - 4 bits lat + 4 bits lon (1 byte)
+    //   [5]     rate_count      - Packets in current window (1 byte)
+    //   [6]     unknown_count   - Unknown packets count (1 byte)
+    //   [7]     pos_time        - Position timestamp (1 byte, adaptive resolution)
+    //   [8]     rate_time       - Rate window start (1 byte, adaptive resolution)
+    //   [9]     unknown_time    - Unknown tracking start (1 byte, adaptive resolution)
+    //
+    struct __attribute__((packed)) UnifiedCacheEntry {
+        NodeNum node;            // 4 bytes - Node identifier (0 = empty slot)
+        uint8_t pos_fingerprint; // 1 byte  - Lower 4 bits of lat + lon
+        uint8_t rate_count;      // 1 byte  - Packet count (saturates at 255)
+        uint8_t unknown_count;   // 1 byte  - Unknown packet count (saturates at 255)
+        uint8_t pos_time;        // 1 byte  - Position timestamp (adaptive resolution)
+        uint8_t rate_time;       // 1 byte  - Rate window start (adaptive resolution)
+        uint8_t unknown_time;    // 1 byte  - Unknown tracking start (adaptive resolution)
+    };
+    static_assert(sizeof(UnifiedCacheEntry) == 10, "UnifiedCacheEntry should be 10 bytes");
+
+    // =========================================================================
+    // Cuckoo Hash Table Implementation
+    // =========================================================================
+    //
+    // Cuckoo hashing provides O(1) worst-case lookup time using two hash functions.
+    // Each key can be in one of two possible locations (h1 or h2). On collision,
+    // the existing entry is "kicked" to its alternate location.
+    //
+    // Benefits over linear scan:
+    // - O(1) lookup vs O(n) - critical at packet processing rates
+    // - O(1) insertion (amortized) with simple eviction on cycles
+    // - ~95% load factor achievable
+    //
+    // Cache size rounds to power-of-2 for fast modulo via bitmask.
+    // TRAFFIC_MANAGEMENT_CACHE_SIZE=2000 → cacheSize()=2048
+    //
+    static constexpr uint16_t cacheSize();
+    static constexpr uint16_t cacheMask();
+
+    // Hash functions for cuckoo hashing
+    inline uint16_t cuckooHash1(NodeNum node) const { return node & cacheMask(); }
+    inline uint16_t cuckooHash2(NodeNum node) const { return ((node * 2654435769u) >> (32 - cuckooHashBits())) & cacheMask(); }
+    static constexpr uint8_t cuckooHashBits();
+
+    // NodeInfo cache configuration (PSRAM path):
+    // - Payload lives in PSRAM
+    // - DRAM keeps packed 12-bit tags with 4-way bucketed cuckoo hashing
+    //   (Fan et al., CoNEXT 2014). Tag value 0 is reserved as "empty".
+    static constexpr uint16_t kNodeInfoIndexMetadataBudgetBytes = 3072; // 3KB DRAM tag store
+    static constexpr uint8_t kNodeInfoTargetOccupancyPercent = 95;
+    static constexpr uint8_t kNodeInfoBucketSize = 4;
+    static constexpr uint8_t kNodeInfoTagBits = 12;
+    static constexpr uint16_t kNodeInfoTagMask = static_cast<uint16_t>((1u << kNodeInfoTagBits) - 1u);
+    static constexpr uint16_t kNodeInfoIndexSlotsRaw =
+        static_cast<uint16_t>((kNodeInfoIndexMetadataBudgetBytes * 8u) / kNodeInfoTagBits);
+    static constexpr uint16_t kNodeInfoIndexSlots =
+        static_cast<uint16_t>(kNodeInfoIndexSlotsRaw - (kNodeInfoIndexSlotsRaw % kNodeInfoBucketSize));
+    static constexpr uint16_t kNodeInfoTargetEntries =
+        static_cast<uint16_t>((kNodeInfoIndexSlots * kNodeInfoTargetOccupancyPercent) / 100u);
+    static_assert((kNodeInfoIndexSlots % kNodeInfoBucketSize) == 0, "NodeInfo slot count must align to bucket size");
+    static_assert(kNodeInfoTargetEntries < (1u << kNodeInfoTagBits), "NodeInfo tag bits must encode payload index");
+
+    static constexpr uint16_t nodeInfoTargetEntries();
+    static constexpr uint16_t nodeInfoIndexMetadataBudgetBytes();
+    static constexpr uint8_t nodeInfoTargetOccupancyPercent();
+    static constexpr uint8_t nodeInfoBucketSize();
+    static constexpr uint8_t nodeInfoTagBits();
+    static constexpr uint16_t nodeInfoTagMask();
+    static constexpr uint16_t nodeInfoIndexSlots();
+    static constexpr uint16_t nodeInfoBucketCount();
+    static constexpr uint16_t nodeInfoBucketMask();
+    static constexpr uint8_t nodeInfoBucketHashBits();
+    inline uint16_t nodeInfoHash1(NodeNum node) const { return node & nodeInfoBucketMask(); }
+    inline uint16_t nodeInfoHash2(NodeNum node) const
+    {
+        return ((node * 2246822519u) >> (32 - nodeInfoBucketHashBits())) & nodeInfoBucketMask();
+    }
+
+    // =========================================================================
+    // Adaptive Timestamp Resolution
+    // =========================================================================
+    //
+    // All timestamps use 8-bit values with adaptive resolution calculated from
+    // config at startup. This allows ~24 hour range while maintaining precision.
+    //
+    // Resolution formula: max(60, min(339, interval/2))
+    //   - 60 sec minimum ensures reasonable precision
+    //   - 339 sec maximum allows 24 hour range (255 * 339 ≈ 86400 sec)
+    //   - interval/2 ensures at least 2 ticks per configured interval
+    //
+    // Since config changes require reboot, resolution is calculated once.
+    //
+    uint32_t cacheEpochMs = 0;
+    uint16_t posTimeResolution = 60;     // Seconds per tick for position
+    uint16_t rateTimeResolution = 60;    // Seconds per tick for rate limiting
+    uint16_t unknownTimeResolution = 60; // Seconds per tick for unknown tracking
+
+    // Calculate resolution from configured interval (called once at startup)
+    static uint16_t calcTimeResolution(uint32_t intervalSecs)
+    {
+        // Resolution = interval/2 to ensure at least 2 ticks per interval
+        // Clamped to [60, 339] for min precision and max 24h range
+        uint32_t res = (intervalSecs > 0) ? (intervalSecs / 2) : 60;
+        if (res < 60)
+            res = 60;
+        if (res > 339)
+            res = 339;
+        return static_cast<uint16_t>(res);
+    }
+
+    // Convert to/from 8-bit relative timestamps with given resolution
+    uint8_t toRelativeTime(uint32_t nowMs, uint16_t resolutionSecs) const
+    {
+        uint32_t ticks = (nowMs - cacheEpochMs) / (resolutionSecs * 1000UL);
+        return (ticks > UINT8_MAX) ? UINT8_MAX : static_cast<uint8_t>(ticks);
+    }
+    uint32_t fromRelativeTime(uint8_t ticks, uint16_t resolutionSecs) const
+    {
+        return cacheEpochMs + (static_cast<uint32_t>(ticks) * resolutionSecs * 1000UL);
+    }
+
+    // Convenience wrappers for each timestamp type
+    uint8_t toRelativePosTime(uint32_t nowMs) const { return toRelativeTime(nowMs, posTimeResolution); }
+    uint32_t fromRelativePosTime(uint8_t t) const { return fromRelativeTime(t, posTimeResolution); }
+
+    uint8_t toRelativeRateTime(uint32_t nowMs) const { return toRelativeTime(nowMs, rateTimeResolution); }
+    uint32_t fromRelativeRateTime(uint8_t t) const { return fromRelativeTime(t, rateTimeResolution); }
+
+    uint8_t toRelativeUnknownTime(uint32_t nowMs) const { return toRelativeTime(nowMs, unknownTimeResolution); }
+    uint32_t fromRelativeUnknownTime(uint8_t t) const { return fromRelativeTime(t, unknownTimeResolution); }
+
+    // Epoch reset when any timestamp approaches overflow
+    // With max resolution of 339 sec, 200 ticks = ~19 hours (safe margin for 24h max)
+    bool needsEpochReset(uint32_t nowMs) const
+    {
+        uint16_t maxRes = posTimeResolution;
+        if (rateTimeResolution > maxRes)
+            maxRes = rateTimeResolution;
+        if (unknownTimeResolution > maxRes)
+            maxRes = unknownTimeResolution;
+        return (nowMs - cacheEpochMs) > (200UL * maxRes * 1000UL);
+    }
+    // =========================================================================
+    // Position Fingerprint
+    // =========================================================================
+    //
+    // Computes 8-bit fingerprint from truncated lat/lon coordinates.
+    // Extracts lower 4 significant bits from each coordinate.
+    //
+    // fingerprint = (lat_low4 << 4) | lon_low4
+    //
+    // Unlike a hash, adjacent grid cells have sequential fingerprints,
+    // so nearby positions never collide. Collisions only occur for
+    // positions 16+ grid cells apart in both dimensions.
+    //
+    // Guards: If precision < 4 bits, uses min(precision, 4) bits.
+    //
+    static uint8_t computePositionFingerprint(int32_t lat_truncated, int32_t lon_truncated, uint8_t precision);
+
+    // =========================================================================
+    // Cache Storage
+    // =========================================================================
+
+    mutable concurrency::Lock cacheLock; // Protects all cache access
+    UnifiedCacheEntry *cache = nullptr;  // Cuckoo hash table (unified for all platforms)
+    bool cacheFromPsram = false;         // Tracks allocator for correct deallocation
+
+    struct NodeInfoPayloadEntry {
+        // Node identifier associated with this payload slot.
+        // 0 means the slot is currently unused.
+        NodeNum node;
+
+        // Cached NODEINFO_APP payload body. This is separate from NodeDB and is only
+        // used by the PSRAM-backed direct-response path in this module.
+        meshtastic_User user;
+
+        // Extra response metadata captured from the latest observed NODEINFO_APP
+        // packet for this node. shouldRespondToNodeInfo() uses this metadata when
+        // building spoofed replies for requesting clients.
+
+        // Last local uptime tick (millis) when this entry was refreshed.
+        uint32_t lastObservedMs;
+
+        // Last RTC/packet timestamp (seconds) observed for this NodeInfo frame.
+        // If unavailable in packet, remains 0.
+        uint32_t lastObservedRxTime;
+
+        // Channel where we most recently heard this node's NodeInfo.
+        uint8_t sourceChannel;
+
+        // Cached decoded bitfield metadata from the source packet.
+        // We preserve non-OK_TO_MQTT bits in direct replies when available.
+        bool hasDecodedBitfield;
+        uint8_t decodedBitfield;
+    };
+
+    NodeInfoPayloadEntry *nodeInfoPayload = nullptr; // NodeInfo payloads in PSRAM
+    bool nodeInfoPayloadFromPsram = false;           // Tracks allocator for correct deallocation
+    uint8_t *nodeInfoIndex = nullptr;                // Packed 12-bit NodeInfo tags in DRAM
+    uint16_t nodeInfoAllocHint = 0;
+    uint16_t nodeInfoEvictCursor = 0;
+
+    meshtastic_TrafficManagementStats stats;
+
+    // Flag set during alterReceived() when packet should be exhausted.
+    // Checked by perhapsRebroadcast() to force hop_limit = 0 only for the
+    // matching packet key (from + id). Reset at start of handleReceived().
+    bool exhaustRequested = false;
+    NodeNum exhaustRequestedFrom = 0;
+    PacketId exhaustRequestedId = 0;
+
+    // =========================================================================
+    // Cache Operations
+    // =========================================================================
+
+    // Find or create entry for node using cuckoo hashing
+    // Returns nullptr if cache is full and eviction fails
+    UnifiedCacheEntry *findOrCreateEntry(NodeNum node, bool *isNew);
+
+    // Find existing entry (no creation)
+    UnifiedCacheEntry *findEntry(NodeNum node);
+
+    // NodeInfo cache operations (bucketed cuckoo index + PSRAM payloads)
+    const NodeInfoPayloadEntry *findNodeInfoEntry(NodeNum node) const;
+    NodeInfoPayloadEntry *findOrCreateNodeInfoEntry(NodeNum node, bool *usedEmptySlot);
+    uint16_t findNodeInfoPayloadIndex(NodeNum node) const;
+    bool removeNodeInfoIndexEntry(NodeNum node, uint16_t payloadIndex);
+    uint16_t allocateNodeInfoPayloadSlot();
+    uint16_t evictNodeInfoPayloadSlot();
+    bool tryInsertNodeInfoEntryInBucket(uint16_t bucket, uint16_t tag);
+    uint16_t encodeNodeInfoTag(uint16_t payloadIndex) const;
+    uint16_t decodeNodeInfoPayloadIndex(uint16_t tag) const;
+    uint16_t getNodeInfoTag(uint16_t slot) const;
+    void setNodeInfoTag(uint16_t slot, uint16_t tag);
+    uint16_t countNodeInfoEntriesLocked() const;
+    void cacheNodeInfoPacket(const meshtastic_MeshPacket &mp);
+
+    // =========================================================================
+    // Traffic Management Logic
+    // =========================================================================
+
+    bool shouldDropPosition(const meshtastic_MeshPacket *p, const meshtastic_Position *pos, uint32_t nowMs);
+    bool shouldRespondToNodeInfo(const meshtastic_MeshPacket *p, bool sendResponse);
+    bool isMinHopsFromRequestor(const meshtastic_MeshPacket *p) const;
+    bool isRateLimited(NodeNum from, uint32_t nowMs);
+    bool shouldDropUnknown(const meshtastic_MeshPacket *p, uint32_t nowMs);
+
+    void logAction(const char *action, const meshtastic_MeshPacket *p, const char *reason) const;
+    void incrementStat(uint32_t *field);
+};
+
+// =========================================================================
+// Compile-time Cache Size Calculations
+// =========================================================================
+//
+// Round TRAFFIC_MANAGEMENT_CACHE_SIZE up to next power of 2 for efficient
+// cuckoo hash indexing (allows bitmask instead of modulo).
+//
+// These use C++11-compatible constexpr (single return statement).
+//
+
+namespace detail
+{
+// Helper: round up to next power of 2 using bit manipulation
+constexpr uint16_t nextPow2(uint16_t n)
+{
+    return n == 0 ? 0 : (((n - 1) | ((n - 1) >> 1) | ((n - 1) >> 2) | ((n - 1) >> 4) | ((n - 1) >> 8)) + 1);
+}
+
+// Helper: floor(log2(n)) for n >= 0, C++11-compatible constexpr.
+constexpr uint8_t log2Floor(uint16_t n)
+{
+    return n <= 1 ? 0 : static_cast<uint8_t>(1 + log2Floor(static_cast<uint16_t>(n >> 1)));
+}
+
+// Helper: ceil(log2(n)) for n >= 1, C++11-compatible constexpr.
+constexpr uint8_t log2Ceil(uint16_t n)
+{
+    return n <= 1 ? 0 : static_cast<uint8_t>(1 + log2Floor(static_cast<uint16_t>(n - 1)));
+}
+} // namespace detail
+
+constexpr uint16_t TrafficManagementModule::cacheSize()
+{
+    return detail::nextPow2(TRAFFIC_MANAGEMENT_CACHE_SIZE);
+}
+
+constexpr uint16_t TrafficManagementModule::cacheMask()
+{
+    return cacheSize() > 0 ? cacheSize() - 1 : 0;
+}
+
+constexpr uint8_t TrafficManagementModule::cuckooHashBits()
+{
+    return detail::log2Floor(cacheSize());
+}
+
+constexpr uint16_t TrafficManagementModule::nodeInfoTargetEntries()
+{
+    return kNodeInfoTargetEntries;
+}
+
+constexpr uint16_t TrafficManagementModule::nodeInfoIndexMetadataBudgetBytes()
+{
+    return kNodeInfoIndexMetadataBudgetBytes;
+}
+
+constexpr uint8_t TrafficManagementModule::nodeInfoTargetOccupancyPercent()
+{
+    return kNodeInfoTargetOccupancyPercent;
+}
+
+constexpr uint8_t TrafficManagementModule::nodeInfoBucketSize()
+{
+    return kNodeInfoBucketSize;
+}
+
+constexpr uint8_t TrafficManagementModule::nodeInfoTagBits()
+{
+    return kNodeInfoTagBits;
+}
+
+constexpr uint16_t TrafficManagementModule::nodeInfoTagMask()
+{
+    return kNodeInfoTagMask;
+}
+
+constexpr uint16_t TrafficManagementModule::nodeInfoIndexSlots()
+{
+    return kNodeInfoIndexSlots;
+}
+
+constexpr uint16_t TrafficManagementModule::nodeInfoBucketCount()
+{
+    return static_cast<uint16_t>(nodeInfoIndexSlots() / nodeInfoBucketSize());
+}
+
+constexpr uint16_t TrafficManagementModule::nodeInfoBucketMask()
+{
+    return nodeInfoBucketCount() > 0 ? nodeInfoBucketCount() - 1 : 0;
+}
+
+constexpr uint8_t TrafficManagementModule::nodeInfoBucketHashBits()
+{
+    return detail::log2Floor(nodeInfoBucketCount());
+}
+
+extern TrafficManagementModule *trafficManagementModule;
+
+#endif
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ AudioModule::AudioModule() : SinglePortModule("Audio", meshtastic_PortNum_AUDIO_
    // moduleConfig.audio.i2s_sck = 14;
    // moduleConfig.audio.ptt_pin = 39;

-    if ((moduleConfig.audio.codec2_enabled) && (myRegion->audioPermitted)) {
+    if ((moduleConfig.audio.codec2_enabled) && (myRegion->profile->audioPermitted)) {
        LOG_INFO("Set up codec2 in mode %u", (moduleConfig.audio.bitrate ? moduleConfig.audio.bitrate : AUDIO_MODULE_MODE) - 1);
        codec2 = codec2_create((moduleConfig.audio.bitrate ? moduleConfig.audio.bitrate : AUDIO_MODULE_MODE) - 1);
        memcpy(tx_header.magic, c2_magic, sizeof(c2_magic));
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ void AudioModule::drawFrame(OLEDDisplay *display, OLEDDisplayUiState *state, int

 int32_t AudioModule::runOnce()
 {
-    if ((moduleConfig.audio.codec2_enabled) && (myRegion->audioPermitted)) {
+    if ((moduleConfig.audio.codec2_enabled) && (myRegion->profile->audioPermitted)) {
        esp_err_t res;
        if (firstTime) {
            // Set up I2S Processor configuration. This will produce 16bit samples at 8 kHz instead of 12 from the ADC
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ void AudioModule::sendPayload(NodeNum dest, bool wantReplies)

 ProcessMessage AudioModule::handleReceived(const meshtastic_MeshPacket &mp)
 {
-    if ((moduleConfig.audio.codec2_enabled) && (myRegion->audioPermitted)) {
+    if ((moduleConfig.audio.codec2_enabled) && (myRegion->profile->audioPermitted)) {
        auto &p = mp.decoded;
        if (!isFromUs(&mp)) {
            memcpy(rx_encode_frame, p.payload.bytes, p.payload.size);
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+#include "Nrf52SaadcLock.h"
+#include "concurrency/Lock.h"
+#include "configuration.h"
+
+#ifdef ARCH_NRF52
+
+namespace concurrency
+{
+static Lock nrf52SaadcLockInstance;
+Lock *nrf52SaadcLock = &nrf52SaadcLockInstance;
+} // namespace concurrency
+
+#endif
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#ifdef ARCH_NRF52
+
+namespace concurrency
+{
+class Lock;
+/** Shared mutex for SAADC configuration and reads (VDD + battery analog path). */
+extern Lock *nrf52SaadcLock;
+} // namespace concurrency
+
+#endif
@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@
 #include "power.h"
 #include <power/PowerHAL.h>

+#include "Nrf52SaadcLock.h"
+#include "concurrency/LockGuard.h"
 #include <hal/nrf_lpcomp.h>

 #ifdef BQ25703A_ADDR
@@ -51,6 +53,10 @@ uint16_t getVDDVoltage();
 void variant_shutdown() __attribute__((weak));
 void variant_shutdown() {}

+// Optional variant hook called each nrf52Loop(); e.g. for low-VDD System OFF.
+void variant_nrf52LoopHook(void) __attribute__((weak));
+void variant_nrf52LoopHook(void) {}
+
 static nrfx_wdt_t nrfx_wdt = NRFX_WDT_INSTANCE(0);
 static nrfx_wdt_channel_id nrfx_wdt_channel_id_nrf52_main;

@@ -74,11 +80,18 @@ bool powerHAL_isVBUSConnected()

 bool powerHAL_isPowerLevelSafe()
 {
-
    static bool powerLevelSafe = true;

-    uint16_t threshold = SAFE_VDD_VOLTAGE_THRESHOLD * 1000; // convert V to mV
-    uint16_t hysteresis = SAFE_VDD_VOLTAGE_THRESHOLD_HYST * 1000;
+#ifdef SAFE_VDD_VOLTAGE_THRESHOLD_MV
+    uint16_t threshold = SAFE_VDD_VOLTAGE_THRESHOLD_MV;
+#else
+    uint16_t threshold = (uint16_t)(SAFE_VDD_VOLTAGE_THRESHOLD * 1000.0f + 0.5f); // convert V to mV
+#endif
+#ifdef SAFE_VDD_VOLTAGE_THRESHOLD_HYST_MV
+    uint16_t hysteresis = SAFE_VDD_VOLTAGE_THRESHOLD_HYST_MV;
+#else
+    uint16_t hysteresis = (uint16_t)(SAFE_VDD_VOLTAGE_THRESHOLD_HYST * 1000.0f + 0.5f);
+#endif

    if (powerLevelSafe) {
        if (getVDDVoltage() < threshold) {
@@ -125,11 +138,12 @@ void powerHAL_platformInit()
 // get VDD voltage (in millivolts)
 uint16_t getVDDVoltage()
 {
-    // we use the same values as regular battery read so there is no conflict on SAADC
+    concurrency::LockGuard guard(concurrency::nrf52SaadcLock);
+
+    // Match battery read resolution; SAADC is shared with AnalogBatteryLevel in Power.cpp.
    analogReadResolution(BATTERY_SENSE_RESOLUTION_BITS);

    // VDD range on NRF52840 is 1.8-3.3V so we need to remap analog reference to 3.6V
-    // let's hope battery reading runs in same task and we don't have race condition
    analogReference(AR_INTERNAL);

    uint16_t vddADCRead = analogReadVDD();
@@ -326,6 +340,8 @@ void nrf52Loop()

    checkSDEvents();
    reportLittleFSCorruptionOnce();
+
+    variant_nrf52LoopHook(); // Optional variant hook called each nrf52Loop();
 }

 #ifdef USE_SEMIHOSTING
@@ -0,0 +1,814 @@
+/**
+ * Tests for the radio configuration validation and clamping functions
+ * introduced in the radio_interface_cherrypick branch.
+ *
+ * Targets:
+ *  1. getRegion()
+ *  2. RadioInterface::validateConfigRegion()
+ *  3. RadioInterface::validateConfigLora()
+ *  4. RadioInterface::clampConfigLora()
+ *  5. RegionInfo preset lists (PRESETS_STD, PRESETS_EU_868, PRESETS_UNDEF)
+ *  6. Channel spacing calculation (placeholder for future protobuf changes)
+ */
+
+#include "MeshRadio.h"
+#include "MeshService.h"
+#include "NodeDB.h"
+#include "RadioInterface.h"
+#include "TestUtil.h"
+#include "modules/AdminModule.h"
+#include <unity.h>
+
+#include "meshtastic/config.pb.h"
+
+class MockMeshService : public MeshService
+{
+  public:
+    void sendClientNotification(meshtastic_ClientNotification *n) override { releaseClientNotificationToPool(n); }
+};
+
+static MockMeshService *mockMeshService;
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+// getRegion() tests
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+extern const RegionInfo *getRegion(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode code);
+
+static void test_getRegion_returnsCorrectRegion_US()
+{
+    const RegionInfo *r = getRegion(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_US);
+    TEST_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(r);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_US, r->code);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL_STRING("US", r->name);
+}
+
+static void test_getRegion_returnsCorrectRegion_EU868()
+{
+    const RegionInfo *r = getRegion(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_EU_868);
+    TEST_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(r);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_EU_868, r->code);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL_STRING("EU_868", r->name);
+}
+
+static void test_getRegion_returnsCorrectRegion_LORA24()
+{
+    const RegionInfo *r = getRegion(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_LORA_24);
+    TEST_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(r);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_LORA_24, r->code);
+    TEST_ASSERT_TRUE(r->wideLora);
+}
+
+static void test_getRegion_unsetCodeReturnsUnsetEntry()
+{
+    const RegionInfo *r = getRegion(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_UNSET);
+    TEST_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(r);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_UNSET, r->code);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL_STRING("UNSET", r->name);
+}
+
+static void test_getRegion_unknownCodeFallsToUnset()
+{
+    // A code not in the table should iterate to the UNSET sentinel
+    const RegionInfo *r = getRegion((meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode)255);
+    TEST_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(r);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_UNSET, r->code);
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+// validateConfigRegion() tests
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+static void test_validateConfigRegion_validRegionReturnsTrue()
+{
+    meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig cfg = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_init_zero;
+    cfg.region = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_US;
+
+    // Ensure owner is not licensed (should not matter for non-licensed-only regions)
+    devicestate.owner.is_licensed = false;
+
+    TEST_ASSERT_TRUE(RadioInterface::validateConfigRegion(cfg));
+}
+
+static void test_validateConfigRegion_unsetRegionReturnsTrue()
+{
+    meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig cfg = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_init_zero;
+    cfg.region = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_UNSET;
+
+    devicestate.owner.is_licensed = false;
+
+    // UNSET region has licensedOnly=false, so should pass
+    TEST_ASSERT_TRUE(RadioInterface::validateConfigRegion(cfg));
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Shadow tables for testing (preset lists → profiles → regions → lookup)
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// A minimal preset list with only one entry
+static const meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset TEST_PRESETS_SINGLE[] = {
+    meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_LONG_FAST,
+    MODEM_PRESET_END,
+};
+
+// A preset list that includes all turbo variants only
+static const meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset TEST_PRESETS_TURBO_ONLY[] = {
+    meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_SHORT_TURBO,
+    meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_LONG_TURBO,
+    MODEM_PRESET_END,
+};
+
+// A restricted list simulating a hypothetical tight-regulation region
+static const meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset TEST_PRESETS_RESTRICTED[] = {
+    meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_LONG_SLOW,
+    meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_LONG_MODERATE,
+    MODEM_PRESET_END,
+};
+
+// Mirrors PROFILE_STD but with non-zero spacing/padding for testing
+static const RegionProfile TEST_PROFILE_SPACED = {
+    TEST_PRESETS_SINGLE,
+    /* spacing */ 0.025f,
+    /* padding */ 0.010f,
+    /* audioPermitted */ true,
+    /* licensedOnly */ false,
+    /* textThrottle */ 0,
+    /* positionThrottle */ 0,
+    /* telemetryThrottle */ 0,
+    /* overrideSlot */ 0,
+};
+
+// A licensed-only profile for testing access control
+static const RegionProfile TEST_PROFILE_LICENSED = {
+    TEST_PRESETS_RESTRICTED,
+    /* spacing */ 0.0f,
+    /* padding */ 0.0f,
+    /* audioPermitted */ false,
+    /* licensedOnly */ true,
+    /* textThrottle */ 5,
+    /* positionThrottle */ 10,
+    /* telemetryThrottle */ 10,
+    /* overrideSlot */ 3,
+};
+
+// Turbo-only profile
+static const RegionProfile TEST_PROFILE_TURBO = {
+    TEST_PRESETS_TURBO_ONLY,
+    /* spacing */ 0.0f,
+    /* padding */ 0.0f,
+    /* audioPermitted */ true,
+    /* licensedOnly */ false,
+    /* textThrottle */ 0,
+    /* positionThrottle */ 0,
+    /* telemetryThrottle */ 0,
+    /* overrideSlot */ 0,
+};
+
+static const RegionInfo testRegions[] = {
+    // A wide US-like region with spacing + padding
+    {meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_US, 902.0f, 928.0f, 100, 30, false, false, &TEST_PROFILE_SPACED, "TEST_US_SPACED"},
+
+    // A narrow band simulating tight EU regulation
+    {meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_EU_868, 869.4f, 869.65f, 10, 14, false, false, &TEST_PROFILE_LICENSED,
+     "TEST_EU_LICENSED"},
+
+    // A wide-LoRa region with turbo-only presets
+    {meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_LORA_24, 2400.0f, 2483.5f, 100, 10, false, true, &TEST_PROFILE_TURBO,
+     "TEST_LORA24_TURBO"},
+
+    // Sentinel — must be last
+    {meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_UNSET, 902.0f, 928.0f, 100, 30, false, false, &TEST_PROFILE_SPACED, "TEST_UNSET"},
+};
+
+static const RegionInfo *getTestRegion(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode code)
+{
+    const RegionInfo *r = testRegions;
+    while (r->code != meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_UNSET) {
+        if (r->code == code)
+            return r;
+        r++;
+    }
+    return r; // Returns the UNSET sentinel
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Shadow table tests
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+static void test_shadowTable_spacedProfileHasNonZeroSpacing()
+{
+    const RegionInfo *r = getTestRegion(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_US);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL_STRING("TEST_US_SPACED", r->name);
+    TEST_ASSERT_FLOAT_WITHIN(0.001f, 0.025f, r->profile->spacing);
+    TEST_ASSERT_FLOAT_WITHIN(0.001f, 0.010f, r->profile->padding);
+}
+
+static void test_shadowTable_licensedProfileFlagsCorrect()
+{
+    const RegionInfo *r = getTestRegion(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_EU_868);
+    TEST_ASSERT_TRUE(r->profile->licensedOnly);
+    TEST_ASSERT_FALSE(r->profile->audioPermitted);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(3, r->profile->overrideSlot);
+}
+
+static void test_shadowTable_presetCountMatchesExpected()
+{
+    const RegionInfo *spaced = getTestRegion(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_US);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(1, spaced->getNumPresets());
+
+    const RegionInfo *licensed = getTestRegion(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_EU_868);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(2, licensed->getNumPresets());
+
+    const RegionInfo *turbo = getTestRegion(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_LORA_24);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(2, turbo->getNumPresets());
+}
+
+static void test_shadowTable_defaultPresetIsFirstInList()
+{
+    const RegionInfo *spaced = getTestRegion(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_US);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_LONG_FAST, spaced->getDefaultPreset());
+
+    const RegionInfo *licensed = getTestRegion(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_EU_868);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_LONG_SLOW, licensed->getDefaultPreset());
+
+    const RegionInfo *turbo = getTestRegion(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_LORA_24);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_SHORT_TURBO, turbo->getDefaultPreset());
+}
+
+static void test_shadowTable_channelSpacingWithPadding()
+{
+    // Verify channel count when spacing + padding are non-zero
+    const RegionInfo *r = getTestRegion(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_US);
+    float bw = modemPresetToBwKHz(r->getDefaultPreset(), r->wideLora);
+    float channelSpacing = r->profile->spacing + (r->profile->padding * 2) + (bw / 1000.0f);
+
+    // spacing=0.025, padding=0.010*2=0.020, bw=250kHz=0.250
+    // channelSpacing = 0.025 + 0.020 + 0.250 = 0.295 MHz
+    TEST_ASSERT_FLOAT_WITHIN(0.001f, 0.295f, channelSpacing);
+
+    uint32_t numChannels = (uint32_t)(((r->freqEnd - r->freqStart + r->profile->spacing) / channelSpacing) + 0.5f);
+    // (928 - 902 + 0.025) / 0.295 = 88.2 → 88
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL_UINT32(88, numChannels);
+}
+
+static void test_shadowTable_turboOnlyOnWideLora()
+{
+    const RegionInfo *r = getTestRegion(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_LORA_24);
+    TEST_ASSERT_TRUE(r->wideLora);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_SHORT_TURBO, r->getDefaultPreset());
+
+    // Verify wide-LoRa bandwidth for SHORT_TURBO
+    float bw = modemPresetToBwKHz(r->getDefaultPreset(), r->wideLora);
+    TEST_ASSERT_FLOAT_WITHIN(0.1f, 1625.0f, bw); // 1625 kHz in wide mode
+}
+
+static void test_shadowTable_unknownCodeFallsToSentinel()
+{
+    const RegionInfo *r = getTestRegion((meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode)200);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_UNSET, r->code);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL_STRING("TEST_UNSET", r->name);
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+// validateConfigLora() tests
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+static void test_validateConfigLora_validPresetForUS()
+{
+    meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig cfg = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_init_zero;
+    cfg.region = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_US;
+    cfg.use_preset = true;
+    cfg.modem_preset = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_LONG_FAST;
+
+    TEST_ASSERT_TRUE(RadioInterface::validateConfigLora(cfg));
+}
+
+static void test_validateConfigLora_allStdPresetsValidForUS()
+{
+    meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset stdPresets[] = {
+        meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_LONG_FAST,     meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_LONG_SLOW,
+        meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_MEDIUM_SLOW,   meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_MEDIUM_FAST,
+        meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_SHORT_SLOW,    meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_SHORT_FAST,
+        meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_LONG_MODERATE, meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_SHORT_TURBO,
+        meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_LONG_TURBO,
+    };
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(stdPresets) / sizeof(stdPresets[0]); i++) {
+        meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig cfg = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_init_zero;
+        cfg.region = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_US;
+        cfg.use_preset = true;
+        cfg.modem_preset = stdPresets[i];
+        TEST_ASSERT_TRUE_MESSAGE(RadioInterface::validateConfigLora(cfg), "Expected valid preset for US");
+    }
+}
+
+static void test_validateConfigLora_turboPresetsInvalidForEU868()
+{
+    // EU_868 has PRESETS_EU_868 which excludes SHORT_TURBO and LONG_TURBO
+    meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig cfg = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_init_zero;
+    cfg.region = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_EU_868;
+    cfg.use_preset = true;
+
+    cfg.modem_preset = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_SHORT_TURBO;
+    TEST_ASSERT_FALSE_MESSAGE(RadioInterface::validateConfigLora(cfg), "SHORT_TURBO should be invalid for EU_868");
+
+    cfg.modem_preset = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_LONG_TURBO;
+    TEST_ASSERT_FALSE_MESSAGE(RadioInterface::validateConfigLora(cfg), "LONG_TURBO should be invalid for EU_868");
+}
+
+static void test_validateConfigLora_validPresetsForEU868()
+{
+    meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset eu868Presets[] = {
+        meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_LONG_FAST,     meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_LONG_SLOW,
+        meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_MEDIUM_SLOW,   meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_MEDIUM_FAST,
+        meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_SHORT_SLOW,    meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_SHORT_FAST,
+        meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_LONG_MODERATE,
+    };
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(eu868Presets) / sizeof(eu868Presets[0]); i++) {
+        meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig cfg = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_init_zero;
+        cfg.region = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_EU_868;
+        cfg.use_preset = true;
+        cfg.modem_preset = eu868Presets[i];
+        TEST_ASSERT_TRUE_MESSAGE(RadioInterface::validateConfigLora(cfg), "Expected valid preset for EU_868");
+    }
+}
+
+static void test_validateConfigLora_customBandwidthTooWideForEU868()
+{
+    // EU_868 spans 869.4 - 869.65 = 0.25 MHz = 250 kHz
+    // A 500 kHz custom BW should be rejected
+    meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig cfg = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_init_zero;
+    cfg.region = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_EU_868;
+    cfg.use_preset = false;
+    cfg.bandwidth = 500;
+    cfg.spread_factor = 11;
+    cfg.coding_rate = 5;
+
+    TEST_ASSERT_FALSE(RadioInterface::validateConfigLora(cfg));
+}
+
+static void test_validateConfigLora_customBandwidthFitsUS()
+{
+    // US spans 902 - 928 = 26 MHz, so 250 kHz BW fits easily
+    meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig cfg = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_init_zero;
+    cfg.region = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_US;
+    cfg.use_preset = false;
+    cfg.bandwidth = 250;
+    cfg.spread_factor = 11;
+    cfg.coding_rate = 5;
+
+    TEST_ASSERT_TRUE(RadioInterface::validateConfigLora(cfg));
+}
+
+static void test_validateConfigLora_customBandwidthFitsEU868()
+{
+    // EU_868 spans 250 kHz, 125 kHz BW should fit
+    meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig cfg = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_init_zero;
+    cfg.region = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_EU_868;
+    cfg.use_preset = false;
+    cfg.bandwidth = 125;
+    cfg.spread_factor = 12;
+    cfg.coding_rate = 8;
+
+    TEST_ASSERT_TRUE(RadioInterface::validateConfigLora(cfg));
+}
+
+static void test_validateConfigLora_bogusPresetRejected()
+{
+    // A fabricated preset value not in any list should be rejected
+    meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig cfg = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_init_zero;
+    cfg.region = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_US;
+    cfg.use_preset = true;
+    cfg.modem_preset = (meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset)99;
+
+    TEST_ASSERT_FALSE(RadioInterface::validateConfigLora(cfg));
+}
+
+static void test_validateConfigLora_unsetRegionOnlyAcceptsLongFast()
+{
+    // UNSET uses PROFILE_UNDEF which has only LONG_FAST
+    meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig cfg = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_init_zero;
+    cfg.region = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_UNSET;
+    cfg.use_preset = true;
+
+    cfg.modem_preset = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_LONG_FAST;
+    TEST_ASSERT_TRUE_MESSAGE(RadioInterface::validateConfigLora(cfg), "LONG_FAST should be valid for UNSET");
+
+    cfg.modem_preset = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_MEDIUM_FAST;
+    TEST_ASSERT_FALSE_MESSAGE(RadioInterface::validateConfigLora(cfg), "MEDIUM_FAST should be invalid for UNSET");
+
+    cfg.modem_preset = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_SHORT_TURBO;
+    TEST_ASSERT_FALSE_MESSAGE(RadioInterface::validateConfigLora(cfg), "SHORT_TURBO should be invalid for UNSET");
+}
+
+static void test_validateConfigLora_allPresetsValidForLORA24()
+{
+    // LORA_24 uses PROFILE_STD (9 presets) with wideLora=true
+    meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset stdPresets[] = {
+        meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_LONG_FAST,     meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_LONG_SLOW,
+        meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_MEDIUM_SLOW,   meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_MEDIUM_FAST,
+        meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_SHORT_SLOW,    meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_SHORT_FAST,
+        meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_LONG_MODERATE, meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_SHORT_TURBO,
+        meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_LONG_TURBO,
+    };
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(stdPresets) / sizeof(stdPresets[0]); i++) {
+        meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig cfg = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_init_zero;
+        cfg.region = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_LORA_24;
+        cfg.use_preset = true;
+        cfg.modem_preset = stdPresets[i];
+        TEST_ASSERT_TRUE_MESSAGE(RadioInterface::validateConfigLora(cfg), "Expected valid preset for LORA_24");
+    }
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+// clampConfigLora() tests
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+static void test_clampConfigLora_invalidPresetClampedToDefault()
+{
+    meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig cfg = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_init_zero;
+    cfg.region = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_EU_868;
+    cfg.use_preset = true;
+    cfg.modem_preset = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_SHORT_TURBO; // not in EU_868 preset list
+
+    RadioInterface::clampConfigLora(cfg);
+
+    const RegionInfo *eu868 = getRegion(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_EU_868);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(eu868->getDefaultPreset(), cfg.modem_preset);
+}
+
+static void test_clampConfigLora_validPresetUnchanged()
+{
+    meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig cfg = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_init_zero;
+    cfg.region = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_US;
+    cfg.use_preset = true;
+    cfg.modem_preset = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_MEDIUM_FAST;
+
+    RadioInterface::clampConfigLora(cfg);
+
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_MEDIUM_FAST, cfg.modem_preset);
+}
+
+static void test_clampConfigLora_customBwTooWideClampedToDefaultBw()
+{
+    // EU_868 span is 250kHz. A 500kHz custom BW should be clamped to default preset BW.
+    meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig cfg = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_init_zero;
+    cfg.region = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_EU_868;
+    cfg.use_preset = false;
+    cfg.bandwidth = 500;
+    cfg.spread_factor = 11;
+    cfg.coding_rate = 5;
+
+    RadioInterface::clampConfigLora(cfg);
+
+    const RegionInfo *eu868 = getRegion(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_EU_868);
+    float expectedBw = modemPresetToBwKHz(eu868->getDefaultPreset(), eu868->wideLora);
+    TEST_ASSERT_FLOAT_WITHIN(0.01f, expectedBw, (float)cfg.bandwidth);
+}
+
+static void test_clampConfigLora_customBwValidLeftUnchanged()
+{
+    meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig cfg = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_init_zero;
+    cfg.region = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_US;
+    cfg.use_preset = false;
+    cfg.bandwidth = 125;
+    cfg.spread_factor = 12;
+    cfg.coding_rate = 8;
+
+    RadioInterface::clampConfigLora(cfg);
+
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL_UINT16(125, cfg.bandwidth);
+}
+
+static void test_clampConfigLora_bogusPresetOnUnsetClampedToLongFast()
+{
+    // UNSET uses PROFILE_UNDEF with only LONG_FAST; any other preset should clamp to it
+    meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig cfg = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_init_zero;
+    cfg.region = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_UNSET;
+    cfg.use_preset = true;
+    cfg.modem_preset = (meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset)99;
+
+    RadioInterface::clampConfigLora(cfg);
+
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_LONG_FAST, cfg.modem_preset);
+}
+
+static void test_clampConfigLora_invalidPresetOnLORA24ClampedToDefault()
+{
+    // LORA_24 uses PROFILE_STD; a bogus preset should clamp to LONG_FAST (first in PRESETS_STD)
+    meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig cfg = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_init_zero;
+    cfg.region = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_LORA_24;
+    cfg.use_preset = true;
+    cfg.modem_preset = (meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset)99;
+
+    RadioInterface::clampConfigLora(cfg);
+
+    const RegionInfo *lora24 = getRegion(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_LORA_24);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(lora24->getDefaultPreset(), cfg.modem_preset);
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+// RegionInfo preset list integrity tests
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+static void test_presetsStd_hasNineEntries()
+{
+    // PROFILE_STD should have exactly 9 presets
+    const RegionInfo *us = getRegion(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_US);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(9, us->getNumPresets());
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL_PTR(PROFILE_STD.presets, us->getAvailablePresets());
+}
+
+static void test_presetsEU868_hasSevenEntries()
+{
+    const RegionInfo *eu = getRegion(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_EU_868);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(7, eu->getNumPresets());
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL_PTR(PROFILE_EU868.presets, eu->getAvailablePresets());
+}
+
+static void test_presetsUndef_hasOneEntry()
+{
+    const RegionInfo *unset = getRegion(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_UNSET);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(1, unset->getNumPresets());
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL_PTR(PROFILE_UNDEF.presets, unset->getAvailablePresets());
+}
+
+static void test_defaultPresetIsInAvailablePresets()
+{
+    // For every region, the defaultPreset must appear in its own availablePresets list
+    const RegionInfo *r = regions;
+    while (true) {
+        bool found = false;
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < r->getNumPresets(); i++) {
+            if (r->getAvailablePresets()[i] == r->getDefaultPreset()) {
+                found = true;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        char msg[80];
+        snprintf(msg, sizeof(msg), "Region %s defaultPreset not in availablePresets", r->name);
+        TEST_ASSERT_TRUE_MESSAGE(found, msg);
+
+        if (r->code == meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_UNSET)
+            break; // UNSET is the sentinel, stop after it
+        r++;
+    }
+}
+
+static void test_regionFieldsAreSane()
+{
+    // Basic sanity check: all regions have freqEnd > freqStart and a non-null name
+    const RegionInfo *r = regions;
+    while (true) {
+        char msg[80];
+        snprintf(msg, sizeof(msg), "Region %s: freqEnd must be > freqStart", r->name);
+        TEST_ASSERT_TRUE_MESSAGE(r->freqEnd > r->freqStart, msg);
+        TEST_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(r->name);
+        TEST_ASSERT_TRUE_MESSAGE(r->getNumPresets() > 0, "numPresets must be > 0");
+        TEST_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(r->getAvailablePresets());
+
+        if (r->code == meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_UNSET)
+            break;
+        r++;
+    }
+}
+
+static void test_onlyLORA24HasWideLora()
+{
+    // Verify that LORA_24 is the only region with wideLora=true
+    const RegionInfo *r = regions;
+    while (true) {
+        char msg[80];
+        if (r->code == meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_LORA_24) {
+            snprintf(msg, sizeof(msg), "Region %s should have wideLora=true", r->name);
+            TEST_ASSERT_TRUE_MESSAGE(r->wideLora, msg);
+        } else {
+            snprintf(msg, sizeof(msg), "Region %s should have wideLora=false", r->name);
+            TEST_ASSERT_FALSE_MESSAGE(r->wideLora, msg);
+        }
+
+        if (r->code == meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_UNSET)
+            break;
+        r++;
+    }
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Channel spacing calculation (placeholder for future protobuf updates)
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+static void test_channelSpacingCalculation_US_LONG_FAST()
+{
+    // Current formula: channelSpacing = spacing + (padding * 2) + (bw / 1000)
+    // US: spacing=0, padding=0
+    // LONG_FAST on non-wide region: bw=250 kHz
+    // channelSpacing = 0 + 0 + 0.250 = 0.250 MHz
+    // numChannels = round((928 - 902 + 0) / 0.250) = round(104) = 104
+    const RegionInfo *us = getRegion(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_US);
+    float bw = modemPresetToBwKHz(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_LONG_FAST, us->wideLora);
+    float channelSpacing = us->profile->spacing + (us->profile->padding * 2) + (bw / 1000.0f);
+    uint32_t numChannels = (uint32_t)(((us->freqEnd - us->freqStart + us->profile->spacing) / channelSpacing) + 0.5f);
+
+    TEST_ASSERT_FLOAT_WITHIN(0.001f, 0.250f, channelSpacing);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL_UINT32(104, numChannels);
+}
+
+static void test_channelSpacingCalculation_EU868_LONG_FAST()
+{
+    // EU_868: freqStart=869.4, freqEnd=869.65, spacing=0, padding=0
+    // LONG_FAST: bw=250 kHz => channelSpacing = 0.250 MHz
+    // numChannels = round((0.25 + 0) / 0.250) = 1
+    const RegionInfo *eu = getRegion(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_EU_868);
+    float bw = modemPresetToBwKHz(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_LONG_FAST, eu->wideLora);
+    float channelSpacing = eu->profile->spacing + (eu->profile->padding * 2) + (bw / 1000.0f);
+    uint32_t numChannels = (uint32_t)(((eu->freqEnd - eu->freqStart + eu->profile->spacing) / channelSpacing) + 0.5f);
+
+    TEST_ASSERT_FLOAT_WITHIN(0.001f, 0.250f, channelSpacing);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL_UINT32(1, numChannels);
+}
+
+// Placeholder: when protobuf region definitions include non-zero padding/spacing,
+// add tests here to verify the channel count and frequency calculations.
+static void test_channelSpacingCalculation_placeholder()
+{
+    // TODO: Once protobuf RegionInfo entries have non-zero padding or spacing values,
+    // verify:
+    //  - Channel count matches expected value for each (region, preset) pair
+    //  - First channel frequency = freqStart + (bw/2000) + padding
+    //  - Nth channel frequency = first + (n * channelSpacing)
+    //  - overrideSlot, when non-zero, forces the channel_num
+    TEST_PASS_MESSAGE("Placeholder for future channel spacing tests with updated protobuf region fields");
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+// handleSetConfig fromOthers dispatch tests
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class AdminModuleTestShim : public AdminModule
+{
+  public:
+    using AdminModule::handleSetConfig;
+};
+
+static AdminModuleTestShim *testAdmin;
+
+static meshtastic_Config makeLoraSetConfig(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode region, bool usePreset,
+                                           meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset preset)
+{
+    meshtastic_Config c = meshtastic_Config_init_zero;
+    c.which_payload_variant = meshtastic_Config_lora_tag;
+    c.payload_variant.lora.region = region;
+    c.payload_variant.lora.use_preset = usePreset;
+    c.payload_variant.lora.modem_preset = preset;
+    return c;
+}
+
+static void test_handleSetConfig_fromOthers_invalidPresetRejected()
+{
+    // Set up a known-good baseline in the global config
+    config.lora = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_init_zero;
+    config.lora.region = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_EU_868;
+    config.lora.use_preset = true;
+    config.lora.modem_preset = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_LONG_FAST;
+    initRegion();
+
+    // Build an admin set_config with an invalid preset for EU_868
+    meshtastic_Config c = makeLoraSetConfig(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_EU_868, true,
+                                            meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_SHORT_TURBO);
+
+    testAdmin->handleSetConfig(c, true); // fromOthers = true
+
+    // fromOthers=true: invalid preset should be rejected, old preset preserved
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_LONG_FAST, config.lora.modem_preset);
+}
+
+static void test_handleSetConfig_fromLocal_invalidPresetClamped()
+{
+    // Set up a known-good baseline
+    config.lora = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_init_zero;
+    config.lora.region = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_EU_868;
+    config.lora.use_preset = true;
+    config.lora.modem_preset = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_LONG_FAST;
+    initRegion();
+
+    // Build an admin set_config with an invalid preset for EU_868
+    meshtastic_Config c = makeLoraSetConfig(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_EU_868, true,
+                                            meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_SHORT_TURBO);
+
+    testAdmin->handleSetConfig(c, false); // fromOthers = false (local client)
+
+    // fromOthers=false: invalid preset should be clamped to the region's default
+    const RegionInfo *eu868 = getRegion(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_EU_868);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(eu868->getDefaultPreset(), config.lora.modem_preset);
+}
+
+static void test_handleSetConfig_fromOthers_validPresetAccepted()
+{
+    // Set up baseline
+    config.lora = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_init_zero;
+    config.lora.region = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_EU_868;
+    config.lora.use_preset = true;
+    config.lora.modem_preset = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_LONG_FAST;
+    initRegion();
+
+    // Build an admin set_config with a valid preset for EU_868
+    meshtastic_Config c = makeLoraSetConfig(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_EU_868, true,
+                                            meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_MEDIUM_FAST);
+
+    testAdmin->handleSetConfig(c, true); // fromOthers = true
+
+    // Valid preset should be accepted regardless of fromOthers
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_MEDIUM_FAST, config.lora.modem_preset);
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Test runner
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+void setUp(void)
+{
+    mockMeshService = new MockMeshService();
+    service = mockMeshService;
+    testAdmin = new AdminModuleTestShim();
+}
+void tearDown(void)
+{
+    service = nullptr;
+    delete mockMeshService;
+    mockMeshService = nullptr;
+    delete testAdmin;
+    testAdmin = nullptr;
+}
+
+void setup()
+{
+    delay(10);
+    delay(2000);
+
+    initializeTestEnvironment();
+
+    UNITY_BEGIN();
+
+    // getRegion()
+    RUN_TEST(test_getRegion_returnsCorrectRegion_US);
+    RUN_TEST(test_getRegion_returnsCorrectRegion_EU868);
+    RUN_TEST(test_getRegion_returnsCorrectRegion_LORA24);
+    RUN_TEST(test_getRegion_unsetCodeReturnsUnsetEntry);
+    RUN_TEST(test_getRegion_unknownCodeFallsToUnset);
+
+    // validateConfigRegion()
+    RUN_TEST(test_validateConfigRegion_validRegionReturnsTrue);
+    RUN_TEST(test_validateConfigRegion_unsetRegionReturnsTrue);
+
+    // Shadow table tests
+    RUN_TEST(test_shadowTable_spacedProfileHasNonZeroSpacing);
+    RUN_TEST(test_shadowTable_licensedProfileFlagsCorrect);
+    RUN_TEST(test_shadowTable_presetCountMatchesExpected);
+    RUN_TEST(test_shadowTable_defaultPresetIsFirstInList);
+    RUN_TEST(test_shadowTable_channelSpacingWithPadding);
+    RUN_TEST(test_shadowTable_turboOnlyOnWideLora);
+    RUN_TEST(test_shadowTable_unknownCodeFallsToSentinel);
+
+    // validateConfigLora()
+    RUN_TEST(test_validateConfigLora_validPresetForUS);
+    RUN_TEST(test_validateConfigLora_allStdPresetsValidForUS);
+    RUN_TEST(test_validateConfigLora_turboPresetsInvalidForEU868);
+    RUN_TEST(test_validateConfigLora_validPresetsForEU868);
+    RUN_TEST(test_validateConfigLora_customBandwidthTooWideForEU868);
+    RUN_TEST(test_validateConfigLora_customBandwidthFitsUS);
+    RUN_TEST(test_validateConfigLora_customBandwidthFitsEU868);
+    RUN_TEST(test_validateConfigLora_bogusPresetRejected);
+    RUN_TEST(test_validateConfigLora_unsetRegionOnlyAcceptsLongFast);
+    RUN_TEST(test_validateConfigLora_allPresetsValidForLORA24);
+
+    // clampConfigLora()
+    RUN_TEST(test_clampConfigLora_invalidPresetClampedToDefault);
+    RUN_TEST(test_clampConfigLora_validPresetUnchanged);
+    RUN_TEST(test_clampConfigLora_customBwTooWideClampedToDefaultBw);
+    RUN_TEST(test_clampConfigLora_customBwValidLeftUnchanged);
+    RUN_TEST(test_clampConfigLora_bogusPresetOnUnsetClampedToLongFast);
+    RUN_TEST(test_clampConfigLora_invalidPresetOnLORA24ClampedToDefault);
+
+    // RegionInfo preset list integrity
+    RUN_TEST(test_presetsStd_hasNineEntries);
+    RUN_TEST(test_presetsEU868_hasSevenEntries);
+    RUN_TEST(test_presetsUndef_hasOneEntry);
+    RUN_TEST(test_defaultPresetIsInAvailablePresets);
+    RUN_TEST(test_regionFieldsAreSane);
+    RUN_TEST(test_onlyLORA24HasWideLora);
+
+    // Channel spacing (current + placeholder)
+    RUN_TEST(test_channelSpacingCalculation_US_LONG_FAST);
+    RUN_TEST(test_channelSpacingCalculation_EU868_LONG_FAST);
+    RUN_TEST(test_channelSpacingCalculation_placeholder);
+
+    // handleSetConfig fromOthers dispatch
+    RUN_TEST(test_handleSetConfig_fromOthers_invalidPresetRejected);
+    RUN_TEST(test_handleSetConfig_fromLocal_invalidPresetClamped);
+    RUN_TEST(test_handleSetConfig_fromOthers_validPresetAccepted);
+
+    exit(UNITY_END());
+}
+
+void loop() {}
@@ -1,10 +1,19 @@
 #include "MeshRadio.h"
+#include "MeshService.h"
 #include "RadioInterface.h"
 #include "TestUtil.h"
 #include <unity.h>

 #include "meshtastic/config.pb.h"

+class MockMeshService : public MeshService
+{
+  public:
+    void sendClientNotification(meshtastic_ClientNotification *n) override { releaseClientNotificationToPool(n); }
+};
+
+static MockMeshService *mockMeshService;
+
 static void test_bwCodeToKHz_specialMappings()
 {
    TEST_ASSERT_FLOAT_WITHIN(0.0001f, 31.25f, bwCodeToKHz(31));
@@ -21,7 +30,7 @@ static void test_bwCodeToKHz_passthrough()
    TEST_ASSERT_FLOAT_WITHIN(0.0001f, 250.0f, bwCodeToKHz(250));
 }

-static void test_bootstrapLoRaConfigFromPreset_noopWhenUsePresetFalse()
+static void test_validateConfigLora_noopWhenUsePresetFalse()
 {
    meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig cfg = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_init_zero;
    cfg.use_preset = false;
@@ -30,55 +39,78 @@ static void test_bootstrapLoRaConfigFromPreset_noopWhenUsePresetFalse()
    cfg.bandwidth = 123;
    cfg.spread_factor = 8;

-    RadioInterface::bootstrapLoRaConfigFromPreset(cfg);
+    RadioInterface::validateConfigLora(cfg);

    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL_UINT16(123, cfg.bandwidth);
    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL_UINT32(8, cfg.spread_factor);
    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_MEDIUM_FAST, cfg.modem_preset);
 }

-static void test_bootstrapLoRaConfigFromPreset_setsDerivedFields_nonWideRegion()
+static void test_validateConfigLora_validPreset_nonWideRegion()
 {
    meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig cfg = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_init_zero;
    cfg.use_preset = true;
    cfg.region = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_US;
    cfg.modem_preset = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_MEDIUM_FAST;

-    RadioInterface::bootstrapLoRaConfigFromPreset(cfg);
-
-    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL_UINT16(250, cfg.bandwidth);
-    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL_UINT32(9, cfg.spread_factor);
+    TEST_ASSERT_TRUE(RadioInterface::validateConfigLora(cfg));
 }

-static void test_bootstrapLoRaConfigFromPreset_setsDerivedFields_wideRegion()
+static void test_validateConfigLora_validPreset_wideRegion()
 {
    meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig cfg = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_init_zero;
    cfg.use_preset = true;
    cfg.region = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_LORA_24;
    cfg.modem_preset = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_MEDIUM_FAST;

-    RadioInterface::bootstrapLoRaConfigFromPreset(cfg);
-
-    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL_UINT16(800, cfg.bandwidth);
-    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL_UINT32(9, cfg.spread_factor);
+    TEST_ASSERT_TRUE(RadioInterface::validateConfigLora(cfg));
 }

-static void test_bootstrapLoRaConfigFromPreset_fallsBackIfBandwidthExceedsRegionSpan()
+static void test_validateConfigLora_rejectsInvalidPresetForRegion()
 {
    meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig cfg = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_init_zero;
    cfg.use_preset = true;
    cfg.region = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_EU_868;
    cfg.modem_preset = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_SHORT_TURBO;

-    RadioInterface::bootstrapLoRaConfigFromPreset(cfg);
-
-    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_LONG_FAST, cfg.modem_preset);
-    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL_UINT16(250, cfg.bandwidth);
-    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL_UINT32(11, cfg.spread_factor);
+    TEST_ASSERT_FALSE(RadioInterface::validateConfigLora(cfg));
 }

-void setUp(void) {}
-void tearDown(void) {}
+static void test_clampConfigLora_invalidPresetClampedToDefault()
+{
+    meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig cfg = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_init_zero;
+    cfg.use_preset = true;
+    cfg.region = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_EU_868;
+    cfg.modem_preset = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_SHORT_TURBO;
+
+    RadioInterface::clampConfigLora(cfg);
+
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_LONG_FAST, cfg.modem_preset);
+}
+
+static void test_clampConfigLora_validPresetUnchanged()
+{
+    meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig cfg = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_init_zero;
+    cfg.use_preset = true;
+    cfg.region = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_RegionCode_US;
+    cfg.modem_preset = meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_MEDIUM_FAST;
+
+    RadioInterface::clampConfigLora(cfg);
+
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(meshtastic_Config_LoRaConfig_ModemPreset_MEDIUM_FAST, cfg.modem_preset);
+}
+
+void setUp(void)
+{
+    mockMeshService = new MockMeshService();
+    service = mockMeshService;
+}
+void tearDown(void)
+{
+    service = nullptr;
+    delete mockMeshService;
+    mockMeshService = nullptr;
+}

 void setup()
 {
@@ -90,10 +122,12 @@ void setup()
    UNITY_BEGIN();
    RUN_TEST(test_bwCodeToKHz_specialMappings);
    RUN_TEST(test_bwCodeToKHz_passthrough);
-    RUN_TEST(test_bootstrapLoRaConfigFromPreset_noopWhenUsePresetFalse);
-    RUN_TEST(test_bootstrapLoRaConfigFromPreset_setsDerivedFields_nonWideRegion);
-    RUN_TEST(test_bootstrapLoRaConfigFromPreset_setsDerivedFields_wideRegion);
-    RUN_TEST(test_bootstrapLoRaConfigFromPreset_fallsBackIfBandwidthExceedsRegionSpan);
+    RUN_TEST(test_validateConfigLora_noopWhenUsePresetFalse);
+    RUN_TEST(test_validateConfigLora_validPreset_nonWideRegion);
+    RUN_TEST(test_validateConfigLora_validPreset_wideRegion);
+    RUN_TEST(test_validateConfigLora_rejectsInvalidPresetForRegion);
+    RUN_TEST(test_clampConfigLora_invalidPresetClampedToDefault);
+    RUN_TEST(test_clampConfigLora_validPresetUnchanged);
    exit(UNITY_END());
 }

@@ -29,6 +29,14 @@
 #define SX126X_DIO2_AS_RF_SWITCH
 #define SX126X_DIO3_TCXO_VOLTAGE 1.8

+// Enable Traffic Management Module for Heltec V4
+#ifndef HAS_TRAFFIC_MANAGEMENT
+#define HAS_TRAFFIC_MANAGEMENT 1
+#endif
+#ifndef TRAFFIC_MANAGEMENT_CACHE_SIZE
+#define TRAFFIC_MANAGEMENT_CACHE_SIZE 2048
+#endif
+
 // ---- GC1109 RF FRONT END CONFIGURATION ----
 // The Heltec V4.2 uses a GC1109 FEM chip with integrated PA and LNA
 // RF path: SX1262 -> Pi attenuator -> GC1109 PA -> Antenna
@@ -89,4 +97,4 @@
 // Seems to be missing on this new board
 #define GPS_TX_PIN (38) // This is for bits going TOWARDS the CPU
 #define GPS_RX_PIN (39) // This is for bits going TOWARDS the GPS
-#define GPS_THREAD_INTERVAL 50
+#define GPS_THREAD_INTERVAL 50
@@ -40,6 +40,14 @@ Board Information: https://wiki.uniteng.com/en/meshtastic/station-g2
 #define SX126X_MAX_POWER 19
 #endif

+// Enable Traffic Management Module for Station G2
+#ifndef HAS_TRAFFIC_MANAGEMENT
+#define HAS_TRAFFIC_MANAGEMENT 1
+#endif
+#ifndef TRAFFIC_MANAGEMENT_CACHE_SIZE
+#define TRAFFIC_MANAGEMENT_CACHE_SIZE 2048
+#endif
+
 /*
 #define BATTERY_PIN 4 // A battery voltage measurement pin, voltage divider connected here to measure battery voltage
 #define ADC_CHANNEL ADC1_GPIO4_CHANNEL
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#ifndef Pins_Arduino_h
+#define Pins_Arduino_h
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#define USB_VID 0x303a
+#define USB_PID 0x1001
+
+// used for keyboard, battery gauge, charger and haptic driver
+static const uint8_t SDA = 5;
+static const uint8_t SCL = 6;
+
+// Default SPI will be mapped to Radio
+static const uint8_t SS = 7;
+static const uint8_t MOSI = 17;
+static const uint8_t MISO = 8;
+static const uint8_t SCK = 18;
+
+#endif /* Pins_Arduino_h */
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+; LilyGo T-Display S3 Pro LR1121
+[env:tdisplay-s3-pro]
+custom_meshtastic_hw_model = 126
+custom_meshtastic_hw_model_slug = T_DISPLAY_S3_PRO
+custom_meshtastic_architecture = esp32-s3
+custom_meshtastic_actively_supported = true
+custom_meshtastic_support_level = 1
+custom_meshtastic_display_name = LILYGO T-Display S3 Pro
+custom_meshtastic_images = lilygo-tdisplay-s3-pro.svg
+custom_meshtastic_tags = LilyGo
+custom_meshtastic_requires_dfu = true
+custom_meshtastic_partition_scheme = 16MB
+
+extends = esp32s3_base
+board = t-display-s3
+board_check = true
+board_build.partitions = default_16MB.csv
+upload_protocol = esptool
+
+build_src_filter =
+  ${esp32s3_base.build_src_filter}
+  +<../variants/esp32s3/tdisplay-s3pro>
+
+build_flags = ${esp32s3_base.build_flags} 
+  -I variants/esp32s3/tdisplay-s3pro
+  -D T_DISPLAY_S3_PRO 
+  -D BOARD_HAS_PSRAM
+  -D HAS_SDCARD
+
+lib_deps = ${esp32s3_base.lib_deps}
+  # renovate: datasource=custom.pio depName=LovyanGFX packageName=lovyan03/library/LovyanGFX
+  lovyan03/LovyanGFX@1.2.19
+  # renovate: datasource=custom.pio depName=ESP8266Audio packageName=earlephilhower/library/ESP8266Audio
+  earlephilhower/ESP8266Audio@1.9.9
+  # renovate: datasource=custom.pio depName=ESP8266SAM packageName=earlephilhower/library/ESP8266SAM
+  earlephilhower/ESP8266SAM@1.1.0
+  # renovate: datasource=custom.pio depName=SensorLib packageName=lewisxhe/library/SensorLib
+  lewisxhe/SensorLib@0.3.4
+
+[env:tdisplay-s3-pro-tft]
+board_level = extra
+extends = env:tdisplay-s3-pro
+build_flags =
+  ${env:tdisplay-s3-pro.build_flags}
+  -D CONFIG_DISABLE_HAL_LOCKS=1
+  -D INPUTDRIVER_ENCODER_TYPE=2
+  -D INPUTDRIVER_ENCODER_LEFT=12
+  -D INPUTDRIVER_ENCODER_RIGHT=16
+  -D INPUTDRIVER_ENCODER_BTN=0
+  -D HAS_SCREEN=1
+  -D HAS_TFT=1
+  -D USE_I2S_BUZZER
+  -D RAM_SIZE=5120
+  -D LV_LVGL_H_INCLUDE_SIMPLE
+  -D LV_CONF_INCLUDE_SIMPLE
+  -D LV_COMP_CONF_INCLUDE_SIMPLE
+  -D LV_USE_SYSMON=0
+  -D LV_USE_PROFILER=0
+  -D LV_USE_PERF_MONITOR=0
+  -D LV_USE_MEM_MONITOR=0
+  -D LV_USE_LOG=0
+  -D USE_LOG_DEBUG
+  -D LOG_DEBUG_INC=\"DebugConfiguration.h\"
+  -D RADIOLIB_SPI_PARANOID=0
+  -D LGFX_SCREEN_WIDTH=222
+  -D LGFX_SCREEN_HEIGHT=480
+  -D LGFX_BUFSIZE=617460
+  -D DISPLAY_SIZE=480x222 ; landscape mode
+  -D DISPLAY_SET_RESOLUTION
+  -D LGFX_DRIVER=LGFX_TDISPLAY_S3PRO
+  -D GFX_DRIVER_INC=\"graphics/LGFX/LGFX_TDISPLAY_S3PRO.h\"
+;  -D LVGL_DRIVER=LVGL_TDISPLAY_S3PRO
+;  -D LV_USE_ST7796=1
+  -D VIEW_480x222
+  -D CUSTOM_TOUCH_DRIVER
+  -D USE_PACKET_API
+  -D MAP_FULL_REDRAW
+
+lib_deps =
+  ${env:tdisplay-s3-pro.lib_deps}
+  ${device-ui_base.lib_deps}
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#include "RadioLib.h"
+
+static const uint32_t rfswitch_dio_pins[] = {RADIOLIB_LR11X0_DIO5, RADIOLIB_LR11X0_DIO6, RADIOLIB_NC, RADIOLIB_NC, RADIOLIB_NC};
+
+static const Module::RfSwitchMode_t rfswitch_table[] = {
+    // mode                  DIO5  DIO6
+    {LR11x0::MODE_STBY, {LOW, LOW}},  {LR11x0::MODE_RX, {HIGH, LOW}},
+    {LR11x0::MODE_TX, {LOW, HIGH}},   {LR11x0::MODE_TX_HP, {LOW, HIGH}},
+    {LR11x0::MODE_TX_HF, {LOW, LOW}}, {LR11x0::MODE_GNSS, {LOW, LOW}},
+    {LR11x0::MODE_WIFI, {LOW, LOW}},  END_OF_MODE_TABLE,
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+#include "variant.h"
+#include "Arduino.h"
+#include "configuration.h"
+
+void earlyInitVariant()
+{
+    pinMode(LORA_CS, OUTPUT);
+    digitalWrite(LORA_CS, HIGH);
+    pinMode(SDCARD_CS, OUTPUT);
+    digitalWrite(SDCARD_CS, HIGH);
+    pinMode(TFT_CS, OUTPUT);
+    digitalWrite(TFT_CS, HIGH);
+    pinMode(MAX98357A_EN, OUTPUT);
+    digitalWrite(MAX98357A_EN, HIGH);
+}
+
+#ifdef HAS_CST226SE // only for BaseUI
+
+#include "TouchDrvCSTXXX.hpp"
+#include "input/TouchScreenImpl1.h"
+#include <Wire.h>
+
+TouchDrvCSTXXX tsPanel;
+static constexpr uint8_t PossibleAddresses[2] = {CST328_ADDR, CST226SE_ADDR_ALT};
+uint8_t i2cAddress = 0;
+
+bool readTouch(int16_t *x, int16_t *y)
+{
+    int16_t x_array[1], y_array[1];
+    uint8_t touched = tsPanel.getPoint(x_array, y_array, 1);
+    if (touched > 0) {
+        *y = x_array[0];
+        *x = (TFT_WIDTH - y_array[0]);
+        // Check bounds
+        if (*x < 0 || *x >= TFT_WIDTH || *y < 0 || *y >= TFT_HEIGHT) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true; // Valid touch detected
+    }
+    return false; // No valid touch data
+}
+
+void lateInitVariant()
+{
+    tsPanel.setTouchDrvModel(TouchDrv_CST226);
+    for (uint8_t addr : PossibleAddresses) {
+        if (tsPanel.begin(Wire, addr, I2C_SDA, I2C_SCL)) {
+            i2cAddress = addr;
+            LOG_DEBUG("CST226SE init OK at address 0x%02X", addr);
+            touchScreenImpl1 = new TouchScreenImpl1(TFT_WIDTH, TFT_HEIGHT, readTouch);
+            touchScreenImpl1->init();
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+    LOG_ERROR("CST226SE init failed at all known addresses");
+}
+#endif
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+// ST7796 TFT LCD
+#define TFT_CS 39
+#define ST7796_CS TFT_CS
+#define ST7796_RS 9     // DC
+#define ST7796_SDA MOSI // MOSI
+#define ST7796_SCK SCK
+#define ST7796_RESET -1
+#define ST7796_MISO MISO
+#define ST7796_BUSY -1
+#define ST7796_BL 48
+#define ST7796_SPI_HOST SPI2_HOST
+#define TFT_BL 48
+#define SPI_FREQUENCY 75000000
+#define SPI_READ_FREQUENCY 16000000
+#define TFT_HEIGHT 480
+#define TFT_WIDTH 222
+#define TFT_OFFSET_X 49
+#define TFT_OFFSET_Y 0
+#define TFT_OFFSET_ROTATION 3
+#define SCREEN_ROTATE
+#define SCREEN_TRANSITION_FRAMERATE 5
+#define BRIGHTNESS_DEFAULT 130 // Medium Low Brightness
+#define USE_TFTDISPLAY 1
+
+#define I2C_SDA SDA
+#define I2C_SCL SCL
+
+// #define I2C_SDA1
+// #define I2C_SCL1
+
+#define USE_POWERSAVE
+#define SLEEP_TIME 120
+
+#define PIN_POWER_EN 42
+
+// GNSS
+#define GPS_DEFAULT_NOT_PRESENT 1
+
+// PCF85063 RTC Module
+#define PCF85063_RTC 0x51
+
+// SY6970 battery charger
+#define SY6970_ADDR 0x6A
+#define SY6970_INT 21
+#define HAS_PPM 1
+#define XPOWERS_CHIP_SY6970
+
+// MAX98357A PCM amplifier
+#define HAS_I2S
+#define DAC_I2S_BCK 4
+#define DAC_I2S_WS 15
+#define DAC_I2S_DOUT 11
+#define DAC_I2S_MCLK 13 // not used
+#define MAX98357A_EN 41
+
+// ICM20948 motion tracker
+#define ICM20948_ADDRESS 0x28
+#define ICM20948_INT 21
+
+// MP34DT05TRF MEMS mic
+#define MP34DT05TR_LRCLK 1
+#define MP34DT05TR_DATA 2
+#define MP34DT05TR_EN 3
+
+#define BUTTON_PIN 16
+#define BUTTON_NEED_PULLUP
+#define ALT_BUTTON_PIN 12
+#define ALT_BUTTON_ACTIVE_LOW true
+#define ALT_BUTTON_ACTIVE_PULLUP true
+#define PIN_BUTTON3 0
+
+// vibration motor
+#define PIN_VIBRATION 45
+
+// SPI interface SD card slot
+#define SPI_MOSI MOSI
+#define SPI_SCK SCK
+#define SPI_MISO MISO
+#define SPI_CS 14
+#define SDCARD_CS SPI_CS
+#define SD_SPI_FREQUENCY 75000000U
+
+// LoRa
+// #define USE_SX1262
+// #define USE_SX1268
+// #define USE_SX1280
+#define USE_LR1121
+
+#define LORA_SCK 18
+#define LORA_MISO 8
+#define LORA_MOSI 17
+#define LORA_CS 7
+#define LORA_RESET 10
+
+#define LORA_DIO0 -1 // a No connect on the SX1262 module
+#define LORA_DIO1 40 // SX1262 IRQ
+#define LORA_DIO2 46 // SX1262 BUSY
+#define LORA_DIO3    // Not connected on PCB, but internally on the TTGO SX1262, if DIO3 is high the TXCO is enabled
+
+#if defined(USE_SX1262) || defined(USE_SX1268)
+#define SX126X_CS LORA_CS
+#define SX126X_DIO1 LORA_DIO1
+#define SX126X_BUSY LORA_DIO2
+#define SX126X_RESET LORA_RESET
+#define SX126X_DIO2_AS_RF_SWITCH
+#define SX126X_DIO3_TCXO_VOLTAGE 3.0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef USE_SX1280
+#define SX128X_CS LORA_CS
+#define SX128X_DIO1 LORA_DIO1
+#define SX128X_BUSY LORA_DIO2
+#define SX128X_RESET LORA_RESET
+#endif
+
+#ifdef USE_LR1121
+#define LR1121_IRQ_PIN LORA_DIO1
+#define LR1121_NRESET_PIN LORA_RESET
+#define LR1121_BUSY_PIN LORA_DIO2
+#define LR1121_SPI_NSS_PIN LORA_CS
+#define LR1121_SPI_SCK_PIN LORA_SCK
+#define LR1121_SPI_MOSI_PIN LORA_MOSI
+#define LR1121_SPI_MISO_PIN LORA_MISO
+#define LR11X0_DIO3_TCXO_VOLTAGE 3.0
+#define LR11X0_DIO_AS_RF_SWITCH
+#endif
@@ -8,3 +8,11 @@

 // RAK12002 RTC Module
 #define RV3028_RTC (uint8_t)0b1010010
+
+// Enable Traffic Management Module for native/portduino
+#ifndef HAS_TRAFFIC_MANAGEMENT
+#define HAS_TRAFFIC_MANAGEMENT 1
+#endif
+#ifndef TRAFFIC_MANAGEMENT_CACHE_SIZE
+#define TRAFFIC_MANAGEMENT_CACHE_SIZE 2048
+#endif
@@ -12,9 +12,15 @@ static const uint32_t rfswitch_dio_pins[] = {RADIOLIB_LR11X0_DIO5, RADIOLIB_LR11
                                             RADIOLIB_NC};

 static const Module::RfSwitchMode_t rfswitch_table[] = {
-    // mode                  DIO5  DIO6  DIO7
-    {LR11x0::MODE_STBY, {LOW, LOW, LOW}},  {LR11x0::MODE_RX, {LOW, HIGH, LOW}},
-    {LR11x0::MODE_TX, {HIGH, HIGH, LOW}},  {LR11x0::MODE_TX_HP, {HIGH, LOW, LOW}},
-    {LR11x0::MODE_TX_HF, {LOW, LOW, LOW}}, {LR11x0::MODE_GNSS, {LOW, LOW, HIGH}},
-    {LR11x0::MODE_WIFI, {LOW, LOW, LOW}},  END_OF_MODE_TABLE,
+    // clang-format off
+    // mode            DIO5  DIO6  DIO7
+    {LR11x0::MODE_STBY, {LOW, LOW, LOW}},
+    {LR11x0::MODE_RX, {LOW, HIGH, LOW}},
+    {LR11x0::MODE_TX, {HIGH, HIGH, LOW}},
+    {LR11x0::MODE_TX_HP, {HIGH, LOW, LOW}},
+    {LR11x0::MODE_TX_HF, {LOW, LOW, LOW}},
+    {LR11x0::MODE_GNSS, {LOW, LOW, HIGH}},
+    {LR11x0::MODE_WIFI, {LOW, LOW, LOW}},
+    END_OF_MODE_TABLE,
+    // clang-format on
 };
@@ -19,7 +19,11 @@
 */

 #include "variant.h"
+#include "Arduino.h"
+#include "FreeRTOS.h"
 #include "nrf.h"
+#include "power/PowerHAL.h"
+#include "sleep.h"
 #include "wiring_constants.h"
 #include "wiring_digital.h"

@@ -40,3 +44,39 @@ void initVariant()
    pinMode(PIN_3V3_EN, OUTPUT);
    digitalWrite(PIN_3V3_EN, HIGH);
 }
+
+#ifdef LOW_VDD_SYSTEMOFF_DELAY_MS
+void variant_nrf52LoopHook(void)
+{
+    // If VDD stays unsafe for a while (brownout), force System OFF.
+    // Skip when VBUS present to allow recovery while USB-powered.
+    if (!powerHAL_isVBUSConnected()) {
+        // Rate-limit VDD safety checks: powerHAL_isPowerLevelSafe() calls getVDDVoltage() each time.
+        static constexpr uint32_t POWER_LEVEL_CHECK_INTERVAL_MS = 100;
+        static uint32_t last_vdd_check_ms = 0;
+        static bool last_power_level_safe = true;
+
+        const uint32_t now = millis();
+        if (last_vdd_check_ms == 0 || (uint32_t)(now - last_vdd_check_ms) >= POWER_LEVEL_CHECK_INTERVAL_MS) {
+            last_vdd_check_ms = now;
+            last_power_level_safe = powerHAL_isPowerLevelSafe();
+        }
+
+        // Do not use millis()==0 as a sentinel: at boot, millis() may be 0 while VDD is unsafe.
+        static bool low_vdd_timer_armed = false;
+        static uint32_t low_vdd_since_ms = 0;
+
+        if (!last_power_level_safe) {
+            if (!low_vdd_timer_armed) {
+                low_vdd_since_ms = now;
+                low_vdd_timer_armed = true;
+            }
+            if ((uint32_t)(now - low_vdd_since_ms) >= (uint32_t)LOW_VDD_SYSTEMOFF_DELAY_MS) {
+                cpuDeepSleep(portMAX_DELAY);
+            }
+        } else {
+            low_vdd_timer_armed = false;
+        }
+    }
+}
+#endif
@@ -225,7 +225,41 @@ SO GPIO 39/TXEN MAY NOT BE DEFINED FOR SUCCESSFUL OPERATION OF THE SX1262 - TG
 #define AREF_VOLTAGE 3.0
 #define VBAT_AR_INTERNAL AR_INTERNAL_3_0
 #define ADC_MULTIPLIER 1.73
-#define OCV_ARRAY 4240, 4112, 4029, 3970, 3906, 3846, 3824, 3802, 3776, 3650, 3072
+#define OCV_ARRAY 4160, 4020, 3940, 3870, 3810, 3760, 3740, 3720, 3680, 3620, 2990 // updated OCV array for rak_wismeshtag
+
+// Wake from System OFF when battery rises again (LPCOMP).
+// BAT_ADC divider: R22=1M (top), R24=1.5M (bottom) => V_BAT_ADC = VBAT * (1.5 / (1.0 + 1.5)) = 0.6 * VBAT
+// RAK4630 module: AIN0 = nrf52840 AIN3 = Pin 5 (A0/BATTERY_PIN)
+#define BATTERY_LPCOMP_INPUT NRF_LPCOMP_INPUT_3
+// LPCOMP compares the selected input to a fraction of VDD (here 5/8 of VDD at the LPCOMP input).
+// With VDD ≈ 3.3 V: threshold at input ≈ (5/8) * 3.3 V ≈ 2.06 V.
+// BAT_ADC divider: V_BAT_ADC = 0.6 * VBAT → equivalent VBAT ≈ 2.06 / 0.6 ≈ 3.4 V (wake when battery recovers).
+//
+// Note: if VDD is drooping/tracking VBAT in the low-voltage region, using a fraction >= divider ratio helps ensure the
+// input is below the threshold at shutdown; the intended wake event happens when the supply recovers enough for a rising
+// crossing to occur.
+#define BATTERY_LPCOMP_THRESHOLD NRF_LPCOMP_REF_SUPPLY_5_8
+
+// Low voltage protection:
+// If VDD is below SAFE_VDD_VOLTAGE_THRESHOLD for longer than this delay (and no USB VBUS),
+// the device will enter System OFF to avoid brownout loops and flash corruption.
+#ifndef LOW_VDD_SYSTEMOFF_DELAY_MS
+#define LOW_VDD_SYSTEMOFF_DELAY_MS 5000
+#endif
+
+// Prefer integer mV so platform code avoids float→int truncation quirks (e.g. 0.1 V → 99 vs 100 mV).
+#ifndef SAFE_VDD_VOLTAGE_THRESHOLD_MV
+#define SAFE_VDD_VOLTAGE_THRESHOLD_MV 2900
+#endif
+#ifndef SAFE_VDD_VOLTAGE_THRESHOLD_HYST_MV
+#define SAFE_VDD_VOLTAGE_THRESHOLD_HYST_MV 100
+#endif
+#ifndef SAFE_VDD_VOLTAGE_THRESHOLD
+#define SAFE_VDD_VOLTAGE_THRESHOLD (SAFE_VDD_VOLTAGE_THRESHOLD_MV / 1000.0f)
+#endif
+#ifndef SAFE_VDD_VOLTAGE_THRESHOLD_HYST
+#define SAFE_VDD_VOLTAGE_THRESHOLD_HYST (SAFE_VDD_VOLTAGE_THRESHOLD_HYST_MV / 1000.0f)
+#endif

 #define RAK_4631 1

@@ -154,6 +154,15 @@ extern "C" {

 #define HAS_SCREEN 0

+// Enable Traffic Management Module for testing on T1000-E
+// NRF52840 has 256KB RAM - 1024 entries uses ~10KB
+#ifndef HAS_TRAFFIC_MANAGEMENT
+#define HAS_TRAFFIC_MANAGEMENT 1
+#endif
+#ifndef TRAFFIC_MANAGEMENT_CACHE_SIZE
+#define TRAFFIC_MANAGEMENT_CACHE_SIZE 1024
+#endif
+
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }
 #endif